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BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego

w Olsztynie

The 6th International Environmental Best Practices Conference “Sustainability schemes for bio-based products in the framework of the circular bioeconomy”

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn24-26 September 2019Poland

Editors: Janusz Gołaszewski, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Ewelina Olba-Zięty

Quotation from or reference to any part of this book should be made with full reference to the above data

Lay-out: Anna Karwowska, Anna Sadowska

Cover design: CBEO UWM

ISBN: 978-83-8100-194-6

Publishing: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie

The 6th International Environmental Best Practices Conference “Sustainability schemes for bio-based products in the framework

of the circular bioeconomy”

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

EditorsJanusz Gołaszewski

Irena Wojnowska-BaryłaEwelina Olba-Zięty

24–26 September 2019OLSZTYNPOLAND

PREFACE

The fusion of technologies linking physical, digital and biological spheres shapes modern economic activities that pave the way for fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and associated regulations (STAR-ProBio). The avant-garde of 4IR is allied with sustainable development of circular bio-based economy. Concurrently, the incorporation of new bio-based products in the market, especially the ones manufactured with process-advanced innovation technology, shall be associated with a reliable measure of the sustainability.

The sustainable transition of the economy from fossil-based commod-ities to biomass-based alternatives is the biggest research challenge for the next decades. Firstly, the development of bio-based economy requires an interdisciplinary research approach as it is only through convergence of achievements at the crossroads of many sciences, including chemistry, biotechnology, technical, agricultural, environmental, social and eco-nomic sciences, that synergistic outcomes will be created. And secondly, applied research on economic system with bio-based value chains that assume material flows towards zero waste and pollution will integrate three fundamental areas of sustainable development: economy, environment, and society.

The implementation of circularity within bioeconomy requires that the value chains be examined in the context of life cycle analysis that includes end-of-life options of bio-based products and restitution of the environ-ment. However, the bioeconomy sectors are progressing more quickly than regulations associated with bio-based products entering the market. The gaps in the standards, certification schemes and labelling of bio-based products provide unregulated areas which cannot fulfil the requirements of sustainable development.

The standards and associated certification schemes related to sustainability of biomass and bioenergy compose a specific indirect milieu for develop-ment of standards for bio-based products. The only CEN standard which addresses directly sustainability of bio-based products is EN 16751:2016 Bio-based products – Sustainability criteria. The standard sets horizon-tal sustainability criteria applicable to the bio-based part of all bio-based

PREFACE

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products, covering all three pillars of sustainability; environmental, social and economic aspects. The standard can be used for two applications; either to provide sustainability information about the biomass production only or to provide sustainability information in the supply chain for the bio-based part of the bio-based product. Besides, the standard sets a frame-work to provide information on management of sustainability aspects, although it cannot be used to make claims that operations or products are sustainable since, it does not establish thresholds or limits.

Research on innovative bio-based products is the most challenging and fascinating experience that eventually will pave the way for healthy life and sustainable future. We are aware of it. The EBP6 Conference provides an unique occasion to summarize the scientific achievements of selected areas of bioeconomy – biomass acquisition and logistics, bioenergy and biofuels, green chemistry and biotechnology, as well as associated reg-ulations on sustainability of industrial and pharmaceutical products.

I am sure, that the EBP6 participants will be satisfied with the scien-tific level of the Conference presentations and will have a very pleasant and unforgettable stay in Olsztyn and Warmia and Mazury region.

Thank you.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee of EPB6

Janusz GołaszewskiIrena Wojnowska-Baryła

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

CONTENTS

PREFACE ...........................................................................................................................2

SUSTAINABLE VALUE CHAINS FOR BIOMASS-BASED PRODUCTS

USA production and market of biomass for ground-based transportation fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, and bio-based productsVance N. Owens ...............................................................................................................14

Comparison of several oil crops potential for the production of the same chemical compound: is the cheapest oil the best solution?Jean-Luc Dubois...............................................................................................................15

EU production and market for cereals and lignocellulosic crops as a source of biomass for bio-based productsMyrsini Christou, Christos Zafeiris, Kostas Tsiotas, Efthymia Alexopoulou, Ioanna Papamichael .......................................................17

Innovative oil and starch crops as a source of biomass for the European bio-based economyFederica Zanetti, Barbara Alberghini, Efthymia Alexopoulou, Myrsini Christou, Andrea Monti ..............................................................................19

Examples of value chains for multipurpose biomass utilizationRolf Blaauw .....................................................................................................................21

Use of herbaceous plants for the production of bio-productsAušra Bakšinskaitė, Vita Tilvikienė ........................................................................22

Biogas production from polylactic acid (PLA) under anaerobic thermophilic conditionKatarzyna Bernat, Dorota Kulikowska, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Rafał Jabłoński ................................................................................................................25

Bioconversion of biomass by insects Anna Bordiean, Michał Krzyżaniak, Mariusz J. Stolarski, Stanisław Czachorowski ..............................................................................................27

State of art and design trends for innovative sorting and collection methods of household wasteDavid Christensen, Lina Katan, Adam Cenian.....................................................29

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Optimising GHG Emissions Along A Biodiesel Value Chain Using System Dynamics Thomas Christensen ....................................................................................................31

The impact of willow and Miscanthus plantations on insects biodiversity in the rural landscapeStanisław Czachorowski, Natalia Piotrowska, Mariusz J. Stolarski ................................................................................................... 34

Evaluation of biomass quality, biometric properties and yield level of selected woody speciesŁukasz Gil, Mariusz J. Stolarski.................................................................................36

The results of research on the determination of the normalised yield curve of the cup plantMarek Hryniewicz ........................................................................................................38

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass as a feedstock for bio-based fuelZofija Jankauskienė, Vita Tilvikienė, Renaldas Ruzgas, Egidijus Zvicevičius, Živilė Černiauskienė .............................................................40

Elemental composition, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds content of SALIVET as an example of bio-based complementary feed from willow bark (Salix sp.)Andrzej Juszczuk, Marcin Turemko, Agnieszka Gomułka, Krzysztof Waśkiewicz, Mateusz Kondzior .............................................................. 43

Application of CORINE database in assessment of changes in land use structure Barbara Kalisz, Janusz Gołaszewski, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Wioleta Radawiec, Przemysław Slesiński .................................................................45

Life cycle assessment of short rotation willow production – a review Michał Krzyżaniak, Mariusz J. Stolarski, Kazimierz Warmiński .....................47

Aerobic degradation of PLA in thermophilic conditionsDorota Kulikowska, Katarzyna Bernat, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Rafał Jabłoński ................................................................................................................49

Potential and dynamics of yielding and biometric characteristics of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) cultivated on marginal soilMariusz Matyka, Jan Kuś, Paweł Radzikowski ........................................................51

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Project BioBIGG – Bioeconomy in the South Baltic Area: Circular economy principles applied to a potato value chainDariusz Mikielewicz, Roksana Bochniak, Aleksandra Gołąbek, Paweł Dąbrowski, Rafał Andrzejczyk, Jan Wajs ....................................................53

Yielding Virginia mallow depending on selected agrotechnical factorsBartosz Napiórkowski ...................................................................................................55

Total carbon content in willow and poplar bark and wood harvested in annual cycleDariusz Niksa, Mariusz J. Stolarski ..........................................................................57

Economic indices in the production of two short rotation woody crops species Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Mariusz J. Stolarski, Michał Krzyżaniak, Monika Makowska .........................................................................................................58

Agricultural byproducts valorization in the circular economy: the case of chaffLuigi Pari,Vincenzo Alfano, Antonio Scarfone, Simone Bergonzoli, Alessandro Suardi ..................................................................................................... 60

Agricultural biogas plants in PolandDumitru Peni, Mariusz J. Stolarski, Marcin Dębowski, Michał Krzyżaniak ........................................................................................................62

Marginal land spatial recognition and its posibilities for biomass productionRafał Pudełko, Anna Jędrejek, Małgorzata Kozak ................................................64

Diversity of earthworm (Lumbricidae) species in industrial cropsPaweł Radzikowski, Jarosław Stalenga, Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk ..................66

Upstream environmental assessment of first and second generation sugarsIana Câmara Salim, Gumersindo Feijoo, Maria Teresa Moreira ........................68

Willow productivity in PolandMariusz J. Stolarski, Dariusz Niksa, Michał Krzyżaniak, Józef Tworkowski, Stefan Szczukowski ....................................................................71

The quality of solid biofuels versus fossil fuelsMariusz J. Stolarski, Barbara Rybczyńska, Michał Krzyżaniak, Waldemar Lajszner, Łukasz Graban, Dumitru Peni, Anna Bordiean, Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Anna Sadowska .......................................................................73

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Applicability of ash from combustion of Sida hermaphrodita R. as soil improver and its effects on crop sizeMateusz Szymański, Bartosz Pietrzykowski, Adam Cenian ...............................75

The biomass potential and quality of non-food crops grown in northern climateVita Tilvikiene, Zydre Kadziuliene, Ausra Baksinskaite, Urte Stulpinaite .............................................................................................................77

Harmonisation under the criteria of sustainable development and their operationalisationMirosława Witkowska-Dąbrowska ...........................................................................79

MULTI-PRODUCT PROCESSING – REQUIREMENTS ON SUSTAINABILITY

Small scale biomass heating systems: Standards, quality labelling and market driving factors – An EU outlookVijay Kumar Verma, Svend Bram, Jacques De Ruyck ............................................82

EBIPREP – Efficient Use of Biomass for low Emission Production of Renewable Energy and biotechnological valuable ProductsAndreas Wilke, Joachim Jochum ................................................................................83

Production of a value-added product from biogenic residues by Euglena gracilisPhilipp Huber, Marta Lenard, Andreas Wilke, Cordt Zollfrank ....................85

Cofermentation of potato pulp with poultry manureJan Cebula, Jolanta Bohdziewicz, Izabela Konkol, Krzysztof Piotrowski, Piotr Sakiewicz, Adam Cenian ...................................................................................87

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Paracoccus homiensis from wastes generated by dairy industryPaulina Marciniak, Justyna Możejko-Ciesielska ..................................................90

Optimization of extraction parameters of alginate from aerobic granulesAgnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Dawid Nosek, Mariusz Zygmunt Gusiatin, Magdalena Zielińska, Katarzyna Bernat, Dorota Kulikowska, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła ............................................................................................92

Dissolved humic substances recovered from sewage sludge for Cu removal during soil flushingBarbara K. Klik, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Dorota Kulikowska ..............................93

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Potential of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from municipal sewage sludge for treatment of Cu-contaminated soil Barbara K. Klik, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Dorota Kulikowska .............................95

Anaerobic co-digestion of chicken manure with waste cooking oilIzabela Konkol, Jan Cebula, Adam Cenian .............................................................97

Influence of glycerine phase on the stability of anaerobic fermentation of cattle manureWioleta Mikucka, Katarzyna Bułkowska ................................................................99

Evaluation of the possibilities of post-extraction biomass managementMarcin Walter, Marek Adamczak .......................................................................... 101

GREEN CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS

Biotechnology and Green Chemistry for the Design of Resource-efficient ProcessesRoland Wohlgemuth .................................................................................................. 103

Biofuels and bioplastics production from waste materials through microbial fermentation technologyVenkateswar Reddy Motakatla................................................................................ 106

Enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates production by mixed microbial cultures on crude glycerin with a feast-accumulation-endogenous growth cultivation strategy Tomasz Pokój, Ewa Klimiuk, Sławomir Ciesielski .............................................. 109

Biological methanation with membrane gassing in a whey pilot biogas plantOliver Jochum, Katharina Haas, Christiane Zell, Ulrich Hochberg.............. 111

Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanotaes from Bacillus thuringiensis using wood juice as substrateElizabeth Obeyaa Adu, Andreas Wilke, Sławomir Ciesielski............................ 113

Separation of nicotine, aromatic volatiles and high molecular weight components from Burley tobacco using supercritical fluid extraction and fractionationAgnieszka Dębczak, Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz, Rafał Kowalski, Rafał Wiejak, Edward Rój ........................................................................................... 115

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Prospects of sustainable feedstock production for advanced building blocksHans van Klink, Chris de Visser, Janusz Gołaszewski ..................................... 118

Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biosynthesis from Palm Oil using Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nipon Pisutpaisal, Pinanong Tanikkul ................................................................ 121

The efficiency of hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material after supercritical fluid extraction catalyzed by cellulolytic enzymesKamila Orlińska, Wioleta Radawiec, Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Janusz Gołaszewski .................................................................................................... 123

The stability of plant extracts compounds Mateusz Ostolski, Marek Adamczak ..................................................................... 125

Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Paracoccus homiensis using volatile fatty acidsKarolina Szacherska, Justyna Możejko-Ciesielska ........................................... 127

Regulation of enzyme and microorganisms activity by plant extractsMagdalena Śnieżawska, Marek Adamczak .......................................................... 129

Application of supercritical fluid extraction in biomass processing of fast growing treesKatarzyna Tyśkiewicz, Piotr Kamiński, Zygmunt Fekner, Rafał Kowalski, Agnieszka Dębczak, Marcin Konkol, Edward Rój, Mariusz J. Stolarski .................................................................................................... 131

The scCO2 Fucus vesiculosus extract as a natural additive to plant protection products with antifungal properties Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz, Renata Tyśkiewicz, Marcin Konkol, Edward Rój, Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł, Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak ..................................... 133

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF REGULATIONS ON CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY

How can WE Design and Implement Equitable Bio-Economy Policies that help to Ensure Food Security and other Bio-Securities in the Context of Climate Change Crises?Donald Huisingh .......................................................................................................... 136

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A simple tool to estimate ILUC risk for feedstocks used to produce bioplastics, in the framework of the STAR-ProBio projectEnrico Balugani, Diego Marazza, Eva Merloni, Stefan Majer, Beike Sumfleth ............................................................................................................ 138

Mapping existing policies related to direct and indirect land use change for the bio-based economy in Europe Luana Ladu, Eva Merloni, Mathilde Crepy .......................................................... 140

Professionals procurers Sustainabilty PreferencesLuana Ladu, Enrica Imbert, Pasquale Falcone, Rainer Quitzow, Idiano D´Adamo ........................................................................................................... 142

Strengths and opportunities of agricultural biobased value chains: in the UK and the role of stakeholdersAsha Singh ..................................................................................................................... 145

Measures to create a supportive regulatory framework for the bio-based industryLuana Ladu, Tatevik Babayan, Iris Vural Gursel, Martien van den Oever, Rainer Quitzow, Minique Vrins ............................................................................... 147

Implementation of ecosystem-based DPSIR framework in the study on sustainability of bio-based productsJanusz Gołaszewski, Anna Karwowska ............................................................... 149

Legislation & consensus for minimum criteria in all bio-based economy sectorsMichał Krzykowski, Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Janusz Gołaszewski, Jakub Jan Zięty ............................................................................................................. 152

Sustainability indicators of the effectiveness of using biomass resources in the production of bio-based productsIzabela Samson-Bręk, Barbara Kalisz, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Wioleta Radawiec ........................................................................................................ 154

STANDARDISATION PROCESS FOR NATURAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

The bioactivity of flavonoids present in food products in the context of their absorption, II phase metabolism and deconjugation at the inflammation siteSebastian Granica, Barbara Żyżyńska-Granica, Barbara Michalak, Andrzej Parzonko, Anna K. Kiss ............................................................................. 157

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Preparing and quality assessment of dry herbal extracts for intended medicinal use Aleksandra Józefczyk, Grażyna Zgórka ................................................................ 160

Standardisation of herbal medicinal products in theory and practiceGrażyna Zgórka .......................................................................................................... 162

Formulation development for drug products based on standardised herbal extracts Jan Sobczyński, Ewa Poleszak ................................................................................ 164

Standardization of methods for determining the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and the isolated phytoconstituentsAgnieszka Grzegorczyk, Anna Biernasiuk, Dominika Grzegorczyk, Anna Malm .................................................................................................................... 166

In vitro screening for anthelmintic activity of supercritical plant extracts against Rhabditis sp. Anna Bogucka-Kocka, Przemysław Kołodziej, Daniel Zalewski, Edward Rój, Anna Malm ............................................................................................ 168

Prodigiosin – underrated weapon against Gram-positive bacteriaMartyna Godzieba, Slawomir Ciesielski ............................................................... 169

Comparison of antifungal activity of supercritical extracts obtained from the selected Salix species Agnieszka Grzegorczyk, Anna Biernasiuk, Dominika Grzegorczyk, Marcin Konkol, Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz, Rafał Wiejak, Edward Rój, Anna Malm .................................................................................................................... 171

EBIPREP – EFFICIENT USE OF BIOMASS FOR LOW EMISSION PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL VALUABLE PRODUCTS

Insitu analysis of dissolved organic acids in biogas fermentation process using metal oxide gas sensorsBinayak Ojha, Divyashree Narayana, Margerita Aleksandrova, Matthias Schwotzer, Matthias Franzreb, Heinz Kohler ................................. 174

Development of a novel sensor system for online monitoring of the tar in synthesis gas streams of biomass gasification processesBinayak Ojha, Nourhan Abouellel, Heinz Kohler ............................................ 177

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Determination of the optimal working parameters by the Taguchi methods devoted to an experimental biomass gasifierGwenaëlle Trouvé, Léo-Paul Gautherot, Areski Bounaceur, Cornélius Schönnenbeck, Valérie Tschamber ..................................................... 179

Increasing efficiency and profitability of biogas plants by reducing the residence time and using a waste material – wood juiceStefan Turad, Andreas Wilke, Joachim Jochum ................................................. 181

Parmatric study of operationally and constructionally adapting a downdraft gasifier for using digestion residuesJoachim Jochum, Stefan Turad ................................................................................. 183

Efficient use of Wood Juice for the production of biotechnological valuable productsAndreas Wilke, Anna Sandhaas, Sonia Patricia Tenekam, Patricia Wybraniec ...................................................................................................... 185

Optimization of activation conditions of Ni-based catalysts on SiC extrudates for tars reforming. Subsequent application in a gasification pilot plant Dolores Jurado Fuentes, Michaël Martin Romo, Sébastien Thomas, Anne-Cécile Roger ................................................................................................... 187

INDEX OF AUTHORS ................................................................................................ 189

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... 195

SUSTAINABLE VALUE CHAINSFOR BIOMASS-BASED PRODUCTS


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USA production and market of biomass for ground-based transportation fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, and bio-based products

Vance N. OwensSouth Dakota State University, USAE-mail: [email protected]

The importance of bio-based products (specifically fuels and chemicals) to the U.S economy has evolved over many years. Currently, ethanol from starch (primarily from maize [Zea mays] grain, but also from other sour-ces) is the most developed source of bio-based transportation fuels in the U.S. with more than 61.6 billion liters produced in 2018 (U.S. EIA, https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ethanolcapacity/index.php, accessed 8 July 2019). In 2016 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released a report reiterating the potential of the U.S. to produce at least 1 billion MT biomass by 2040 (US DOE, 2016). Approximately 330 million MT are currently used in the U.S. bioeconomy while agricultural residues (e.g. maize, wheat [Triticum aestivum], etc.), waste material, and forest residues are currently available. The report also indicates that energy crops will be very important as the bioeconomy continues to develop throughout the U.S. Bio-based products may provide one way to further develop biomass resources in a way that is financially, environmentally, and socially sustainable in the U.S. and globally. In fact, bio-based products must provide producers sufficient eco-nomic incentive to grow the bioeconomy. Based on 2014 outputs, Rogers et al. (2017) estimated that the U.S. could produce about 8 billion kg bio--based chemicals by 2030 based on goals set forth in the Renewable Fuel Standard 2 (U.S. EPA, 2015).


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Comparison of several oil crops potential for the production of the same chemical compound: is the cheapest oil the best solution?

Jean-Luc DuboisArkema France, Colombes, FranceE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Vegetable oils are used in numerous applications of the oleochemistry. There are many examples where specialty oils find industrial application. For example, coconut and palm kernel oils are uses in cosmetics, deter-gents and lubricants, High Erucic Acid Rapeseed oil is used for plastics additive and flavour & fragrances, and Castor oil is used in lubricants and polymers.

When designing a new chemical route, starting from vegetable oil, to make a biobased product, the choice of the oil will impact strongly the process and the economics. Often, in order to favour the selectivity and the indu-strialisation of the chemical reaction, several criteria have to be taken into account:• High Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA) content: to favour the chemical

reactions usually done on the C=C double bonds.• High availability: to make sure of the supply in sufficient quantities,

and not depending on a restricted geo-climatic area.• High value creation from coproducts, and low level of impurities in the

saleable products: product quality is a must, and value generation from coproducts is usually what makes the difference.

Materials and methodsA preliminary economic analysis can be done in order to identify the most promising alternatives. However, this has to be done taking into account the uncertainties at all levels: feedstock prices, process costs, capital cost, coproducts valorization… A Monte-Carlo simulation model has been built, which allows to rank the alternatives.


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Results and Discussion Different chemistries will be evaluated, such as the oxidative cleavage and the metathesis. Oxidative cleavage turns a monounsaturated fatty acid into a diacid and a shorter fatty acid. The diacid can be used for polymers or lubricants for example. The metathesis is another chemistry to turn unsaturated fatty acids into functional molecules which can be used for monomers or surfactant for example.

For ethenolysis a plant has been built in Indonesia by a JV between Elevance and Wilmar, and is using locally sourced palm oil. For oxidative cleavage, there are 2 main technologies: ozonolysis, used by Emery in the US and Croda-Sipo in China, and hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, used by Matrica in Italy. In the first case, the oil /fat source can be animal fat or hydrogenated oils, in the second case Matrica/Novamont have been communicating on their use of cardoon oil but also sunflower oil.

Palm oil might be seen to as oil of choice because as it is cheaper and as it does not have a high content of PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) which would otherwise over-consume the other reagents. But, one has also to consider that palm oil will generate a lot of co-products which do not have much more value than palm oil. Because palm oil oleic acid content is only about 50%, it means that the plant size would be much larger than for high oleic sunflower (80% oleic) for example.

ConclusionsThe Monte-Carlo simulation requires to have a preliminary mass balance, an idea of the plant size, and estimates on the raw materials and products price ranges and statistical distribution. With models, the plant capital cost can be estimated. The comparison of the alternative scenario can be done using economic indicators. The analysis also points to the cost contributors which are the most important and on which further efforts should be nec-essary to improve the economics. Palm oil, the cheapest oil, is not necessar-ily the best choice; but it is available in large quantities.


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EU production and market for cereals and lignocellulosic crops as a source of biomass for bio-based products

Myrsini Christou, Christos Zafeiris, Kostas Tsiotas, Efthymia Alexopoulou, Ioanna Papamichael Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES), Pikermi, GreeceE-mail: [email protected]

Agriculture occupies half of the land area of the European Union and pro-vides a large variation of products and services, such as food, feed, fibers, chemicals, materials, energy and fuels. Specifically the advanced biofuel production plants, which depend mainly on lignocellulosic material, need to mobilise massive biomass resources. For instance, a medium-size advan-ced biofuel plant needs at least 200,000 tons of biomass per year.

Crops are mainly grown for their primary product, such as grains, fruits, tubers, etc, whereas a large part of biomass in the form of residues i.e straw, corn cobs, stems, pruning are left on the fields, sometimes to integrate in the soil but mostly left unexploited and burnt. It is estimated that crop resi-dues –mainly cereals– could potentially supply the 16% of the road trans-port fuels in 2030, allowing higher than 60% of GHG savings and creating up to 300,000 jobs mostly in the rural areas where biomass is produced. According to a recent study of JRC, cereals represent 74% of total agricul-tural residue production (329 Mt/yr), while oil crops is the second group of importance with 17% (73 Mt/yr). In these two main crop groups, the residual biomass is higher in quantity than the main crop production, since the proportion of grain to residue typically ranges from 20% to 55%. As far as residues are concerned, wheat (149 Mt/yr), grain maize (80 Mt/yr), rape-seed (54 Mt/yr), and barley (50 Mt/yr), contribute almost the 75% of the total residues potential in EU-28. Other relevant lignocellulosic crops with significant production of residues are olive trees (residues mainly coming from pruned biomass), sunflower or triticale, each of them producing aro-und 15 Mt/yr.

Apart from the above residues, another category of significant importance is the lignocellulosic crops dedicated for energy and industrial uses, namely


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perennial grasses and SRC. Perennial grasses, such as giant reed, swit-chgrass and miscanthus, as well as short rotation coppice such as poplar, willow, eucalypt, are well adapted to grow on marginal/idle lands unsuited to food crops, and could be considered as another promising source of lignocellulosic biomass as testified by remarkable EU projects (Swit- chgrass for Energy, Arundo donax network, Bioenergy chains, EURO- BIOREF, OPTIMA). Nonetheless, apart few exceptions in Romania (~50,000 ha of switchgrass), Finland (~20,000 ha of reed canary grass), Sweden (~10,000 ha of willow), the UK and Germany (~20,000 ha of miscanthus and poplar), Italy (~2,000 of giant reed, cardoon and miscanthus), perennial crops have still a limited commercial diffusion in Europe (about 130,000 ha in total, AEBIOM).


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Innovative oil and starch crops as a source of biomass for the European bio-based economy

Federica Zanetti1, Barbara Alberghini1, Efthymia Alexopoulou2, Myrsini Christou2, Andrea Monti1

1DISTAL- Dept. Of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy2CRES, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, Pikermi, GreeceE-mail: [email protected]

The European bio-based industry is increasingly looking for alternative sources of vegetable oil and starch, despite a significant decrease in the pro-portion of feedstock sourced in Europe (Nattrass et al., 2016). Ideal starch and oil plants should be low input, able to grow in marginal land and pos-sibly able to avoid iLUC (indirect Land Use Chance). Unfortunately, only a limited number of species, suitable for growing in the European climate, are able to meet all these requirements. In the framework of the MAGIC (GA 727698) and PANACEA (GA 773501) H2020 projects some new or rediscovered crops have been identified as the promising ones to source valuable feedstock for multiple uses to the bio-based industry.

While among species sourcing vegetable oils there are few interesting can-didates (Fig. 1), such as: camelina (Camelina sativa L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinica), carinata (Brassica carinata L.), pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) (Zanetti et al., 2013); for starch the main sources are still in common with the food/feed industry (i.e. corn, potatoes, etc.) and only Andes Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) is currently attracting the interest of the European bio-based industry.


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Fig.1. Details of siliques of the candidate oilseed crops: A) camelina, B) carinata, C) crambe, D) pennycress. (Photos taken by Arianna Borghesi, University of Bologna).

A full description of the above-mentioned species will be presented highli-ghting their agronomic strenghts, the market opportunities and the limits still to overcome for their future widespread in Europe.

References

[1] Nattrass et al., 2016. The EU bio-based industry: Results from a survey. JRC Report (EUR 27736 EN), pp. 157.

[2] Zanetti et al., 2013. Challenges and opportunities for new industrial oilseed crops in EU-27: A review. Ind. Crop. Prod. 50, 580–595.


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Examples of value chains for multipurpose biomass utilization

Rolf BlaauwWageningen Food and Biobased Research, The NetherlandsE-mail: [email protected]

In order to make the use of biomass for both food and non-food purposes more sustainable, it is important to develop optimal routes for all consti-tuents of biomass. Collaboration between partners along all parts of the value chain are vital to be successful in the bio-based economy. European research programs such as Horizon 2020 and the Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking provide excellent platforms for such collaborations in efforts to further develop the European bio-based economy. The presentation will illustrate this by showing results from EU projects such as Pulp2Value and COSMOS, dedicated to the development of sustainable value chains from sugar beet and novel oilseed crops, respectively.


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Use of herbaceous plants for the production of bio-products

Aušra Bakšinskaitė, Vita TilvikienėLithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionEvery year in the world plastic product production is increasing. The extensive production of conventional plastics and their use in different commercial applications poses a significant threat to both the fossil fuels sources and the environment. Alternatives called bioplastics evolved during development of renewable resources could be a solution for the reduction of plastics in the world [1]. However, there is also a major interest in uti-lizing non-food crops, such as lignocellulosic, for production of drop-in polymers or new dedicated bioplastics [2]. Soit is very important to find a solution to protect world and find a substitute. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chemical composition, structure and suitability of energy crops and wheat for the development of bio-products.

Materials and methodsThe object is Artimisia dubia, Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby), Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus), and wheat straw. Energy crops and wheat were grown at 55°24‘N on an light loam. Nitrogen fertili-zation 90 kg ha-1 was applied in spring. According to the van Soest method, the samples were analysed for fibers component analyses: acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin. The content of cell wall structure carbohydrates hemicellulose and cellulose was calculated: cellulose = ADF –ADL and hemicellulose = NDF –ADF.

Results and DiscussionThe highest cellulose content was in biomass of Artimisia dubia (Fig. 1), which shows that this crop could be suitable for bio-plastic production. The content of hemicellulose is different in all plants. The highest quan-tity of hemicellulose had Virginia mallow 28,05% and least had wheat


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straw 8,86%. Lignin content in Artimisia dubia (10,25%) was higher than Virginia mallow (7,38%), but lower in wheat straw (10,70%) (Fig. 1). The lowest amount of lignin is better for breaking the plant cell wall. Also was measured ash content in biomass, where the results showed that miscanthus had the lowest – 2,18% and wheat straw had the highest ash content – 5,39%. Explored that the highest carbon has miscanthus than other herbaceous plants.

Fig. 1. a) Cellulose and hemicellulose content in plants; b) lignin content in plants

Crop productivity guaranty the economic benefit of the processing tech-nologies. In 2018 dry matter yield miscanthus was 18,55 t ha-1 – very high compared to Virginia mallow (3,99 t ha-1), Artimisia dubia (3,82 t ha-1) and wheat straw (1,79 t ha-1).

ConclusionsThe results suggest that the most appropriate for bio-products is Artimisia dubia, which has high cellulose and lignin content. But on the other hand miscanthus has the highest biomass yield and lowest ash content. However, as the biomass yield of miscanthus is the highest, it could play


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the significant role in economic benefit of biomass processing. Therefore more research will be conducted for the analysis of fiber content and fiber parameters as well as chemical composition of biomass.

References

[1] S. M. Emadian, T. T. Onay, b. Demirel, Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments, Waste Management (2017).

[2] M. Brodin, M. Vallejos, M. T. Opedal, M. C. Area, G. Chinga-Carrasco, Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics – A review, Journal of Cleaner Production (2017).


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Biogas production from polylactic acid (PLA) under anaerobic thermophilic condition

Katarzyna Bernat, Dorota Kulikowska, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Rafał JabłońskiDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland, E-mail: [email protected]

Bioplastics, especially poly(lactic) acid (PLA), have become widely used in many countries to reduce the consumption of petroleum based plastics. PLA is considered to have excellent biodegradability and hydro-degradabi-lity. However, estimation of the biodegradability of PLA generally requires lengthy measurements over several months because it is difficult for micro-organisms to take up and utilize the polymer material. Biodegradation of organic substrates can be monitored under aerobic condition by measuring consumption of oxygen or under anaerobic conditions by measuring biogas production. The further method was used in the present study to investigate biogas production from poly(lactic) acid cups under thermophilic conditions (58±0.5oC). Biogas potential tests (GP21) were used with a starting load of 2–4 kg VS/m3 and a modified time of measurement of 60 days with the use of the OxiTop® Control system. Cups (disposable vessels) made of PLA were shredded to a particle size of 2 mm×2 mm and placed in the fermented sludge, which was used as inoculum.

In contrast to biogas production with conventional organic substrates used in anaerobic digestion, e.g. food waste or sewage sludge, biogas production with the use of PLA began only after an initial lag phase of 10 days. Then, over the next 30 days of anaerobic measurement, biogas was intensively produced until cumulative biogas production plateaued at about 40 days.

In anaerobic conditions, the biodegradation of polymers, including PLA, may involve the same three steps that are known to take place in aerobic degradation, i.e. biodeterioration, biofragmentation and assimilation. In the first step, modification of the mechanical, chemical


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and physical properties of the polymer takes place, which is caused by the growth of microorganisms on or inside the surface of the polymers. In the second step, the conversion of polymers to oligomers and monomers occurs. In the present study, these two steps may have taken place during the lag phase. In the last step, microorganisms derive carbon, energy and nutrients from the fragmentation of polymers and convert organic carbon to biogas.Regardless of the starting load that was used, the cumulative biogas pro-duction was about 830 L/kg VS, and almost the entire dose of PLA was converted into biogas (more than 95% of the introduced mass was biode-graded). The obtained value of biogas production from PLA was high and promising; however, it should be emphasized that thermophilic conditions are far from commonly used in currently operating anaerobic digesters for treatment of sewage sludge or the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, etc. Further studies should investigate which lower temperatures will still enable effective biogas production and biodegradation of PLA. 1

AknowledgementsThis study was supported by STAR-ProBio. STAR-ProBio is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Re-search and innovation action under grant agreement No 727740 with the Research Executive Agency (REA) – European Commission. Duration: 36 months (May 2017 – April 2020). Work Programme BB-01-2016: Susta-inability schemes for the bio-based economy.


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Bioconversion of biomass by insects

Anna Bordiean1, Michał Krzyżaniak1, Mariusz J. Stolarski1,Stanisław Czachorowski2

1Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Biomass is the third natural and ecological source of energy in the world, which may be used for different purposes. It is expected that world pop-ulation will increase nearly to 10 billion by 2050, and world’s amount of food for this population has to increase to reduce hunger in low – and middle-income countries too. In the same time, when some countries suffer from hunger, the FAO reports that globally every year ca. one-third of food at different stages of production and processing, as well as during the consumption stage, are lost or become waste. In many studies it has been demonstrated that the efficiency of insects rearing compared to live-stock production (e.g. poultry, swine, cattle) is higher and less resources consuming (e.g. energy, water, feed) and has less negative impact on the environment. Moreover, insects allow to obtain higher value proteins and nutritive components that can be assimilated easier by theirs body. Another important issue is that insects can be reared with different resi-dues or waste e.g. manure, coffee pulp, vegetables, cereals, catering waste, municipal organic waste, straw, dried distillers grains with solubles, weeds and wastewater sludge.

The purpose of this study is to present the role of an alternative use of biomass like rearing edible insects as feed for livestock. We present information about edible insects (e.g. beetles, grasshoppers, crickets) spe-cies around the world and accepted edible insects in Europe by European Food Safety Authority. It can be state that, according to scientific literature, insect based feed is a promising source of proteins and nutritive compo-nents for livestock, poultry, pigs, fishery. Moreover, insect rearing offers


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higher growth rate and biomass utilisation efficiency than traditional livestock production and allow to replace typical feed with different types of residues.

References

[1] EFSA Scientific Committee (2015). Scientific Opinion on a risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA Journal, 13(10): 4257, 60 pp. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257.

[2] FAO, 2017. The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges. Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO, Rome, Italy.

[3] Jongema, Y. (2017). List of edible insects of the world. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/zb9u3b9.

[4] Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Emanuelsson, A., (2013). The methodology of the FAO study: global food losses and food waste – extent, causes and prevention. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology.

[5] Oonincx, D.G.A.B., Van Broekhoven, S., Van Huis, A. and Van Loon, J.J.A., (2015a). Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. Plos ONE 10:e0144601.

[6] Van Huis, A. (2013). Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology 58, 563–583.

[7] Van Huis, A. and Tomberlin, J.K. (2018). The potential of insects as food and feed. In: Van Huis, A. and Tomberlin, J.K. (eds.) Insects as food and feed: from production to consumption. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 25–58. 2

AcknowledgementThis work is the result of a study carried out at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of En-vironmental Management and Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, topic number 20.610.008–300. Anna Bordiean is a recipient of a scholarship from the Programme Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bioeconomy (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Funds.


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State of art and design trends for innovative sorting and collection methods of household waste

David Christensen1,2, Lina Katan3,4, Adam Cenian5,1Department of Planning, Aalborg University Copenhagen, Denmark2BOFA, Rønne, Bornholm, Denmark3Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark4Danish Waste Association, Copenhagen, Denmark5The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction In the paper a desk study is presented with six selected cases on state of the art technology and design trends for innovative sorting and col-lection methods for household waste including food waste, which are in agreement with EU directives.

Collection methodsThe cases are selected and described in collaboration with the Danish Waste Association. They represent five special challenges relevant for the living labs of the South Baltic Region “WasteMan” project. The study inc-ludes examples on collection methods for multiple fractions in old down-town areas – see Fig. 1, and old villages with lack of space for collection bins, as well as innovative suction systems and approaches for using sha-red recycling facilities to create awareness and changing user habits [1,2]. The study is also focusing on the food waste system, i.e. the loop from households through pulp technologies to prepare food waste to biogas tre-atment and how to ensure the residuals from the biogas plant can be used as a soil improver/fertilizer.


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Figure 1. Public collection point (a) with suction system in Helsingør (for medieval towns with constricted space and pathways) [1] and (b) public collection points

in Kultorvet, central Copenhagen [2]

ConclusionsThe overall conclusion was that there is no all-encompassing solution for sorting in medieval towns. The best solution must therefore be a combina-tion of systems, decided upon with involvement of the users. 3

References

[1] https://genanvend.mst.dk/projekter/projektbibliotek/2015/bedre-affaldssortering-i-midde- lalderbyer/

[2] http://a21.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Smarte-løsninger-affaldssortering-i-KK-2017-Miljøpunkt-Indre-By-Chr.pdf

This article was partly supported by the WasteMan project co-funded by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund & European Neighbourhood Instrument) under the the Interreg South Baltic Programme 2014–2020 framework.


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Optimising GHG Emissions Along A Biodiesel Value Chain Using System Dynamics

Thomas Christensen Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, The United KingdomE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Biofuel value chains can be competitive next to their fossil fuel counter-parts by generating a new economy through higher resource efficiency and reduction of CO2 emissions and pollution when sourced from susta-inably grown biomass and converted into cleaner products. However, these value chains yield many uncertainties as they impact various sectors and sustainability standards which policy mechanisms are based on. This paper addresses how structural complexity inherent to biofuel value cha-ins and their sustainability potential can be accurately measured through systems dynamics modelling.

Materials and methodsThis study integrated emissions calculation methodology detailed in Annex V of the 2018 recast of the Renewable Energy Directive within a Vensim® system dynamics model to validate and optimise the environmental per-formance of a biodiesel value chain co-located with a pulp and paper mill. A literature review was performed to map the main decision-making stages of biomass value chains and determine data for carbon stocks, bio-mass characteristics, harvest and transport efficiency, conversion energy, and end-product characteristics. Data reflect the performance a lignocellu-losic biofuel plant using forest biomass.

ResultsTotal value chain emissions were found to be 3Mt CO2eq with emissions consumption savings of 0.03 Mt CO2eq for the first 5 years of operation. Key leverage points on reducing total emissions include tree age and raw material input, transport distance, as well as energy recycling. Overall,


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processing and conversion emissions contribute the most to total value chain emissions (over 95%), thus optimisation largely depends on recycled energy input from co-location. Particle emissions reduction yielded little effect on CO2 emissions.

ConclusionsThis study highlighted which steps industry actors can take to optimise value chain emissions. Limitations in the RED II emissions calculation such as cross-legislation harmonised sustainability standards and alloca-tion for multi-product biorefineries are discussed. Further work shall pair this emissions optimisation model with sub-models to jointly analyse pol-icy, economic and socio-economic trade-offs and key leverage points.


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The impact of willow and Miscanthus plantations on insects biodiversity in the rural landscape

Stanisław Czachorowski1, Natalia Piotrowska1, Mariusz J. Stolarski2 1Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionPlantations of willow and other plants grown for industry and energy purposes are created in the agricultural landscape of Warmia and Mazury. These crops are new elements of ecosystems in the lakeland landscape This implies a need to consider the potential impacts of these crops on the environment and local biodiversity. Eight years ago we started the preli-minary research on the impact of willow crops on biodiversity of insects in the agricultural landscape, located in the Masurian Lake District. We analyzed the presence of mammals, birds, amphibians, water insects, polli-nators, herbivorous insects and soil fungi.

Materials and methodsWater insects in various waterbody (lakes, ponds, astatic pools, stre-ams) located in and around the willow plantations were investigated in years 2011-13 and in 2019. Two plantations were located near the village of Łężany and one near the village of Samławki (Mazury Lakeland land-scape, northern Poland). Additionally, we analyzed other insects typical for land landscapes (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera). This year we star-ted a comparative study to check the long-term changes in insect diversity in willow plantations and additionally, in Miscanthus plantations.


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Results and Discussion 17 species of dragonflies (Odonata) were collected. The most nume-rous are eurytopic species. Fauna of Odonata is typical for small waters in rural landscapes. 30 species of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera) were collec-ted. Eurytopic species were dominating but tropophilous species occurred as well. Tyrphophilous species are more numerous in aquatic Hetretopra. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) were analyzed in more detail. The value of bio-diversity indicators for caddisflies were higher in tanks around the crop (SE = 2.938; Margalef = 8.8; Simpson = 0.892) than inside (SE = 2.597; Margalef = 4.68; Simpson = 0.889). When it comes to natural indicators in streams we received higher values within the plantation (Wns = 11.33, Wni = 14.72), in the periodical tanks (Wns = 13.44, Wni = 13.42) and in the tanks fixed around the plantation (Wns = 10.39, Wni = 9.19).

Conclusions Current research indicates that there are no negative effects on biodiversity within the plantations and in their close surroundings. Willow plantations can serve as a temporary shelter for vertebrates and as the feeding ground for birds and insects. Their positive effect on the rural habitats is due to providing more available habitats and more mosaic landscape. To fully eva-luate the impact of the plantations the long-term research is needed. 4

AcknowledgementThis work has been co-financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MAr-ginal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioeconomy, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017. Natalia Piotrowska is a recipient of a scholarship from the Programme Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bioeconomy (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Funds.


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Evaluation of biomass quality, biometric properties and yield level of selected woody species

Łukasz Gil1,2, Mariusz J. Stolarski2

1ChemProf, Olsztyn, Poland2Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Biomass of Willow (Salix spp.), Poplar (Populus spp.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) obtained in short rotation of the harvest is the potential biofuel for renewable energy production in Poland. The aim of the work was to determine the thermophysical properties and the ele-mental composition of the biomass of fast growing trees (willow, poplar and black locust) as well as to compare biometric features of shoots and the level of yield in a four-year harvesting cycle.

All analyzes of energy properties were carried out in three replications using measuring equipment. At the Energy Raw Materials Evaluation Laboratory UWM defined thermophysical properties (moisture, ash, higher heating value, lower heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon) and elemental analyzes (C, H, S, N).

The dry biomass of willow was characterized by the lowest ash content (1.20% d.m.) and solid carbon (19.50% d.m). Poplar biomass had the highest higher calorific value (19.96 MJ kg-1) and the highest content of elemental carbon (21.29% d.m.). In turn, the black locust biomass was characterized by the lowest moisture content (42.21% d.m.), and therefore a higher calorific value (10.10 MJ kg-1). Poplar shoots were characterized by the highest height and diameter. While, the black locust shoots was charac-terized of the lowest height and diameter.

The presented results showed that the diversification of biomass energy parameters and the yield obtained have a significant impact on the use of biomass as a fuel.


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References

[1] Stolarski M.J., Krzyżaniak M., Szczukowski S., Tworkowski J., Załuski D., Bieniek A., Gołaszewski J. 2015. Effect of Increased Soil Fertility on the Yield and Energy Value of Short-Rotation Woody Crops. BioEnergy Research 8, 1136–1147.

[2] Stolarski M.J., Krzyżaniak M., Załuski D., Niksa D. 2018. Evaluation of biomass quality of selected woody species depending on the soil enrichment practice. International Agrophysics 32, 111–121. 5

Acknowledgments This work was co-financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education as part of the first edition of the “Doctorate Implementation” contract number 36 / DW / 2017/01.


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The results of research on the determination of the normalised yield curve of the cup plant

Marek Hryniewicz Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Warsaw, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

1. Introduction The cup-plant (Silphium perfoliatum) is investigated in BIOmagic project as one from many Perenial Industrial Crops (PIC) which can be cultivated on marginal lands or on reclaimed areas [1]. It can be used as biomass source plant and melliferous plant. The cup-plant yield depends on ferti-lization especially by nitrogen [2]. There were elaborated a mathematical model for dependence between nitrogen dose and cup-plant yield based on data from Chile. In future, this model is going to be verified with results from BIOmagic project for discussion and verification.

2. Materials and methodsYield data based on [2] were normalised and 2nd degree polynominal was fitted to them with Matlab program help.

3. Results and Discussion Normalised yield data are in range [0,1] where value 1 means the highest yield value. Figure 1 presents graphical presentation of normalised yield according to nitrogen dose.

At the beginning of the curve, yield is increasing according to nitrogen dose increase with near linear dependence. Before maximum yield value, yield growth is smaller and smaller despite nitrogen dose increase. Yield stabilises at its maximum and starts to decrease with higher nitrogen doses. Plants have enough nitrogen to growth. Bigger nitrogen doses are cause of yield decrease and nitrogen stress for plans.


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Fig. 1. Normalized yield curve of cup-plant (Silphium perfoliatum) according to the nitrogen dose

This work has been co-financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MArginal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioeconomy, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017.

References

[1] Stolarski J., Śnieg M., Krzyżaniak M., Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S. (2018) Short rotation coppices, grasses and other herbaceous crops: Productivity and yield energy value versus 26 genotypes. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 119, p. 109–120.

[2] Pichard G. (2012) Management, production, and nutritional characteristics of cup-plant (Silphium perfoliatum) in temperate climates of southern Chile. Ciencia y Investigacion Agraria, No. 39(1), str. 61–77.

[3] Jadczyszyn T. (2019) System doradztwa nawozowego. https://e.sggw.pl/mod/page/view.php?id=20377.


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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass as a feedstock for bio-based fuel

Zofija Jankauskienė1, Vita Tilvikienė1, Renaldas Ruzgas1, Egidijus Zvicevičius2, Živilė Černiauskienė2

1Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Lithuania 2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionNowadays great attention is given to quick rotation energy plants, which are able to accumulate a large yield of dry matter. Such plants can be fol-lowing grass plants as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), raygras (Lolium ssp.), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), miscanthus (Miscantus spp.), common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), as well as industrial hemp. The quick rotation crops can be a via-ble raw material for the production of solid biofuels. Polish researches state that hemp biomass has great calorific value (about 19 MJ·kg-1) and is an excellent feedstock for energy production [1]. The main objective of inve-stigation was the evaluation of hemp biomass’ potency as bio-based fuel.

Materials and methodsHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) (varieties Beniko, Bialobrzeskie, Epsilon 68, Fedora 17, Felina 32, Futura 75, Santhica 27, USO 31, Wojko) was grown at Upyte Experimental station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, and the research work on fuel preparation and thermal conversion was carried out at the Laboratory of Biomass Processes, Logistics and Solid Fuel Processing of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy. Calorific value was determined using the equipment IKA 2000 in accordance with the standard LST EN 14775. Ash content was determined using the CZYLOK equipment, in accordance with the standard LST EN 14918.


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The biomass energy potential was calculated according to the biomass yield per hectare and biomass heating value.

Results and Discussion The average biomass yield of hemp was 10.91±1.00 t ha-1 DM, i.e. it varied from 9.27 (Fedora 17) to 13.31 t ha-1 DM (Wojko), depending on variety of hemp. However, Prade et al. [2] reported that hemp biomass yield varied between 10 and 14.5 t ha-1 DM in Sweden. Biomass of hemp is harvested after the end of their flowering and when the first matured seed appeared [3, 4], i.e., end of September-beginning of October. However, yield of hemp can be harvested by the end of October, according to the meteorological conditions during the growing season of plants. While analysing the calorific value it was found out that calorific value of hemp was 17.92±0.24 MJ kg-1, while in other trials [5] the calorific value of hemp biomass was close 18 MJ kg-1. The highest calorific value (18.52±0.14 MJ kg-1) was determi-ned fot hemp variety Bialobrzeskie. The lowest calorific value was found for hemp variety Felina 32 (17.53±0.12 MJ kg-1). The average ash content of hemp biomass was 3.36±0.23 %. The lowest ash content (2.90±0.04 %) was determined for hemp variety Fedora 17 and the highest (3.90±0.08 %) ash content was established for hemp variety Beniko. The average heat content during thermochemical conversion of biomass was obtained 195.51±18.69 GJ ha-1. The highest (239.85 ± 11.99 GJ ha-1) quantity of heat during thermochemical conversion was obtained from hemp variety Wojko, the lowest (165.47±8.86 GJ ha-1) – from Fedora 17, i.e. 1.25 times lower compared with hemp variety Wojko.

ConclusionsThe average biomass yield of hemp was 10.91±1.00 t ha-1 DM and depen-ded on hemp variety. It was found out that calorific value of hemp was 17.92±0.24 MJ kg-1. The average ash content of hemp biomass was 3.36±0.23 %. The average heat content during thermochemical conversion of hemp biomass was 195.51±18.69 GJ ha-1.


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References

[1] Cultivation and processing technology of industrial hemp (ed. Cierpucha W.). Poznan, 121 p. (2013).

[2] Prade T., Svensson S.E., Andersson A., Mattsson J.E.. Biomass Bioenerg 35, 3040–3049 (2011).

[3] Komlajeva Ļ., Adamovičs A., Poiša L. EERE, 45–50 (2012).

[4] Jankauskienė Z., Gruzdevienė E. J Nat Fibrers 12(4), 368–377 (2015).

[5] Jankauskienė Z., Gruzdevienė E., Ivanovs S., Maumevičius E. Engineering for Rural Development. Proc., Vol. 16, 317–322 (2017).


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Elemental composition, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds content of SALIVET as an example of bio-based complementary feed from willow bark (Salix sp.)

Andrzej Juszczuk, Marcin Turemko, Agnieszka Gomułka, Krzysztof Waśkiewicz, Mateusz KondziorChemProf, Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Salivet is a mixture of natural salicylates (bioactive compounds) and antioxidants isolated from bark of different willow species. Natural salicylates evidence anti-inflammatory effect and depress the aggregation of thrombocytes. Further they also dilute the blood showing preventive activity against malfunctions of the circulatory system. Natural salicylates incorporated in the formula of Salivet are the solution for the problems occurring in course of animal farming and the final phase of their fatte-ning. It is also a natural ingredient which could be used in food supple-ments, cosmetics industry and agriculture.

Materials and methodsThis study addressed the determination of the elemental composition, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds content of the SALIVET, evaluated by ICP-OES, spectrophotometric assays (Total Phenolic Content [1], Total Flavonoid Content [2], Total Alkaloids Content [3], DPPH assay [4]) and HPLC-PDA [5].

Results and DiscussionThe elemental composition of the investigated Salivet, bio-based complemen-tary feed additive, follows the sequence: K (763,92 mg/L) > Ca (189,63 mg/L) > Mg (163,11 mg/L) > Na (113,71 mg/L) > Mn (10,28 mg/L) > Zn (5,95 mg/L). The other analysed elements such as Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Se was not detected in the product. It should be noticed that the heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg) was not present in Salivet. The limit of detection for the


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investigeted elements was 3,56 mg/L and for Hg – 1,14 mg/L. Total phenolic content in examinated product was 7585,40 mg/L expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The other parameter which was taken into consi-deration was total flavonoid content with a result 5164,38 mg/L expressed as (+)-catechine equivalents. Determination of the reducing antioxidant acti-vity was measured against DPPH radicals and expressed as Trolox equiva-lents (13850,95 mg/L). The study shows the low concentration of total alkaloids content expressed as atropin equivalents (9,52 mg/L). Bioactive compounds determined in Salivet by HPLC-PDA assay were salicylates. Their content was expressed as the salicylic acid equivalent and reached maximum level up to 528 mg/L.

ConclusionsHigh concentration of flavonoids (total content 5164,38 mg/L) and salicy-lates (max. 528 mg/L) is a factor for which Salivet is used commercially as a product supporting the maintenance of good condition of farm animals. Lack of heavy metals attests to the high purity of raw materials used for extraction. Also low concentration of alkaloids assures that the raw mate-rial is not contaminated with other plants, which could have negative effect on animal health. Salivet is an example of bio based product which could be an alternative or support for the pharmaceuticals used in traditional animal treatment.

References

[1] Shahidi F., Naczk M. 1995. Methods of analysis and quantification of phenolic compounds. In Food Phenolic: Sources, Chemistry, Effects and Applications, Shahidi F., Naczk M., Eds. Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster/ Pensylvania, 287–293.

[2] Jia Z., Tang M., Wu J. 1998. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64, 555–559.

[3] Shamsa F., Monsef H., Ghamooshi R., Verdian-rizi M. 2008. Spectrophotometric determination of total alkaloids in some Iranian medicinal plants. Thai J. Pharm. Sci., 32, 17–20.

[4] Brand-Williams W., Cuvelier M.E., Berset C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28, 25–30.

[5] Farmakopea Polska VIII. Tom III. Urząd Rejestracji Produktów Leczniczych, Wyrobów Medycznych i Produktów Biobójczych. Warszawa 2008. 6

This study was supported by STAR-ProBio. STAR-ProBio is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Re-search and innovation action under grant agreement No 727740 with the Research Executive Agency (REA) – European Commission. Duration: 36 months (May 2017 – April 2020). Work Programme BB-01-2016: Sustain-ability schemes for the bio-based economy.


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Application of CORINE database in assessment of changes in land use structure

Barbara Kalisz1, Janusz Gołaszewski2,4, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska3, Wioleta Radawiec4, Przemysław Slesiński5

1Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Environmental Protection and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland3Department of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Production Management and Agribusiness, Faculty of Environmental Protection and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland4Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Protection and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland5Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Geodesy, Geospatial and Civil Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction In accordance with the assumptions of the European Commission, the CORINE Land Cover was supposed to cover the needs of the European Union in the field of Common Agricultural Policy and the European Environment Agency, implementing environmental policy in the member countries. The data source for the development of the base were photos made in the nineties by the Landsat satellite with the TM scanner and in the year 2000 the ETM + scanner [1].

Materials and methods The assessment of land use changes was made on the basis of the Corine Land Cover database (CLC) from 1990 (CLC90), 2000 (CLC2000), 2006 (CLC2006), 2012 (CLC2012) and 2016 (CLC2016). The following vector layers of terrain surface coverage (use categories) were used: arable land


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and mixed cultivation areas being the arable land in the following assessment, grasslands and pastures constituting the grassland in the follo-wing assessment, forests. The analysis of changes in land use was made in a 100 m x 100 m grid.

Results and Discussion In 1990, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship, arable land occupied 1 331 311 ha, and their area decreased in subsequent years. The area of grassland in the analysed years fluctuated, and the share of forest land increased. Grasslands were transformed mainly into arable land and some were afforested. Forest land was only slightly converted into agricultural land.

Over the last few decades, land use in Poland has changed. These changes were related to political transformations. In the late 90s the tempo of motorway construction significantly increased, and so did the related services. The development of housing constructions also increased. The development of transportation and housing caused changes in land use structure, as some of the lands were excluded from agricultural or forestry use. The increase of the forest land in the analysed years is a result of affo-restation carried out on the basis of “National plan for increasing of forest cover” adopted in 1995. In this plan it was assumed that the forest cover must increase to 30% in 2020 and 33% in 2050.

Conclusions Growing demand for lands induces changes in land use structure and has impact on environmental issues. Tracking of the changing land structure is the first step in the prediction of future land use changes.

References

[1] Adamski R., Ciołkosz A. 2006. Uszczegółowienie bazy danych CORINE Land Cover. Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny 38(3): 226–232. 7

AcknowledgmentsThe contents of the paper are a part of the findings of the project STAR-ProBio. STAR-ProBio has received fun-ding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 727740, Work Programme BB-01-2016: Sustainability schemes for the bio-based economy.


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Life cycle assessment of short rotation willow production – a review

Michał Krzyżaniak1, Mariusz J.Stolarski1, Kazimierz Warmiński2

1Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

The production and consumption of fossil fuels result in emissions of greenhouse gases and, in consequence, aggravation of the greenhouse effect. For these reasons, new, cleaner resources are being sought to replace fossil fuels and fossil based products with renewable sources. However, bio-products should meet the condition of being renewable and be produced in a sustainable way. Lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for use in all conversion paths (thermochemical, chemical, biochemical).

Short rotation coppice (SRC) can provide large amounts of biomass for biorefineries. Willow biomass dry matter yield from commercial planta-tions ranges from 5 to 12 Mg ha-1 year-1 and can reach 30 Mg ha-1 year-1 on experimental field trials with good quality soils. Willow species can be grown on lower quality or marginal soils. In addition, short rotation coppice willow is species cultivated on agricultural land, which mitigates the impact on direct land use change. In addition, willow species do not require high means of production and are characterized by a high energy efficiency ratio of their production.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a standardised method to examine environmental burden of products and services. The possibility of determi-ning GHG emission levels is one of the major advantages of LCA in exa-mination of the environmental impact of lignocellulosic crops. A number of studies have been conducted on the LCA of SRC willow production and utilization. Therefore the aim of this study is to compare results of various studies, especially in term of greenhouse gases emission.


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The results showed that SRC willow is characterized by low greenhouse gas emissions, due to high yields, low demand for means of production as well as high level of carbon sequestration on the plantations of this species. Therefore, SRC willow may be recommended as a feedstock for modern baiorefineries.

References

[1] Goglio P., Owende P.M.O. (2009) A screening LCA of short rotation coppice willow (Salix sp.) feedstock production system for small-scale electricity generation. Biosyst Eng 103 (3):389–394.

[2] González-García S., Iribarren D., Susmozas A., Dufour J., Murphy R.J. (2012) Life cycle assessment of two alternative bioenergy systems involving Salix spp. biomass: Bioethanol production and power generation. Appl Energy 95:111–122.

[3] Heller M.C., Keoleian G.A., Volk T.A. (2003) Life cycle assessment of a willow bioenergy cropping system. Biomass Bioenergy 25 (2):147–165.

[4] Krzyżaniak M., Stolarski M.J., Waliszewska B., Szczukowski S., Tworkowski J., Załuski D., Śnieg M. (2014) Willow biomass as feedstock for an integrated multi-product biorefinery. Ind Crop Prod 58:230–237.

[5] Krzyżaniak M., Stolarski M.J., Szczukowski S., Tworkowski J. 2016. Life cycle assessment of production of new varieties of willow as a feedstock for multi-integrated biorefinery. Bioenergy Research 9: 224–238.

[6] Stolarski M.J., Niksa D., Krzyżaniak M., Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S. 2019. Willow productivity from small – and large-scale experimental plantations in Poland from 2000 to 2017. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 101: 461–475.

[7] Stolarski M.J., Krzyżaniak M., Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S., Gołaszewski J. (2014) Energy intensity and energy ratio in producing willow chips as feedstock for an integrated biorefinery. Biosyst Eng 123:19–28. 8

Acknowledgments This work has been co-financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MAr-ginal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioeconomy, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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Aerobic degradation of PLA in thermophilic conditions

Dorota Kulikowska, Katarzyna Bernat, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Rafał JabłońskiDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Due to their biodegradability and biorenewable profile, bio-based products, e.g. PLA, are widely used, and it is predicted that their production will grow at a rate of around 13% annually.

Generally, PLA biodegradation occurs in the following steps: biodeterio-ration, biofragmentation, mineralization and assimilation. The growth of microorganisms on or inside the surface of the polymers modifies the mechanical, chemical and physical properties of the polymer and these changes are observed firstly at the macroscopic level as PLA rolling, bre-aking, fragmentation, etc. These changes are primarily the result of shor-tening of the polymer chain, the length of which affects the properties of the polymers such as tensile strength, bending or elongation at breakage. At the molecular level, the concentration of functional groups changes during degradation, e.g. the amount of carbonyl groups (- (C = O) -). Next, the microorganisms convert polymers to oligomers and monomers. The microorganisms obtain the necessary carbon, energy and nutrients from fragmentation of polymers and conversion of the polymer carbon to CO2, water and biomass.

Because, during complete biodegradation, PLA carbon is transformed into carbon dioxide, the most common method of monitoring this process is measuring the amount of carbon dioxide released in a closed system. To ensure accurate results, the system must maintain the conditions that are necessary for the proper functioning of the microorganisms (i.e. humi-dity, temperature, pH, lack of toxic substances). However, biodegradation can also be monitored by measuring consumption of oxygen (which is


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converted to carbon dioxide) in a closed system, which is the method that was used in the present study.

The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of biodegradtion of disposable vessels made of PLA under aerobic conditions. Mature com-post from sewage sludge and lignocellulosic waste produced in a composting plant operated at technical scale was used as the inoculum. Three variants were carried out: a control with only compost, compost + 0.75 g PLA (2% of the mass of the compost; 7.5% of the dry mass; PLA 1), compost + 1.5 g PLA (5% of the mass of the compost; 15% of the dry mass; PLA 2). Measurements were conducted for 60 days with the use of the OxiTop® Control system in thermophilic conditions (58oC) with moisture ca. 60%.

It was found that oxygen consumption in compost (control samples) after 30 days was 26.4±2.4 mg O2/g d.m., and after 60 days, it increased to 38.6±1.3 mg O2/g d.m. In PLA 1 and PLA 2, oxygen consumption after 30 days was similar to that in compost alone, totaling 27.2±1.3 mg O2/g d.m. and 28.2±1.4 mg O2/g d.m., respectively. After 60 days of the experiment, oxygen consumption in PLA 1 and PLA 2 increased to 53.8±2.3 mg O2/g d.m. and 56.8±2.5 mg O2/g d.m., respectively. The obtained results (both oxygen consumption and macroscopic changes in the PLA samples, not presented in this study) clearly indicate that, in the first 30 days of degra-dation, only biodeterioration and biodegradation took place. PLA minera-lization occurred mainly in the latter part of the experiment, as indicated by 45% higher oxygen consumption for both PLA samples in comparison with the control (compost). 9

AknowledgementsThis study was supported by STAR-ProBio. STAR-ProBio is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Re-search and innovation action under grant agreement No 727740 with the Research Executive Agency (REA) – European Commission. Duration: 36 months (May 2017 – April 2020). Work Programme BB-01-2016: Sustain-ability schemes for the bio-based economy.


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Potential and dynamics of yielding and biometric characteristics of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) cultivated on marginal soil

Mariusz Matyka, Jan Kuś, Paweł RadzikowskiDepartment of Systems and Economics of Crop Production, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Although the domain role of agriculture is food production, a part of agri-culture land has always been devoted to non-food products, mainly within the framework of emerging technologies. Such uses include the produc-tion of bioenergy and various biomaterials [1]. One of the plants that can be used for various non-food purposes is black locust (Robinia pseudoaca-cia L.) [2].

Materials and methodsField experiments with the cultivation of black locust were conducted in 2009–2018 on experimental plantations located on marginal soil, com-plex 6 – poor rye, class V in Experimental Farm IUNG-PIB in Osiny (N:51°28´26.2”, E:22°2´29.4”). Harvest of plants was performed successfully at the end of each growing season successively from the first to the ninth year of growth. Subsequently, the yield of fresh and dry matter, the number of shoots from the plant (pcs), the diameter of shoots at a height of 15 cm, Ø (mm) and height of shoots (m) were determined.

Results and Discussion The average annual yield of black locust dry matter (t ha-1) grown on marginal soil, without mineral fertilization, was respectively from 8,2 to 10,8 t∙ha-1∙year-1. According to Hungarian research, the first peak of the annual increase in energy volume, black locust plantations established from root cuttings reach 3–5 years old. Then the annual growth decreases and the new peak occurs at the age of 9 and 12, and the next about 15 years [3]. In general, plants of black locust developed one shoot, which depending on


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the year of harvest reached 5.0–5.8 m in length and 45–46 mm in diame-ter. An important feature of black locust biomass is low humidity during harvest (29–37%), which may result in lower logistics costs and better fuel quality than willow or poplar.

Conclusions Black locust plant due to low habitat and agrotechnical requirements, yield level, biometric features and biomass quality may be a valuable lignocellu-losic raw material used by the industry.

References

[1] Diamantidis N. D., Koukis E. G. Agricultural crops and residues as feedstock for non-food products in Western Europe. Ind. Crops Prod., 2000, 11: 97–106.

[2] González-García S., Martinze Gasol C., Moreira M.T., Gabarrell X., Rieradevall I Pons J., Feijoo G. Environmental assessment of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)–based ethanol as potential transport fuel. Int J Life Cycle Assess., 2011, 16: 465–477.

[3] Szczukowski S., Tworkowski J., Stolarski M., Kwiatkowski J., Krzyżaniak M., Lajszner W., Graban Ł., 2012. Wieloletnie rośliny energetyczne. MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, Warszawa. 10



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Project BioBIGG – Bioeconomy in the South Baltic Area: Circular economy principles applied to a potato value chain

Dariusz Mikielewicz, Roksana Bochniak, Aleksandra Gołąbek, Paweł Dąbrowski, Rafał Andrzejczyk, Jan WajsGdansk University of Technology, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Due to increasing interest of small and medium-sized enterprises in bio-economy and circular economy, and thus the lack of innovative solutions suitable for local resources in this field, it is necessary to develop new strategies for them. An example of such assistance is the international project ,,BioBIGG: Bioeconomy in the South Baltic Area: Biomass-based Innovation and Green Growth”, underway at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Gdańsk University of Technology. The mission of the proj-ect is to increase the ability of SMEs for implementation of innovative tech-nologies, mainly due to cross-border knowledge transfer, advisory activi-ties, as well as pilot projects and investments related to unused biological resources.

Materials and methodsAn example of two companies involved in potato cultivation and process-ing will be presented. Waste from the potato chips factory, which processes potatoes grown by the local farm, is returned to the supplying farm and is the batch product to the local distillery. The residues from the distillation of alcohol are subsequently managed as fertilizer on the supplier’s land. The underlying aim of this cooperation is that everything that is taken from the soil in the form of crops should be returned to it at the end of the processing.


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Results and Discussion These two enterprises, thanks to the well planned cooperation and appropriate utilisation of waste, perfectly fits into the mission of the BioBIGG project and the idea of circular economy.

Conclusions Cooperation within the BioBIGG project with enterprises, that implement a circular economy, allows to define bioinnovative possibilities and disse-minate this knowledge among small and medium-sized enterprises intere-sted in sustainable bioeconomy.


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Yielding Virginia mallow depending on selected agrotechnical factors

Bartosz NapiórkowskiDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby) is one of several spe-cies of plants cultivated in order to obtain biomass for energy purposes. The aim of this report was to assess the impact of selected agrotechnical factors on the yielding of Virginia mallow in Poland based on a review of relevant literature. In cultivating Virginia mallow the key is to obtain the right cast of plants in the field, which is difficult with little laborious seed sowing due to their low germination due to the occurrence of seed grains and a long period of emergence [5, 1]. It has been proven that a threefold incre-ase in the amount of Virginia mallow seeding from 1.5 kg·ha-1 to 4.5 kg·ha-1 resulted in an average 13% increase in dry matter in the 4-year experiment period. Differences in yield were highest in the year of sowing seeds and stabilized in 3–4 years of vegetation [7]. The main yield factor in Virginia mallow growing is nitrogen. Numerous studies prove the beneficial effect of increasing doses of nitrogen, in the range of 40–200 kg N·ha-1 on the yield of dry Virginia mallow shoots. Their effectiveness and the obtained average biomass yield depend on soil conditions, weather course during vegetation and the age of plantation [2, 3, 4, 6].

References

[1] Borkowska H., Wardzińska K. 1999. The effect of the amount of sowing and the dates of harvest on the differentiation of biomass yield of Sida hermaphrodita R. Ann. UMCS, Sect. E, Agricultura 54(4): 31–35.

[2] Borkowska H., Molas R., Skiba D. 2015. Virginia fanpetals Yielding in multi-year use. Acta Agrophysica, 22(1): 5–15.

[3] Borkowska H., Molas R., Skiba D., Machaj H. 2016. Yielding and energy value of Virginia fanpetals in relation to the level of nitrogen fertilization. Acta Agrophysica, 23(1): 5–14.


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[4] Lisowski J., Porwisiak H., Orłowska A., Skorina V. 2015. Efect of mineral fertilization on yield and biometric features Sida in 3, 4 and 5 year of cultivation. Zeszyty Naukowe WSA w Łomży, 58: 15–23.

[5] Piskier T. 2008. Evaluation of Energy expenditure for selected technologies used to establish pennsylvanian mallow (Sida hermaphrodita) plantations. Inż. Rol., 10: 193–200.

[6] Stolarski M., Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S., Kwiatkowski J., Graban Ł. 2014. Profitability and Energy Efficiency of production of Virginia fanpetals biomass depending on the type of propagule used in a plantation. Fragm. Agron., 31(2): 96–106.

[7] Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S., Stolarski M., Kwiatkowski J., Graban Ł. 2014. Productivity and properties of Virginia fanpetals biomass as fuel depending on the propagule and plant density. Fragm. Agron., 31(2): 115–125.


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Total carbon content in willow and poplar bark and wood harvested in annual cycle

Dariusz Niksa, Mariusz J. StolarskiDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.) are the main short rotation woody crops in Poland and many other countries. Currently, biomass of these species is primarily use for energy purposes, but it also plays an important environmental role – it absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to determine total carbon content (Ct) in two types of biomass (bark and wood) of two willow varieties and poplar clone, depending on the diameter of shoots collected in one-year harvesting cycle.Biomass of varieties of Ekotur and Żubr (both Salix viminalis L.) and clone of poplar Max-5 (Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii Henry) was used. Biomass samples of bark and wood from shoots with diameters in the range of 0–10 and 11–20 mm were used for laboratory analyzes. Ct con-tents were determined using ELTRA CHS 500 automatic analyzer. A three-way analysis of variance was carried out to determine the fixed effects and their interactions in the study. Homogeneous groups were determined by a Tukey (HSD) multiple test (α = 0.05).

Wood of tested species had a significantly higher Ct content compared to the bark (54.00 vs. 52.40%). Considering the diameter of the shoots, signifi-cantly more Ct was found in shoots with a diameter of 0–10 than 11–20 mm (52.86 vs. 51.95% in bark and 54.5 vs. 53.41% in wood).

Results showed that plants of the studied species collected in one-year cycle stored significant amounts of Ct in wood and bark, and thus their cultiva-tion can play an important role in reducing the greenhouse effect. 11

Acknowledgments This work was financed by the National Science Centre, Poland. Grant no. 2016/23/N/NZ9/02738/.


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Economic indices in the production of two short rotation woody crops species

Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Mariusz J. Stolarski, Michał Krzyżaniak, Monika MakowskaDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Profitable production of woody biomass on farmland in a short rotation woody crops (SRWC) system is a challenge for agriculture, and a funda-mental condition for its development. Bioeconomy is in search of inexpen-sive biomass, as this is one of the elements which makes the growth of bio-based economy possible. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the costs and economic efficiency of the production of two SRWC species (willow and poplar) depending on the method of soil enrichment [1].

The production costs were calculated on the basis of economic data deri-ved from an experiment conducted on fields of the UWM. The expe-riment included the following factors: (I) species (willow and poplar), and (II) soil amendment with: lignin (L), mineral fertilisation (F), inocu-lation with mycorrhiza and mineral fertilisation (MF), lignin and mycor-rhiza (LM), mycorrhiza (M), lignin and mineral fertilisation (LF), lignin and mycorrhiza and mineral fertilization (LMF) and control (C). The calculation model used in the paper combines the present value method and the annuity method, as well as the determination of the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

The cost of SRWC chip production varied between the different methods of soil amendment and different levels of yield of the species under study. The lowest cost of chip production was noted for all the species on the control plots (C), where no fertilisation was applied; it ranged from 267 to 352 € ha-1 year-1, for willow and poplar, respectively. In general, the lowest cost of production of 1 Mg d.m. of chips was incurred for willow; it ranged


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from 48.9 to 68.8 € Mg-1, for the plots where only lignin (L) and only mycorrhiza (M) were applied. The cost of poplar chip production for the same soil amendment options was higher by 13–30% than for willow chips.

The profitability of biomass production depended on the crop species and soil enrichment method. The highest revenue for willow (€ 291 ha-1 year-1) was achieved when the crop was amended with lignin, and for poplar (€ 194 ha-1 year-1) – when the crop was fertilised with mineral fertiliser and amended with lignin. The IRR was on average 10% higher for willow than for poplar. 12

References

[1] Stolarski, M.J., Olba-Zięty, E., Rosenqvist, H., Krzyżaniak, M., 2017. Economic efficiency of willow, poplar and black locust production using different soil amendments. Biomass and Bioenergy 106, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2017.08.019

AcknowledgementsThis work has been co-financed by STAR-ProBio (Sustainability Transition Assessment and Research of Bio-based Products) H2020 Grant Agreement 727740 Research and Innovation Programme – European Commis-sion, Work Programme BB-01-2016: Sustainability schemes for the bio-based economy and by the National (Pol-ish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MArginal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioec-onomy, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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Agricultural byproducts valorization in the circular economy: the case of chaff

Luigi Pari,Vincenzo Alfano, Antonio Scarfone, Simone Bergonzoli, Alessandro SuardiConsiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari Monterotondo, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The work has been developed under the PANACEA Project, aimed at demonstrating the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of non-food crops and agricultural by-products in order to foster business strategy for agro-industries to take advantage of unexploited synergies in terms of facilities, equipment and staff capacities, to diversify regular acti-vity introducing new production chains based on new biomass feedstock, as agricultural residues. Cereal chaff, compound by glumes and husk cove-ring the seeds, is a valuable resource not usually collected. Normally, after threshing, it is left on the ground together with other thinner part of the cereal stem and a certain amount of weed seeds. Since its value as subs-trate for animal feed or litter, or as feedstock in biogas plants and biomass boilers, many machineries builders has recently developed several systems for its recovery. The study represents a detailed and accurate survey of the harvesting technologies available at present in the European market.

Materials and methodsAim of the present work is to provide a thorough overview of technologies available and, to the best of our knowledge, there are no similar analysis available in literature. Otherwise, the chaff collection is more and more of interest for providing a series of advantages:1) Agronomic advantages: reduced herbicide treatment necessary. The col-

lection of the chaff reduces the weed seed stock in the soil. 2) Economic advantages: An higher amount of biomass is possible to be

collected per hectare (0.5 – 2 t/ha more).


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3) Logistic advantages: The bales with higher density (straw and chaff col-lected together).

Results and Discussion The review shows the main chaff collection technologies available on the European market. Upon defining the main harvest technology and the distribution of manufactures in Europe, the work describes with some details the foremost main mechanical chains:1. Chaff discharged to a back container.2. Chaff discharged on top the straw swath (different systems have been

developed, according to the combine harvester firm to be mounted).3. Chaff discharged to a towed trailer or no-stop baler (bales of chaff).

ConclusionsThe development of the mechanization system have to take in account the sustainability of the process, the zero wastes concept, valorising all the agri-cultural by-products and especially being cost effectiveness.

The by-products not yet utilized have different uses, as chicken bed, biogas production etc. The collection od the weed seeds together with the chaff will decrease the quantities of weeds nexts years, and then the utilization of pesticides demonstrateing the strategic importance to valorise this untapped biomass. The performance and the quality of work of the availa-ble machineries will be presented.

References

[1] N. Scarlat, J.F. Dallemand, F. Monforti-Ferrario, V. Nita, The role of biomass and bioenergy in a future bioeconomy: Policies and facts, Environ. Dev. 15 (2015) 3–34. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2015.03.006.IEA.

[2] European Parliament, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009, Off. J. Eur. Union. 140 (2009) 16–62. doi:10.3000/17252555.L_2009.140.eng.

[3] EU 2015/1513, ILUC Directive, Off. J. Eur. Union. (2015) 20–30. doi:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_285/l_28520031101en00330037.pdf.

[4] A. Paiano, G. Lagioia, Energy potential from residual biomass towards meeting the EU renewable energy and climate targets. The Italian case, Energy Policy. 91 (2016) 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.039.


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Agricultural biogas plants in Poland

Dumitru Peni1,Mariusz J. Stolarski1, Marcin Dębowski2, Michał Krzyżaniak1

1Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture,University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

In the last seven years there is a considerable increase of installations for agricultural biogas production in Poland. Agriculture is the biggest raw material supplier for biogas production. It shows a great potential to adjust a Polish sustainable energy strategy to European Union’s policy. The pur-pose of this study is to present the locations of biogas plants and the type of raw material used for biogas production in Poland.

Their number increased from 8 biogas plants in 2011 to 96 installations in 2018. Moreover, according to National Center for Agricultural Support the most common raw materials to biogas production is wet or dry distil-lers’ grains, slurry, residues from fruit and vegetables. 13

References

[1] http://bip.kowr.gov.pl

AcknowledgementThis work is the result of a study carried out at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, topic num-ber 20.610.008–300. Dumitru Peni is a recipient of a scholarship from the Programme Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bioeconomy (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Funds.


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Image 1 Location of biogas plant in Poland in 2018


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Marginal land spatial recognition and its posibilities for biomass production

Rafał Pudełko, Anna Jędrejek, Małgorzata KozakInstitute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionThe main objective of the work was analysis of potential biomass produc-tion on unutilised agricultural areas. In Poland, the area of abandoned or fallow land is ca. 2 million ha, of which over 900 thousand are medium (IVa, IVb) and weak (V) soil classes of agricultural suitability (according to Polish valuation system). The non-use of these areas is associated with various reasons. The most common of these is the so-called marginality for organi-zational reasons. Therefore, this potential can be easily restored to agricul-tural production if there are favourable conditions [1].

Materials and methodsGIS analyses were conducted based on the cadastral data, supplemented with information on actual agricultural production and the bonitation clas-ses of the agricultural suitability of soils. Unused fields have been classified as agricultural plots that have not been reported by farmers to the direct subsidy system (LPIS).

Results and DiscussionThe area of unutilised agricultural plots larger than 1 ha, characterized by medium and poor soil conditions is ca. 207 thousand ha. It allows to pro-duce over 2.38 M tonnes of biomass for the purposes of the national bioeconomy. The regionalization of this potential is shown on the map (Image 1).

ConclusionsThe current support system for agriculture implemented under the Rural Development Programme does not mobilize farmers to fully use the pro-duction potential. One of the new possibilities may be the alternative pro-duction of perennial crops for industrial purposes.


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Image 1 Potential biomass production on unutilized agricultural area in Poland

References

[1] Pudełko R., Kozak M., Jędrejek A., Gałczyńska M., Pomianek B. 2018, Regionalisation of unutilised agricultural area in Poland, Polish Journal of Soil Sciences, Vol. 51, No. 1 (2018), 119–132. 14

Acknowledgementsthis work has been co-financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MAr-ginal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioeconomy, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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Diversity of earthworm (Lumbricidae) species in industrial crops

Paweł Radzikowski, Jarosław Stalenga, Beata Feledyn-SzewczykInstitute of Soil Science and Plant Cultiwation – State Reseach Institiute in Puławy, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Earthworms are one of the most important microorganisms in soil. They play a key role in biomass decomposition as well as in humus synthesis. Earthworms also improve soil structure by creating tunnels and gluing soil aggregates with mucus. Vertical tunnels help to drain excess rain water and protect soil from surface flushes. As a consequence number, biomass and diversity of earthworms may be treated as good indicators of soil health and may reflect the sustainability level of crop production.

Materials and methodsIn 2014–2016 number, biomass and diversity of earthworms were assessed in the following industrial crops: silvergrass (Miscanthus x giganteus), basket willow (Salix viminalis) and virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita). Winter wheat cultivated in monoculture was used as a reference treatment. The samples were taken twice per year, in early spring and early autumn. Five samples were taken from each plot. In total 30 samples from each crop were collected. They contained from 0 to 15 specimens. Soil blocks (25 cm x 25 cm x 25 cm) were dig and a special net was used to extract earthworms from the soil. Collected earthworms were conserved in 3% formalin solution and their species identity was determined. Number of individuals and species composition were used to calculate diversity indexes in “Past3” open source program. For other statistical analysis “Statistica7” software was used.

Results and Discussion There were no significant differences in biomass of earthworms between industrial crops and control treatments. In all crops, in total 9 species of earthworms have been identified. Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus


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terrestris and Octolasion lacteum have been the most abundant species, while A. caliginiosa was mainly found in a control plot. Significant diffe-rences in number of species of earthworms per sample (on average one in control and silvergrass, 2 in mallow and in willow) as well in total number of species (control = 3; silvergrass = 5; mallow = 6; willow = 5) were noted. Industrial crops have been characterised by different species community in comparison to control. Significant differences were also noted for diver-sity indicators calculated per sample. In Virginia mallow higher number and diversity of species were determined than in the control treatment. Diversity indexes were also significantly higher in mallow than in silver-grass and the distribution of species was rather even in compared crops. Due to no tillage in industrial crops there was a higher share of epigeic species and big, deep vertical burrowing species (anecic), while in win-ter wheat deep horizontal burrowing species (endogeic) have been more numerous.

Conclusions The results of the research showed that industrial crops did not significan-tly affect the basic indicators of earthworm population, such as their num-ber and biomass. On the other hand, species composition, diversity and ecological specialisation of earthworms in industrial crops is different than in the soil under winter cereals.


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Upstream environmental assessment of first and second generation sugars

Iana Câmara Salim, Gumersindo Feijoo, Maria Teresa MoreiraDepartment of Chemical Engineering. School of Engineering. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SpainE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Environmental issues are driving the reintroduction of renewable biomass as a possible counterpart to fossil fuels to produce chemical platforms for bio-based products. An interesting route for the advancement of biorefine-ries is the use of fermentable sugars (e.g. glucose, xylose). First (e.g. sugar and starch crops) and second-generation feedstocks (e.g. lignocellulosic crops) are viable raw materials to produce these sugars. Although first--generation crops benefit from the development of their technology, their exploitation in biorefineries can jeopardize food security as well as indirec-tly and adversely affect land use change [1].

Materials and methods This study investigates the environmental impacts of producing 1 kg of first and second-generation fermentable sugars as interesting platforms for the production of bioproducts. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out in order to compare the raw materials used for sugar production (Image 1). Different countries were taken into account: maize and stover (USA and Italy), beech (Germany) and sugar beet (UK and France). Economic allocation was conducted to take into account the impacts of some by-pro-ducts, such as maize stover. Inventory data was gathered from industrial partners and bibliographic sources [2, 3]. Ecoinvent v3.2® database was used for background processes and a range of life cycle impact methods (Recipe, USEtox, CML…) were applied to evaluate 9 impact categories (CC – Climate Change, PM – Particulate Matter, HT – Human Toxicity, AC – Acidification, FE – Freshwater Eutrophication, TE – Terrestrial Eutrophication, LU – Land USE, WD – Water Depletion and FD – Fossil Depletion).


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Image 1 System boundaries of sugar production from first- and second-generation feedstocks

Results and Discussion The LCA results show that maize grain sugar (Italy) is the worst scenario for 4 impact categories (PM, HT, AC and TE), while sugar beet (UK) has a greater impact for CC and FD and beech wood chips (Germany) for LU and WD. The high impact of maize grain is mainly due to low yield and high fertilization in the field. Sugar from maize stover (US and Italy) shows a lower impact than maize grain, being both produced in the same field, for most impact categories, except for FE and FD. The production of sugar from beech wood chips uses a large amount of water and forest activities imply greater use of land than agriculture. Agriculture plays an important role in the overall impacts of first-generation and, to a lesser extent, second- -generation raw materials, due to the allocation of environmental impacts to different by-products.

Conclusions There is a strong tendency to exploit the use of lignocellulosic crops to avoid the use of edible crops for bio-products production. Generally speaking, the use of second-generation feedstocks can reduce the global environmental impacts of sugar production. 15

References

[1] Immerzeel, D.J., Verweij, P.A., van der Hilst, F., Faaij, A.P.C., 2014. Biodiversity impacts of bioenergy crop production: A state-of-the-art review. GCB Bioenergy 6, 183–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12067.

AcknowledgementsThis contribution was supported by the European project STARProBio (Grant Agreement Number 727740). The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group GRC2013-032 and to the CRETUS Strategic Partner-ship (AGRUP2015/02), co-funded by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER (EU).


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[2] Moncada, J., Vural Gursel, I., Huijgen, W.J.J., Dijkstra, J.W., Ramírez, A., 2018. Techno-economic and ex-ante environmental assessment of C6 sugars production from spruce and corn. Comparison of organosolv and wet milling technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production 170, 610–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.195.

[3] Renouf, M.A., Wegener, M.K., Nielsen, L.K., 2008. An environmental life cycle assessment comparing Australian sugarcane with US corn and UK sugar beet as producers of sugars for fermentation. Biomass and Bioenergy 32, 1144–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.02.012.


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Willow productivity in Poland

Mariusz J. Stolarski, Dariusz Niksa, Michał Krzyżaniak, Józef Tworkowski, Stefan SzczukowskiDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Obtaining the highest yield is the main goal of biomass producers. The main factors determining the yield of willow biomass include: (i) the choice of a proper species and cultivar, (ii) soil conditions; type and level of the fertilisation rate; weather conditions and agrotechnical treatments such as weed control, pest control or fertilisation, are necessary for proper plantation growth; (v) planting density and frequency of plant harvesting. The aim of this study was to review and present small– and large-scale studies conducted to date on the willow yield in Poland. Moreover, a litera-ture review was also conducted of studies involving the general application and use of willow in research centres in Poland from 2000–2017. Original 379 papers published in peer-reviewed science periodicals were used as the study material.

The mean willow biomass yield was 8.5 Mg ha-1 year-1 d.m. The mean pro-ductivity on small-scale experimental fields (11.4 Mg ha-1 year-1 d.m.) was much higher than on large-scale fields (5.7 Mg ha-1 year-1 d.m.). When the optimum yield-generating agents were applied (such as cultivar or clone, fertilisation rate or planting density) higher yields were achieved (by 48% and 72%) in small and large-scale experiments, respectively. Moreover, studies should be conducted at sites with poor quality soil, i.e. intended for growing perennial industrial crops, where the yield is usually smaller than on good soils used in agriculture for the production of food and fodders. 16



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References

[1] Stolarski M.J., Niksa D., Krzyżaniak M., Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S. 2019. Willow productivity from small– and large-scale experimental plantations in Poland from 2000 to 2017. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101: 461–475.


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The quality of solid biofuels versus fossil fuels

Mariusz J. Stolarski, Barbara Rybczyńska, Michał Krzyżaniak, Waldemar Lajszner, Łukasz Graban, Dumitru Peni, Anna Bordiean, Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Anna SadowskaDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

There are many possibilities in Poland of using solid biofuels from agricul-ture and forestry. In Poland and the EU28, solid biofuels have the largest share (71.1% and 44.7%, respectively) in renewable energy production. This means that this source have more advantages where agriculture and forestry can deliver feedstock for bioenergy. Thus, solid biofuels consti-tute an important and interesting alternative to solid fossil fuels. However due to its wide variety of origin the quality of solid biofuels may vary.

The aim of the study was to determine the thermophysical properties and elemental composition of solid biofuels of agricultural and forestry origin compared to solid fossil fuels. The research material were 20 types of solid fuel, including 16 renewable and 4 fossil fuels obtained from plantations of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn and from two heat generation and distribution enterprises. The study confirmed that solid biofuels from agriculture and forestry are a good alternative to fossil fuels like coal in terms of some thermophysical properties and elemental com-positions. The content of ash in coal fuels was 3–16 –fold higher than in agricultural and forest origin biofuels. Moreover, the content of sulphur in coal fuels was from 5–31 – fold higher than in agricultural and forest biofuels. In conclusion, the use of solid biofuels for energy generation may have lower impact on the environment than coal fuels.


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References

[1] Stolarski M.J, Rybczyńska B., Krzyżaniak M., Lajszner W., Graban Ł., Peni D., Bordiean A. 2019. Thermophysical properties and elemental composition of agricultural and forest solid biofuels versus fossil fuels. J.Elem., 24(4). DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2019.24.1.1819. 17

AcknowledgmentsThis paper is the result of study carried out at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, topic number 20.610.008–300 and it was co–financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344128/12/NCBR/2017. Dumi-tru Peni and Anna Bordiean are a recipient of a scholarship from the Programme Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bioeconomy (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Funds.


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Applicability of ash from combustion of Sida hermaphrodita R. as soil improver and its effects on crop size

Mateusz Szymański1, Bartosz Pietrzykowski1,2, Adam Cenian2

1IMPLaser, Innovative Technologies, Sp. z o.o., Gdańsk, Poland2The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction High biomass accumulation and multiple ecological benefits of Sida her-maphrodita (Virginia fanpetals) crops has resulted in growing interest among researchers in various countries [1, 2]. The performed combustion tests showed a good applicability of the pellets produced from the older, lignified Sida biomass [2]. A Sida hermaphrodita was also used as an subs-trate for fermentation process and ability of its digestate to fertilize margi-nal sandy soil was approved [1].

The objective of this study is to assess applicability of ash from combustion of Sida as soil improver and its effects on crop size were checked. This may confirm that the value chain, consisting: Sida hermaphrodita plantation, its combustion and ash utilisation as fertiliser, fulfil the rules of the best prac-tice in the circular bioeconomy.

MethodsThe quality and effects of the Sida ash as soil improver was check in labora-tory test (in plant pots) for the 5 chosen plants: Avena sativa (the common oat), Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass), Lupinus luteus (annual yellow-lupin), Pelargonium L’Hér. (Pelargonium) and Raphanus sativus. Besides the field trials has been performed for Avena sativa, Lolium perenne L. and Lupinus luteus. The crops grown on soil fertilised using ash was compared with the ones grown on the soil fertilised using classic, characteristic fertilization for the plants. In previous studies [3] it was established that 1 kg ash from Sida contains 0,0167 kg P, 0,0434 kg K (lack of nitrogen). It was found


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in this studies that important for fertilization anions and cations from ash are hardly soluble. Each study was performed in two trials. The crops has been taken after 40 days of vegetation period.

ResultsThe application of ash under laboratory conditions (in plant pots) led to very good results. In the case of Avena sativa the increase of fresh bio-mass weight was 28,7% for 0,009 kg ash/pot and 45,7% for 0,018 kg ash/pot application. Use of ash, 0,012 kg/pot, led to increase of Lupinus luteus crop 45,2% and 18,6% for two times higher dose. Much better results were observed after application of ash to a Raphanus sativus cultivation; crops increased even 289% after application of 0,006 kg ash/pot. The highest increase was established for Pelargonium L’Hér cultivation, 856% after application of 0.006 kg ash/pot. Lupinus luteus crops (under field trial con-ditions) towards application of ash in amount (0) no ash, (1) 0,4 kg/m2 and (2) 0,8 kg/m2. The crops increased 63% (case 1) and 65% (case 2).

ConclusionsAsh after Sida hermaphrodita combustion can increase significantly crops of various plants. The application of 0,006 kg ash/pot can increase the fresh biomass crops of Pelargonium L’Hér, by 852%. In the field test the highest increase of crops was observed for Lupinus luteus i.e. even above 60% after application of ash in amount 0,4 kg/m2 and more.

References

[1] Moritz Nabel, Daniela B. P. Barbosa, David Horsch and Nicolai D. Jablonowski. Energy crop (Sida hermaphrodita) fertilization using digestate under marginal soil conditions: A dose-response experiment. Energy Procedia 59 (2014) 127–133.

[2] Philipp von Gehren, Markus Gansberger, Wilfried Pichler, Martin Weigl, Sabine Feldmeier, Elisabeth Wopienka, Günther Bochmann. A practical field trial to assess the potential of Sida hermaphrodita as a versatile, perennial bioenergy crop for Central Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy 122 (2019) 99–108.

[3] Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Sławomir Krzebietke, Piotr Żarczyński, Virginia Fanpetal-based Digestion Residue used for Virginia Fanpetal Fertilization Purposes. in Eco-Energetic – Biogas. Research, Technologies, Law and Economics in Baltic Sea Region, A.Cenian, J.Gołaszewski, T.Noch, ed., GSW Publisher, Gdańsk 2012.


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The biomass potential and quality of non-food crops grown in northern climate

Vita Tilvikiene, Zydre Kadziuliene, Ausra Baksinskaite, Urte StulpinaiteLithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionThe growing of energy or other non-food crops might be one of issues to optimize the land management ant contribute to the reduction of climate worming [1]. Dam et al. [2] indicated that most European countries have lower or higher amount of land available for growing such crops. In worm climate countries the productivity as well as the profitability of growing perennial non-food crops is high while in northern European countries the biomass yield is significantly lower and there is a need to improve the crop productivity and suitability for by selection of appropriate plant spe-cies and optimal growing technologies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growing technologies of different herbaceous crops and their chemical composition in Northern climate.

Materials and methodsThe field experiment was conducted in the Central Lowland of Lithuania (55°24'N, 23°52'E)) in 2013 on an Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). Miscanthus giganteus, Artemisia dubia, Festuca arundinacea grown under temperate climate conditions and fertilized with different rate of nitrogen fertilizers. Selected crops were applied with 90 and 170 kg ha-1 of mineral nitrogen fertilizer.

Results and DiscussionIt was indicated that M. giganteus and A. dubia seems to be potential energy crops in northern part of temperate climate zone. The highest productivity was achieved by M. giganteus. Biomass quality varied between the species of herbaceous crops. Non-traditional energy crops Miscanthus giganteus and Artemisia dubia presented high concentration of carbon, cellulose


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and lignin and low concentration of inhibiting elements potassium and phosphorus. After the evaluation of biomass energy potential it was indica-ted that biomass quality of those crops was in line with the results obtained in other researchers and may be compared to woody short rotation forests. The higher energy value was presented by A.dubia and M. giganteus.

ConclusionsThe results of two year experiment suggest that M. giganteus and Artemisia dubia could be characterized as high yielding and promising crop for Northern climate zone countries, but more research is needed to indicate the longevity of this crop and stability of yielding, check invasiveness, impact on human health and other risks.

References

[1] Thornley, P., Gilbert, P., Shackley, S., Hammond, J., 2015. Maximizing the greenhouse gas reductions from biomass: The role of life cycle assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy 81, 35–43. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.002

[2] Van Dam, J., Faaij, A.P.C., Lewandowski, I., Fischer, G., 2007. Biomass production potentials in Central and Eastern Europe under different scenarios. Biomass and Bioenergy 31, 345–366. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.10.001


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Harmonisation under the criteria of sustainable development and their operationalisation

Mirosława Witkowska-DąbrowskaDepartment of Environmental Economics, Real Estate and Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Harmonisation is a path to order. For bioproducts, it is a process of incre-asing information comparability through the introduction of a uniform set of sustainable development indicators, based on common assumptions and concepts. The problem is to choose them properly in order to ensure quan-titative measurement and qualitative evaluation of a bioproduct as well as its impact on the surrounding world18. The article is aimed not so much at creating a ready-to-use set of indicators, but rather at paving the way to harmonisation. It is an attempt to develop criteria for operationalisation evaluation of bioproducts based on the available literature on the subject.

Figure 1. Illustrates selected fields to be taken into account in operationalisation harmonisation.

Source: own research

1 National Research Council of the National Academies. Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies; 2010.


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Indicators used for assessment ought to both ensure quantitative measu-rement and qualitative evaluation of a bioproduct and its impact on three pillars of sustainable development (environment, economy, society), as well as:• Accurately reflect the process or state of affairs they present;• Be sufficiently sensitive to capture changes over time and across biopro-

duction and standard production systems;• Be applicable to measures in terms of time, expenditure and level of required

skills;• Be comprehendible and relevant to users at every level of the supply chain

and to end customers. 19

This study was supported by STAR-ProBio. STAR-ProBio is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Re-search and innovation action under grant agreement No 727740 with the Research Executive Agency (REA) – European Commission. Duration: 36 months (May 2017 – April 2020). Work Programme BB-01-2016: Susta-inability schemes for the bio-based economy.

MULTI-PRODUCT PROCESSING– REQUIREMENTS ON SUSTAINABILITY


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Small scale biomass heating systems: Standards, quality labelling and market driving factors – An EU outlook

Vijay Kumar Verma1, Svend Bram2, Jacques De Ruyck2

1Dhara Solutions GmbH, Austria2Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BelgiumE-mail: [email protected]

In the present study a comparative evaluation of several existing quality labels and standards for small scale biomass heating systems (BHS) and the biomass fuels they use was performed. With the introduction of pellet fuels, biomass heating technology achieved enough maturity to successfully compete with oil/gas heating devices in terms of ease of use, utilization of energy and pollutant emissions.

From indoor air quality and related health risks point of view, quality labelling of both BHS and fuel they use leads to stricter emissions, effi-ciency and safety requirements as compared to National and EU stan-dards. Several measures supporting this green energy market in the active countries (Sweden, Nordic countries, Germany, France and Austria) were investigated. It was found that policies and financial incentives such as the Finance Law (2005–2009) in France and Market Incentives Programme (1999–2006) in Germany are the most successful. German regulations and quality label (Blue Angel) provide the stringent quality requirements for residential BHS.

In Belgium, Wallonia is the most active region for biomass energy utiliza-tion (83.5 MW for residential heating in 2007). A quality label for small scale BHS however does not yet exist. An equivalent label (Optimaz) exists for oil fired residential boilers. Emphasis has been placed upon using Optimaz as a reference and to compare with other existing quality labels. As a result, an effort had been made to move ahead in the preliminary study for development of a quality label for Belgian.


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EBIPREP – Efficient Use of Biomass for low Emission Production of Renewable Energy and biotechnological valuable Products

Andreas Wilke, Joachim JochumDepartment Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionThe targeted climate protection goals require that renewable sources become the main energy source of the thermal supply in future. In order to achieve this ambitious goal, it is appropriate to intelligently link conven-tional and renewable energy or, even better, sustainable single processes.

What we doThe EBIPREP project is carried out by an interdisciplinary research group consisting of chemists, process engineers, bioprocess engineers and physi-cists specialized in sensors and process control. The aim is to develop new solutions for the use of woodchips and wood juice obtained by an innova-tive mechanical drying process. Beside woodchip gasification and catalytic cleaning of the wood gas, the utilization of wood juice in biogas plants and in biotechnological production processes of valuable substance is inten-ded. Wood chips are thermally gasified. Online sensors will be developed to evaluate the relevant parameters of the stabilized and optimized single processes. The linkage of thermal with biotechnological gasification pro-cesses could help to reduce the dimension of biogas reactors substantially. This fact will consequently lead to a noticeable cost reduction.

Objectives of the EBIPREP Project• combine the benefits of thermal and biological conversion of biomass;• develop a process that reduces pollutant emissions using innovative sensors

and catalytic treatment of syngases;• sustainable production of biotechnological valuable products;


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• economic and environmental analysis of the overall process compared to the single processes.

The success of this project allows• small and medium-sized food or wood processing companies to upgrade

their effluents as a fermentable input for biogas production;• acquisition of new knowledge in the field of recovery technology of residues

and energy production;• expand in new fields of application for innovative sensors and ceramic

foams for catalysts;• reduce biogas production costs.


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Production of a value-added product from biogenic residues by Euglena gracilis

Philipp Huber1, Marta Lenard1, Andreas Wilke1, Cordt Zollfrank2

1Department Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany2Chair for Biogenic Polymers,Technical University Munich (TUM), Straubing, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Euglena gracilis is of particular scientific interest due to intracellular storage of the biopolymer Paramylon. It is composed of D-glucose molecules linked by a ß-(1→3)-glycosidic bond. Due to its immunostimulatory and cell regene-rative effects, potential applications of Paramylon are found in functional food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries and as a raw material for bioplastic produc-tion [1, 2, 4, 7, 8].

To produce Paramylon in an economic feasible way, a biogenic residue is used as a culture medium component.

Materials and methodsE. gracilis was obtained from the SAG Culture Collection of Algae (#1224-5/25). It was cultivated in 200 ml shaking flasks using the Euglena Medium 9 with minerals, but with addition of wood juice instead of soil extract [6]. Cultivation of E. gracilis was carried out under dark, heterotrophic con-ditions, 30°C and 140 rpm orbital shaking.

Results and DiscussionNutrient media for the cultivation of microorganisms are characterized by high concentration levels of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which are essential for biomass growth. Wood juice is rich in trace elements and minerals, but poor in these essential elements.

The Euglena Medium 9 which contains wood juice leads to an elonga-ted lag phase, but the growth rate in the exponential phase is higher and as a result, doubling is faster compared to pure Euglena Medium 9. In the


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exponential phase, certain amounts of manganese, zinc, phosphorus and magnesium are essential for effective growth of the microorganisms.

ConclusionsWood juice supports the growth of E. gracilis and does not show an inhi-bitory effect. Doubling time is faster compared to a standard cultivation medium. E. gracilis is a complex microorganism and very sensitive to a lack of trace elements, vitamins and minerals. Therefore, wood juice is very promising as a medium component for a cost-effective cultivation of E. gracilis.

References

[1] Brown, G. D. & Gordon, S. (2001). A new receptor for b-glucans. Nature 2001, 413, 36–37.

[2] Gan, H., Enomoto, Y., Kabe, T., Ishii, D., Hikima, T., Takata, M., & Iwata, T. (2017). Synthesis, properties and molecular confirmation of paramylon ester derivatives. Polymer Degradation and Stability 145 (2017), 142–149.

[3] Kawahara, Y., Koganemaru, A. (2006). Development of Novel Film Using Paramylon Prepared from Euglena gracilis. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).

[4] Misaki, A., Kishida, E., Kakuta, M., Tabata, K. (1993). Antitumor fungal (1-3)-b-D-glucans: structural diversity and effects of chemical modifications. Front. Biomed. Biotechnol. 1993, 1, 116–129.

[5] Puanglek, S., Kimura, S., & Iwata T. (2017). Thermal and mechanical properties of tailor-made unbranched α-1,3-glucan esters with various carboxylic acid chain length. Carbohydrate Polymers 169 (2017), 245–254.

[6] Sammlung von Algenkulturen Göttingen (SAG) (2008): „9. Euglena Medium (= Eg „Euglena gracilis“), Version 11.2008“, in: Abteilung Experimentelle Phykologie und Sammlung von Algenkulturen der Universität Göttingen (EPSAG) > SAG: Culture Collection of Algae > SAG: Media for Algal Cultures. http://sagdb.unigoettingen.de/culture_media/09%20Euglena%20Medium.pdf (requested on 11th September 2018).

[7] Wang, L., Behr, S. R., Newman, R. K., Newman, C. W. (1997). Comparative cholesterol-lowering effects of barley b-glucan and barley oil in golden syrian hamsters. Nutrition Res. 1997, 17, 77–88.

[8] Wood, P. J. (1994). Evaluation of oat bran as a soluble fibre source: characterization of oat bglucan and its effects on glycaemic response. Carb. Pol. 1994, 25, 331–336.


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Cofermentation of potato pulp with poultry manure

Jan Cebula1, Jolanta Bohdziewicz1, Izabela Konkol2, Krzysztof Piotrowski1, Piotr Sakiewicz1, Adam Cenian2

1Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland2Institute Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The objective of the study is to assess the co-fermentation of potato waste after potato chips production with poultry manure. The characteristics of this substrates (including potato skin and waste pulp) and perspectives for the potato pulp pre-treatment method for biogas production are pre-sented. Fermentation of poultry manure is often inhibited due to high con-tent of nitrogen [1, 2], so cofermentation with substrates with high carbon content is a good option [3-6]. The results of the co-fermentation with the biogas-production kinetics of the cofermented substrates are presented.

MethodsPotato pulp with various content of dry mass and organic dry mass (8,404% and 29,576% dm and 98,423% odm) was used for mesophilic fermenta-tion in 1,5 dm3 glass reactors at 37°C. Inoculum from standard biogas installation was applied. The 100 g of poultry manure (with or without potato pulp) was used in each experiment and the reactor was filled up to 1 dm3.

The biogas was collected in chambers of 600 cm3 in volume and measured 2 times a day – see chosen results in Figure included. Biogas content was determined using Sewerin gas-detector.

ResultsFigure presents temporal evolution of biogas production from poultry manure (lower curve) in dm3 per kg dm. The rapid stage of fermentation ends after 50 hours. Later slower phase of biogas production is conti-nued with slight decrease in period around 100 – 180 h. It was found that


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cofermentation of poultry manure with waste potato-pulp results in signifi-cant increase of biogas production (25–34%).

ConclusionsCofermentation of poultry (broiler) manure with waste potato-pulp results in 25 – 34% increase of biogas production. 1

This article was partly supported by the WasteMan project co-funded by the European Union (European Re-gional Development Fund & European Neighbourhood Instrument) under the Interreg South Baltic Programme 2014–2020 framework.


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References

[1] Orhan Yenigun, Burak Demirel. Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: A review. Process Biochemistry 48 (2013) 901–911.

[2] Rama Rao Karri, Jaya Narayan Sahu, Venkateswarlu Chimmiri. Critical review of abatement of ammonia from wastewater. Journal of Molecular Liquids 261 (2018) 21–31.

[3] Tamas Böjti, Korn el. L. Kovacs , Balazs Kakuk, Roland Wirth, Gabor Rakhely, Zoltan Bagi. Pretreatment of poultry manure for efficient biogas production as monosubstrate or co-fermentation with maize silage and corn stover. Anaerobe 46 (2017) 138–145.

[4] Fatma Abouelenien, Wataru Fujiwara, Yuzaburo Namba, Maria Kosseva, Naomichi Nishio, Yutaka Nakashimada. Improved methane fermentation of chicken manure via ammonia removal by biogas recycle. Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 6368–6373.

[5] S. Santha Kalaikumari, T. Vennila, V. Monika, K. Chandraraj, P. Gunasekaran, J. Rajendhran. Bioutilization of poultry feather for keratinase production and its application in leather industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 208 (2019) 44–53.

[6] Patricia Bres, María Eugenia Beily, Brian Jonathan Young, Javier Gasulla, Mariano Butti, Diana Crespo, Roberto Candal, Dimitrios Komilis. Performance of semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of poultry manure with fruit and vegetable waste and analysis of digestate quality: A bench scale study. Waste Management 82 (2018) 276–284.


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Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Paracoccus homiensis from wastes generated by dairy industry

Paulina Marciniak, Justyna Możejko-CiesielskaDepartment of Microbiology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The development of biopolymers from renewable resources is one of the major world challenges. Due to the highly satisfactory properties, there is a growing interest in the group of biopolymers known as polyhydroxyal-kanoates (PHAs). PHAs are accumulated by microorganisms in the form of granules under unbalanced growth conditions [1]. Their production on a large scale is currently limited mainly because of high production costs. Inexpensive carbon sources such as whey cheese permeate are taken into consideration to make PHAs biosynthesis more economical [2]. This study aimed at assessing cheese whey mother liquor as a carbon source towards PHA synthesis. Moreover, the influence of nitrogen limitation on PHAs content was investigated.

Materials and methodsPHAs production experiments were conducted with Paracoccus homiensis (DSMZ 17862). Flask cultures were carried out with varying concentra-tions of cheese whey mother liquor from 40 g/L to 100 g/L. Bacteria were cultivated in non-limited and nitrogen-limited medium for 72 h at 28°C in a rotary shaker at 200 rpm. The bacterial cells were harvested to deter-mine the optical density, cell dry weight and PHAs concentration.

Results and Discussion It was demonstrated that Paracoccus homiensis was able to synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates in the cultivations supplemented with wastes from dairy industry. The results showed that the biomass value and the biopoly-mer cellular content were dependent on the substrates concentrations and growth conditions. Cell dry weight at the level from 1.99 g/L to 3.92 g/L


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was achieved in optimal conditions, whereas under nitrogen starvation this value reached from 2.77 g/L to 3.22 g/L. The maximum PHAs content (28,6% of CDW) was observed in the cultivation under nitrogen deficiency suggesting that nitrogen limitation stimulated the biopolyesters synthesis.

Conclusions Our results demonstrated that Paracoccus homiensis was capable of accumulating polyhydroxyalkanoates growing on wastes generated from dairy industry. This study showed that this bacterium is a suitable orga-nism for additional PHAs research due to the accumulation of high levels of biopolymers.

References

[1] Byrom D. 1994.Polyhydroxyalkanoates. W: Mobley D.P. (red.). Plastics from microbes–microbial synthesis of polymers and polymer precursors. Hanser Publishers, Munich, s. 5–33.

[2] Das S., Majumder A., Shukla V., Suhazsini P., Radha P. 2018. Biosynthesis of Poly (3–hydroxybutyrate) from Cheese Whey by Bacillus megaterium NCIM 5472. J Polym Environ., 26: 4176–4187. 2

Paulina Marciniak is a recipient of a scholarship from the Programme Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bio-economy (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Funds.


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Optimization of extraction parameters of alginate from aerobic granules

Agnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Dawid Nosek, Mariusz Zygmunt Gusiatin, Magdalena Zielińska, Katarzyna Bernat, Dorota Kulikowska, Irena Wojnowska-BaryłaDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

As a result of economic development and decreasing amount of natu-ral resources the idea of circular economy should be implemented and valuable products should be recover from waste materials. Excess aero-bic granular sludge is rich in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The recovery of bacterial alginate-like substances can be a great alternative to alginate obtained from seaweed, especially because the alginate obta-ined from aerobic granules is characterized by good sorption properties. The material for the study was aerobic granular sludge from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Lubawa. The alginate extraction procedure was optimized depending on the extraction temperature, extraction time and extractant volume. The highest amount of alginate was obtained after extraction for 1 h at 70°C (73.16 ± 6.84 mg of alginate/g MLSS), therefore this temperature was taken for further testing. Then, four extraction times were tested and for the further studies 45 min extraction time was applied. Finally, an extractant volume was tested and the most effective recovery of alginate (131.07 ± 79.57 mg/g MLSS) was obtained with a volume of 120 mL of Na2CO3. This study indicates that the effective recovery of alginate from aerobic granular sludge from a full-scale wastewater treat-ment plant is possible at reduced temperature and extraction time, which in turn translates into savings associated with alginate recovery. 3

The study was financed by the Polish National Science Centre (grant number 2016/21/B/NZ9/03627).


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Dissolved humic substances recovered from sewage sludge for Cu removal during soil flushing

Barbara K. Klik, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Dorota KulikowskaDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland, E-mail: [email protected]

Pollution with heavy metals (HMs) is currently a major environmental problem around the world. Among different environment components, soils contain the highest concentrations of HMs and need suitable reme-diation technologies. Permanent removal of HMs is possible through methods based on soil extraction, i.e. soil washing or soil flushing with a proper washing agent. The use of dissolved humic substances (DHS) recovered from waste is a new proposal of washing agent that can be used in that type of technology. Until know, there are evidences of using DHS mainly for soil washing, not for soil flushing [1-3]. Because the conditions of soil treatment in both methods are different, it is important to examine the performance of DHS to remove HMs during soil flushing.

In the present study, DHS recovered from municipal sewage sludge was used to remediate soil spiked with Cu at concentration of 356.6 mg/kg. The experiment was conducted under dynamic conditions, in a column reactor with internal diameter of 30 mm. The soil characterized with a neutral pH and low organic matter concentration (0.3%). The DHS used for soil flush-ing were at concentration of 5 g TOC/L and pH 4. In DHS, humic acids (HA) constituted 41%. In HA, stable HA dominated (96.4% of HA).

The soil flushing was performed at 2 different flow rates (0.5 ml/min and 1.0 ml/min) for 24 h. For a given flow rate, concentration of Cu in the effluents at different time intervals was determined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

The results indicates that the efficiency of Cu removal depended on the flow rate of DHS. Based on cumulative Cu concentration removed from soil, it was shown that most Cu was removed during the first 10 h of soil flushing, 69.3% (0.5 ml/min.) and 81.5% (1.0 ml/min.). For


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comparison, after 24 h flushing, the efficiency of Cu removal increased to 77.6% and 92.6%, respectively. As a result, the residual Cu concentration in flushed soil was decreased to 80 mg/kg (0.5 ml/min.) and 26 mg/kg (1.0 ml/min.). Obtained results indicate that DHS from sewage sludge are effective for treatment of soil moderately contaminated with Cu. To confirm the usability of DHS for soil flushing further investigations are needed, espe-cially for heavily contaminated soils with different HMs.

References

[1] Liu C.C., Lin Y.C.. Environmental Pollution: 178, 97–101, 2013.

[2] Kulikowska D., Gusiatin Z.M., Bułkowska K., Klik B.K., Journal of Hazardous Materials: 300, 882–881, 2015.

[3] Ashworth D.J., Alloway B.J. Environmental Pollution: 127, 137–144, 2004.


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Potential of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from municipal sewage sludge for treatment of Cu-contaminated soil

Barbara K. Klik, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Dorota KulikowskaDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland, E-mail: [email protected]

Among different soil remediation methods, soil washing is still attractive, especially for treatment of heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. Due to environmentally unfriendly nature of many conventional washing agents (e.g. acids, chelating agents) used for HM removal, there is a need to use new agents of lower environmental impact, e.g. humic substances (HS) or dissolved organic matter (DOM). As both HS and DOM can be extrac-ted from various organic waste materials, they are considered as easily available and cost-effective in comparison with those commercially avai-lable. Up to now, HS and DOM recovered from wine-processing waste sludge, food-waste compost and compost from municipal sewage sludge [1-4] has been tested for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn removal form soil. Less data is available about the possiblity of using DOM from sewage sludge.

In this study, the efficiency of Cu removal with DOM and EDTA was compa-red. Soil (sandy loam, pH 6.4, 3.4% of organic matter) contained 7874.5 mg Cu/kg. DOM were extracted from municipal sewage sludge with distilled water (extraction time 2 h). The concentration, reaction and surface ten-sion of washing agents were: 5 g TOC/L, pH 6.9, 44.1 mN/m (for DOM) and 0.64 g TOC/L, pH 4.6, 69.4 mN/m (for EDTA), respectively. Soil was-hing was performed at m/V 1/40 (w/v) under the following conditions: reaction in washing solutions (pH 4–9), extraction time (0.5 to 24 h) and washing mode (single and double).

Cu removal was the highest at pH 4 and equilibrium was reached in 3 h. After double washing, the efficiency of Cu removal increased 1.2-times for both solutions, compared to single washing. At optimum conditions,


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the efficiency of Cu removal was 76% (DOM) and 79% (EDTA). Although DOM needs much higher concentration for Cu removal than EDTA, it can serve as a substitute of synthetic chelator (EDTA).

References

[1] Liu C.C., Chen G.B. Journal of Hazardous Materials: 244, 645–653, 2013.

[2] Chiang, P.N., Tong, O.Y., Chiou, C.S., Lin, Y.A., Wang, M.K., Liu, C.C., Journal of Hazardous Materials: 301, 100–105, 2016.

[3] Kulikowska D., Gusiatin Z.M., Bułkowska K., Klik B.K., Journal of Hazardous Materials: 300, 882–881, 2015.

[4] Ashworth D.J., Alloway B.J. Environmental Pollution: 127(1), 137–144, 2004. 4

This study is a result of the research project No. 2017/27/N/ST8/00255 funded by the National Science Centre.


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Anaerobic co-digestion of chicken manure with waste cooking oil

Izabela Konkol, Jan Cebula, Adam CenianInstitute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Chicken manure is a nitrogen-rich substrate and impose a toxic effect on anaerobic microorganisms when fermented alone or in a large quantity. The use of lipid waste can increase biogas yield by 30% or more, as this type of substrate improves the nitrogen/carbon ratio in fermented pulp. Despite the benefits, toxic action of long-chain fatty acids against microorganisms can inhibit fermentation process; it limits the transport of nutrients from the membrane surface into the cells [1–4].

The aim of this study was to find optimal doses of waste cooking oil in co-digestion with chicken manure in order to enhance biogas and methane production.

The fermentation process was carried out under mesophilic temperature condition until the day, when biogas production was less than 1% of its previous total production.

The addition of oil regardless of the dose extend the retention time by approximately 30%. During the experiments 80% to 230% more methane and 75% to 193% more biogas was obtained (per tonne of dry organic matter). The obtained results indicate that waste cooking oil can be used as co-substrate with chicken manure.


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References

[1] J. Mata-Alvarez, J. Dosta, M.S. Romero-Güiza, X. Fonoll, M. Peces, S. Astals, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 36 (2014) 412–427. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.039.

[2] N. da S. Sunada, A.C.A. Orrico, M.A.P. Orrico Junior, J. de Lucas Junior, W.R.T. Lopes, A.W. Schwingel, Ciência Rural. 48 (2018) 1–7. doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20170517.

[3] C. Zhang, G. Xiao, L. Peng, H. Su, T. Tan, Bioresour. Technol. 129 (2013) 170–176. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.138.

[4] E.S. Salama, S. Saha, M.B. Kurade, S. Dev, S.W. Chang, B.H. Jeon, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 70 (2019) 22–42. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2018.08.002. 5

AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by Provincial Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Gdansk under project no. RX-15/19/2017.


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Influence of glycerine phase on the stability of anaerobic fermentation of cattle manure

Wioleta Mikucka, Katarzyna Bułkowska Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

The glycerine phase is a by-product of biodiesel production. Although this by-product could be refined to produce glycerol that is pure enough for industrial use, refining is expensive and there is an excess of glycerol on the market. Thus, another method of utilizing glycerine phase is necessary to help reduce the net costs involved in biodiesel production, which prevent the commercialization of this process [1]. One possible method of utilizing glycerine phase is digesting it anaerobically [2], which produces biogas, thus offsetting some of the costs of biodiesel production.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of glycerine phase on the stability of anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in meso-philic conditions (39°C). In series 1, the feedstock was cattle manure, and in series 2, it consisted of a mixture of cattle manure and glycerine phase at a volatile solids ratio of 90:10. The process was carried out in anaerobic reactors with a volume of 6L at a constant organic loading rate of 2.05gVS/L.d and a hydraulic retention time of 30 days.

The stability of anaerobic digestion in both series was assessed based on the changes in organic compounds concentration, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonium concentrations, alkalinity, and orthophos-phates concentration during the process. For better assessment of the rela-tionships between individual parameters, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated.

In both series, the correlation between COD and elapsed time was small and not statistically significant, indicating that the anaerobic digestion process was stable. However, the concentration of COD in the effluent was 1.98 times lower with glycerine fraction addition than without it, which indicates that this fraction has a positive effect on the anaerobic digestion


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process. Similarly, the efficiency of COD removal was 50% higher with glycerine fraction addition, and biogas production was 2.57 times higher. In both series, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen decreased with time. However, addition of glycerine fraction reduced the size of this asso-ciation. During digestion of cattle manure without glycerine addition, there was a strong negative correlation between ammonium nitrogen concentra-tion and elapsed time (r = -0.85, p<0.001), but the correlation was weaker when glycerine was added (r = -0.52, p<0.05). In contrast, the correlation between VFAs and elapsed time was weaker without glycerine addition, and stronger when glycerine was added (r = 0.71, p<0.01). The correlations between the other parameters were small and not statistically significant. In summary, addition of glycerine fraction has a positive effect on anaero-bic digestion of cattle manure.

References

[1] Ma F., Hanna M. A. (1999). Bioresource Technology, 70 (1), 1–15.

[2] Gumbytė M., Makareviciene V., Sendžikienė E. (2011). Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 56 (2), 28–34. 6

Wioleta Mikucka a recipient of a scholarship from the Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bioeconomy Pro-gramme (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Fund


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Evaluation of the possibilities of post-extraction biomass management

Marcin Walter, Marek AdamczakDepartment of Food Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Plant extracts have very good antioxidant properties and a positive effect on the human body. Plant extracts can be used as a food additive, but the effectiveness of the chemical compounds present in the extracts depends on their stability and bioavailability. After the extraction process, post--extraction biomass is obtained, which can potentially be used for the production of added value bioproducts. The purpose of the experiments was to assess the possibility of using post-extraction biomass from the bark of Salix alba L., bark, wood or a mixture of bark and wood from wil-low (Salix viminalis), purple willow (Salix purpurea), black poplar/Maksymowicz (Populus nigra × P. Maximowiczii), acacia robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) to obtain bioproducts, for example bioethanol or organic acids.

Samples were obtained by leaching post-extraction biomass with water in the ratio of 1:10 (w:v), at 20–25 °C for 24 hours. The sugar content in the samples was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD).

Quantities of glucose, galactose, sucrose, arabinose, rhamnose and man-nose were quantified in the samples. The obtained results confirm the presence of fermentable sugars in post-extraction biomass. It is necessary to plan further experiments aimed at using post-extraction biomass as a raw material for fermentation in order to obtain added value bioproducts. 7

This work was co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled: Environ-ment, agriculture and forestry, BIOSTRATEG3 /344253/2/NCBR/2017.Marcin Walter received a scholarship from the Interdisciplinary Doctoral Programme in Bioeconomy (PO-WR.03.02.00-00-I034 /16-00) financed by the European Social Fund.


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Biotechnology and Green Chemistry for the Design of Resource-efficient Processes

Roland WohlgemuthInstitute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, PolandSwiss Coordination Committee for Biotechnology, Zurich, SwitzerlandESAB, Frankfurt am Main, Germany E-mail: [email protected],[email protected]

Introduction The consideration of feasible reactions from biotechnology and green chemistry and their interfacing within routes from starting materials to target products is essential for the optimal design of re-source-efficient processes. Retrosynthetic analysis in both domains provides an inspi-ring approach for building molecular complexity from simple precursors and the selection of enzymes and routes. From straight-forward functional group interconversions to total synthesis of small molecules, rapid proto-typing and bottle-neck identification is important for developing proces-ses with full conversions and high space-time yields. This is illustrated by enzymatic epoxide hydrolysis, carbonyl group reduction, phosphorylation and Michael addition, demonstrating the value of enzymes for process design in these four reaction classes.

Materials and Methods Retrosynthetic analysis was done in the chemical and biological domain. Whenever possible, bio-based starting materials were used. Methods for the identification and production of suitable recombinant enzymes and for practical in-process analysis with high information content were instrumental for the rapid development of the enzymatic processes.

Results and DiscussionHighly resource-efficient processes have been achieved in the chemoenzy-matic syntheses of (R)- and (S)-lactaldehyde, where ketoreductase-cataly-zed asymmetric reductions of 1,1-di-methoxy-2-propanone have been key


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steps. Epoxide hydrolases showing complementary stereoselectivity enabled the development of processes with high space-time yields for the synthesis of all limonene oxide enantiomers by resolution of the (+)‐cis/trans limo-nene oxide and the (−)‐cis/trans‐limonene oxide. The Michael addition reaction of L-arginine to fumarate catalyzed by argininosuccinate lyase has been success-fully developed for the synthesis of L-argininosuccinate. Highly selective and resource-efficient enzymatic phosphorylations leading to complete conversions and straightforward product purification have been deve-loped using suitable kinases and the phosphoenolpyruvate/ /pyruvate kinase-system for ATP-regeneration, in the one-step syntheses of Nω-phospho-L-arginine, (R)-mevalonic acid 5-phosphate, shikimic acid 3-phos-phate, D-glyceric acid 2-phosphate, both enantiomers of glyce-raldehyde-3-phosphate, both enantiomers of xylulose-5-phosphate and D-tagatose-1,6-diphosphate.

Conclusions The design and realisation of resource-efficient enzymatic reactions in the area of epoxide hydrolysis, reductions of carbonyl groups, Michael additions and phosphorylations together with their subsequent product recovery and purification to the small molecule target products have demonstrated what can be achieved by a system level approach of biocatalysis covering both green chemistry and biotechnology towards small molecules having the structures of natural metabolites. The scope of systems biocatalysis is however much broader and offers excellent opportunities for preparing natural substrate homologues or unnatural substrate analogues, for develo-ping novel resource-efficient processes in many other reaction classes, for applying a huge number of known enzymes, for discovering and/or engi-neering of enzymes corresponding to new disconnections.

References

[1] N. Hardt, S. Kind, B. Schoenenberger, T. Eggert, M. Obkircher, R. Wohlgemuth, Biocat. Biotrans. 37, doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2019. 1630385 (2019).

[2] B. Schoenenberger, S. Kind, R. Meier, T. Eggert, M. Obkircher, R. Wohlgemuth, Biocat. Biotrans. 37, doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2019. 1634694 (2019).

[3] R. Wohlgemuth, Biotechnol. J. 13(6), 1700620 (2018).

[4] M.A.K. Vogel, H. Burger, N. Schläger, R. Meier, B. Schönenberger, T. Bisschops, R. Wohlgemuth, React. Chem. Eng. 1, 156–160 (2016).


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[5] B. Schoenenberger, A. Wszolek, R. Meier, H. Brundiek, M. Obkircher, R. Wohlgemuth, RSC Advances, 7(77), 48952-48957 (2017).

[6] R. Wohlgemuth, J. Littlechild, D. Monti, K. Schnorr, T. van Rossum, B. Siebers, P. Menzel, I.V. Kublanov, A. Gunn Rike, G. Skretas, Z. Szabo, X. Peng, M.J. Young, Biotechnol. Adv. 36(8), 2077-2100 (2018).

[7] B. Schoenenberger, A. Wszolek, R. Meier, H. Brundiek, M. Obkircher, R. Wohlgemuth, Biotechnol. J.13(8), 1700529 (2018).


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Biofuels and bioplastics production from waste materials through microbial fermentation technology

Venkateswar Reddy MotakatlaInstitute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Introduction Chain elongation is the process of converting short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and alcohols in to Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) by using bacteria. MCFA are saturated straight chain monocarboxylic acids with six to twelve carbon atoms, it could be use as precursors for the production of anti-microbials, corrosive inhibitors, biofuels, and bioplastics [1]. Apart from MCFA production, intensive research focused on the production of ‘green’ biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHA have attracted great interest due to their biodegradable nature [2]. In our stu-dies, pure cultures and enriched mixed cultures were used for valorization of various waste materials and subsequent production of valuable chemi-cals like SCFA, MCFA and PHA. Among various waste materials, bacteria with food waste showed highest SCFA (8.9 g/l of butyric acid) and MCFA (8.1 g/l of caproic acid) production. Also, good amount of PHB production was observed with wastewater collected from various sources.

Materials and methods Two-stage mixed culture fermentation was employed for the production of SCFAs and MCFAs from food waste (FW). In the first stage, FW was hydrolyzed into leachate by the addition of anaerobic bacteria and in the second stage SCFAs present in leachate were converted in to MCFAs by the chain elongation process [3]. The production of MCFAs were demonstrated in four different experimental conditions, i.e., control (no bacteria), pure culture (Clostridium kluyveri), non-augmentation (only enriched mixed culture), and bio-augmentation (C. kluyveri bio-augmen-ted with enriched mixed culture). Serum bottles of 120 ml with rubber stoppers and aluminium caps were used for all the experiments. Each


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bottle contained 40 ml of food leachate, MCFAs production from leachate was stimulated by addition of ethanol. After inoculation with bacteria, the bottles were closed and capped. The headspace was flushed with nitrogen for 5 min. The bottles were incubated at 37°C in a rotating shaker for 91 days. Liquid samples at different time intervals were anaerobically taken and used for SCFAs and MCFAs analysis. Biogas present in head space was also measured. For PHB production, the Erlenmeyer flasks containing 500 ml wastewater along with bacteria were capped with air-permeable silicone plugs and maintained under shaking at 30°C in an incubator. PHB cha-racterization was done using various analytical methods after extracting it from bacteria.

Results and Discussion SCFAs and MCFAs were produced from food waste using various types of bacteria. Amongst the different conditions, bio-augmented culture pro-duced highest SCFAs (8.9 g/l of butyric acid) and MCFAs (8.1 g/l of caproic acid) than other conditions [4]. CO2, and H2 were present in highest per-centage in biogas composition. DGGE analysis revealed that bacteria belonging to Clostridia, Sphingobacteriales, Desulfobacteraceae and Bacillus groups were dominant in the enriched mixed culture. Also, good amount of PHB production was observed with bacteria using wastewater collected from a cheese whey factory (151 mg/l), sewage treatment plant (145 mg/l) and a preserved food production factory (90 mg/l) [4].

Conclusions The results obtained denoted that the waste could be used for the pro-duction of valuable materials using microbial fermentation technologies. The ability of bacteria to treat wastewater and simultaneously produce biofuels and bioplastics was assessed. Future studies will carried out for the large-scale production of these chemicals and their separation using various methods.


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References

[1] Grootscholten, T.I.M., Strik, D.P.B.T.B., Steinbusch, K.J.J., Buisman, C.J.N., Hamelers, H.V.M., 2014. Two-stage medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) production from municipal solid waste and ethanol. Appl. Energy. 116, 223–229

[2] Hazer, B., Steinbuchel, A., 2007. Increased diversification of polyhydroxyalkanoates by modification reactions for industrial and medical applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74, 1–12.

[3] Reddy, M.V., Hayashi, S., Choi, D., Cho, H., Chang, Y.C., 2018. Short chain and medium chain fatty acids production using food waste under non-augmented and bio-augmented conditions. J. Cleaner Prod. 176, 645–653.

[4] Reddy, M.V., Mawatari, S., Onodera, R., Nakamura, Y., Yajima, Y., Chang, Y.C., 2019. Bacterial conversion of waste into polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A new approach of bio-circular economy for treating waste and energy generation, Bioresour Technol Rep.


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Enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates production by mixed microbial cultures on crude glycerin with a feast-accumulation-endogenous growth cultivation strategy

Tomasz Pokój, Ewa Klimiuk, Sławomir CiesielskiDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Mixed microbial cultures (MMC) polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produc-tion has features that make it a technologically and economically attractive alternative to pure culture cultivation [1, 2]. However, the lower PHA out-put with MMC than with pure cultures has prevented PHA products from the MMC process from entering the market [3]. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test the capacity of an MMC feast–PHA accumulation– –endogenous growth cultivation strategy (FAE) to increase biomass gro-wth, PHA accumulation and PHA productivity.

Materials and methodsCrude glycerine, a readily available low-value by-product of biodiesel production, was used as substrate. The reactor was operated under aero-bic conditions and continuously-fed with culture medium that differed in composition during the feast, PHA accumulation and endogenous gro-wth phases.

Results and Discussion At the optimal organic loading rate (OLR) and C/N ratio, the observed coefficient of active biomass yield was 0.33 g COD/g COD, and the PHA content in biomass was 53.1%VSS with a 3HV fraction of 32.3 mol%, cor-responding to a PHA productivity of 0.58 g PHA/L·d. This productivity value is 1.3 times higher than that obtained in our earlier study [4] conduc-ted with a similar OLR and C/N ratio, but under feast-famine conditions.


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ConclusionsThe FAE strategy enabled the highest PHA productivity by MMC cultures on crude glycerine reported so far, with a share of 3HV that is desirable for manufacturing processes.

References

[1] Fernández-Dacosta C., Posada J.A., Kleerebezem R., Cuellar M.C., Ramirez A. 2015. Microbial community-based polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production from wastewater: techno-economic analysis and ex-ante environmental assessment. Bioresour. Technol., 185: 368–377.

[2] Pittmann T., Steinmetz H. 2016. Potential for polyhydroxyalkanoate production on German or European municipal waste water treatment plants. Bioresour. Technol., 214: 9–15.

[3] Gholami A., Mohkam M., Rasoul-Amini S., Ghasemi Y. 2016. Industrial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by bacteria: opportunities and challenges. Minerva Biotecnol., 28(1): 59–74.

[4] Pokój T., Klimiuk E., Ciesielski S. 2019. Interactive effect of crude glycerin concentration and C:N ratio on polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulation by mixed microbial cultures modelled with Response Surface Methodology. Water Res., 156: 434–444.


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Biological methanation with membrane gassing in a whey pilot biogas plant

Oliver Jochum, Katharina Haas, Christiane Zell, Ulrich HochbergDepartment of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionSince only dissolved substances can be metabolized by methanogenic microorganisms, the low solubility of gaseous hydrogen in aqueous media is considered one of the biggest technical challenges for biological metha-nation as part of a power-to-gas-process combined with biogas plants. Therefore, a gas injection system to ensure a complete solution of the hydrogen in biogas fermenters is of crucial importance [1, 2].

Materials and methodsExperimental series with gas injection systems based on different mem-branes will be carried out in lab scale biogas reactors to discover optimal general conditions to maximize the methane concentration of the biogas by hydrogen injection. As part of the project, the membrane gassing sys-tem will be further optimized and designed for use on an industrial scale. The procedure will then be installed at a whey-feed biogas plant at a cheese dairy.

Results and DiscussionThrough the predecessor project ARTHYMES it was shown that the methane yield of a biogas reactor can be significantly increased by the biological methanation by means of the membrane gasification system. In this way, methane concentrations of 98 vol.-% have been achieved in the laboratory experiments. Building on the promising results of these experi-mental series, the current project “BioMeth – Biological methanation with membrane gassing” is carried out to expand the knowledge gained and to integrate the process on an industrial scale biogas plant for testing under real conditions [3].


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ConclusionsThe addition of hydrogen is not only intended to achieve higher methane concentrations in the biogas and reducing CO2 emissions, but also incre-asing the amount of whey used. For this purpose, the hydrogen as well as the whey entry will be controlled automatically. In this way, the use of biological methanation with membrane gassing in a whey pilot biogas plant enables a holistic energy optimization of the operation and also pro-vides important technical and economic findings for the large-scale esta-blishment of biological methanation in a power-to-gas concept [4, 5].

References

[1] Díaz, I., Pérez, C. et al.: A feasibility study on the bioconversion of CO2 and H2 to biomethane by gas sparging through polymeric membranes; Bioresource Technology, 2015, Vol. 185, pp. 246–253.

[2] Jochum, O.: Experimentelle und modellhafte Betrachtung der Stofftransportvorgänge der biologischen Methanisierung vor dem Hintergrund einer Power-to-Gas-Anwendung als Energiespeicheroption UMSICHT-Schriftenreihe, Vol. 86, Verlag Karl Maria Laufen, Oberhausen, 2019.

[3] Zell, C., Hochberg, U. et al.: ARTHYMES; Archaea Transform Hydrogen to Methane for Energy Storage; Abschlussbericht, Hochschule Offenburg, 2016.

[4] Grimalt-Alemany, A., Skiadas, I., Gavala, H.: Syngas biomethanation: state-of-the-art review and perspectives; Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 2017, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 1–20.

[5] Voelklein, M. A., Rusmanis, D., Murphy, J. D.: Biological methanation: Strategies for in-situ and ex-situ upgrading in anaerobic digestion. Applied Energy, 2019, Vol. 235, pp. 1061–1071.


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Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanotaes from Bacillus thuringiensis using wood juice as substrate

Elizabeth Obeyaa Adu1, Andreas Wilke1, Sławomir Ciesielski2

1Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany2University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolyesters synthesized by microorga-nisms and stored within cells as energy storage materials. Due to their bio-compatibility and biodegradability, PHAs have a wide range of applications in various industries. However, one of the major problems associated with its production is the cost of the carbon source being used. Therefore, in this study wood juice, the liquid waste obtained during the milling pro-cess of wood, was tested as a carbon source for the production of PHAs.

Materials and methodsCultivation was performed in shaking flasks for 72 h. Initially, nine bac-terial strains were tested towards PHAs accumulation using wood juice as carbon source. Then, Bacillus thuringiensis was chosen as potential strain for PHAs production. The process steps include preparation of bac-terial cells, cultivation and growth monitoring. PHAs were extracted with chloroform. The influence of ammonium and glucose concentrations was examined. Moreover, a comparison of two different types of wood juices (Spruce/Fir and Douglasie) was performed.

Results and discussionAmong nine strain having the genetic potential to accumulate PHAs only Antarctic betaproteobacterium (P_21) and Bacillus thuringiensis (G8_19) synthesized PHAs in wood juice-supplemented medium. Obtained results showed that the optimal wood juice concentration is 60% and Bacillus thuringiensis can accumulate significantly more PHAs in Spruce/Fir wood juice. The optimum nitrogen concentration in the form of NH4SO4 for higher PHAs yield was found to be 0.25 g/L, resulting in the highest


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PHAs productivity. The carbon content in Spruce-Fir wood juice was not sufficient for bacteria growth and PHAs accumulation and therefore the addition of glucose delivered more nutrients needed for biomass forma-tion and PHAs production with the optimum concentration being 5.0 g/L. The maximal PHAs concentration in cell dry weight was 30.33%.

ConclusionsBacillus thuringiensis could be considered as the potential PHAs producer. The growth of this strain and its ability to accumulate PHAs is dependent on the wood juice concentration and could be enhanced by supplementing the wood juice medium with carbon-rich substrates. Biomass and PHAs concentrations are dependent on the composition of the wood juice.


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Separation of nicotine, aromatic volatiles and high molecular weight components from Burley tobacco using supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation

Agnieszka Dębczak, Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz, Rafał Kowalski, Rafał Wiejak, Edward RójDepartment of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Puławy, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Tobacco leaves are mainly used due to psychopharmacological effect of nicotine. The alkaloid appears in high concentration in Burley variety having a positive correlation with the quality of this air-cured tobacco1,2. The supercritical fluid extraction of tobacco leaves has been developed to isolate nicotine and the mixture of concomitant compounds respon-sible for the natural fragrance. The present work describes a study on supercritical CO2 extraction of nicotine, aromatic volatiles and high mole-cular weight components from a light air-cured Burley tobacco leaves at various extraction pressures and two-stage separation procedure was used to induce fractionation of the extracts. A series of experiments were per-formed to determine the effect of fractional separation performed with the scope of selectively recovering nicotine. Detailed GC-MS and GC-FID analysis of the products was performed to assess the best extraction and separation conditions. The extraction yield and the concentration of nicotine in extracts were analyzed quantitatively.

Materials and methodsDried leaves of a light air-cured Burley tobacco was extracted. Experiments on tobacco were performed on a laboratory scCO2 unit (SITEC, Switzerland) based on 0.6 dm3 extraction vessel and equipped with two separators for fractionated separation. The CO2 consumption rate (kg/kg of loaded plant material) was kept constant, at 60. One hundred grams of dried tobacco leaves was used in each experiment. SCF extracts were analysed by GC/MS-MS using an Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) 7000 QQQ


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system (7890 gas chromatograph combined with triple-quadrupole MS with an electron ionization (EI) source). An Agilent GC 7820A equip-ped with a flame ionisation detector and an HP-5 column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.20 μm film thickness, Agilent J&W) was applied to determine the con-centration of nicotine.

Results and Discussion The effect of supercritical extraction pressure and two-stage fractionation procedure on the yield and the composition of extracts from a light air-cured Burley tobacco leaves was tested. The experiments were performed for temperature 50oC and at pressure values 300 bar and 500 bar, respectively. Fractional separation of the extracts was achieved by operating at different pressure values for first separator between 100 and 200 bar.

Image 1 Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of tobacco leaf scCO2 extracts, obtained at 500 bar and at 50oC in the first (100 bar) and second (50 bar) separator,

respectively. Identified compounds: 1. solanone, 2. nicotine, 3. neophytadiene, 4. cotinine, 5. 4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diol, 6. α-tocopherol


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Conclusions The supercritical extracts were characterized by high concentration of nicotine. The highest concentration of the target compound was obta-ined at 500 bar when working at lower pressure in the first separator (100 bar). Results showed that high-pressure CO2 extraction with fractio-nal separation could be used to obtain a nicotine enriched extracts with concomitant flavour compounds.

References

[1] S. Mendell, E. C. Bourlas and M. Z. DeBardeleben, Factors Influencing Tobacco Leaf Quality: an Investigation of the Literature, Baitrage zur Tabakforschung International, 12 (3) 1984.

[2] D. Drachev, V. Nikolova, Comparative technological study of the tobacco of Burley variety group grown in Bulgaria, Biotechnol.& Biotechnol. Eq. 20 (2) 2006.


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Prospects of sustainable feedstock production for advanced building blocks

Hans van Klink1, Chris de Visser2, Janusz Gołaszewski3

1Dutch Sustainable Development BV, Netherlands2Wageningen University and Research, Netherlands3University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The aim of CHEMBEET was to integrate a new biomass pre-treatment technology (Betaprocess) that can result in sugars being readily availa-ble for fermentation processes. In a pilot installation in Lelystad (the Netherlands), sugar beet was successfully pre-treated and subsequently fermented (2 x 1,5 m3 capacity) into ethanol. As a result of the pilot this will now be scaled up to a larger fermentation capacity and eventually a full scale commercial plant.

Main objective of this concept is biomass processing, using the complete sugar beets within the cradle to cradle principle, finally no products are left. All products have useful application, starting with ethanol, CO2 and other streams such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin which are available for use as aerogels, fibres and for the paper and cardboard indu-stry. The produced EtOH can be used as building block others than biofu-els, f.e.; for cosmetics, paint, pharmacy, solvents, disinfectants and for che-micals, etc. In the end, a side stream remains that contains useful nutrients that can be used to fertilize new sugar beet crops.

Materials and methodsDirect Processing with Betaprocess consists of three steps: pre-treatment, fermentation and distillation. Additional to these steps, storage facilities are needed for sugar beet, ethanol and the fermented broth. Using Betaprocess and its effect on low temperature, low pressure and split second reac-tion is unique compared with other pre-treatment applications and no external (expensive) enzymes are needed for the fermentation process in comparison with ethanol production from lignocellulose materials.


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The pre-treatment process (Betaprocess) works with low pressure, low tem-perature and the effect is realized in a split second resulting in use of less energy and thus in a lower cost price per kg product and no waste streams left. Other pre-treatment methodologies generally use either high pressure or high temperatures or both.

By using only the pre-treatment part of the Direct Processing with Betaprocess one can produce fermentable sugars. This product is the basis for fermentation processes based on bacteria or fungi to develop a wide range of chemicals such as citric acid, itaconic acid etc.

Results and DiscussionDuring the CHEMBEET project research took place in all aspects of the entire value chain. Therefore we are grateful that we can conclude that the starting points for valuable and sound business cases are available. The technology from beet to ethanol is proven, although some minor aspects have to be checked at larger scale level. But the overall conc-lusion in all separate process steps are positive. With the CHEMBEET results farmers can have a more and important role in the establishment of the GREEN ECONOMY.

Image 1. Overview of the Direct Processing with Betaprocess process flow


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Conclusions As a conclusion of the CHEMBEET project, the Direct Processing of Sugar beet with Betaprocess is ready for the market and ready for a green future.

References

[1] Economic and legal aspects of the direct processing of sugar beet to ethanol,

E. Olba-Zięty, J. Gołaszewski, M. Krzykowski, J. Zięty and H. van Klink.

[2] Cost price scenarios for sugar beet to ethanol based on direct processing,

C.L.M. de Visser, H. van Klink.

[3] Trends and developments in the renewable energy sector in Ukraine,

With a special focus on opportunities and threats for using biomass in the energy transition.

[4] The feasibility of direct processing of sugar beets in Slovenia.


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Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biosynthesis from Palm Oil using Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Nipon Pisutpaisal1, Pinanong Tanikkul2

1Department of Agro-Industrial, Food and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut University of Technology, North Bangkok, Thailand2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, ThailandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction This research aimed to investigate factors affecting the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from palm oil as a carbon source by Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR 1287.

Materials and methodsThe experiments were set-up a batch in an orbital shaker incubator at 30oC with 180 rpm. Four concentrations (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00% (w/v)) of palm oil were tested and initial pH in the culture medium was fixed at 6.90.

Results and Discussion Concentrations of palm oil influenced cell growth and cell dry weight of P. aeruginosa TISTR 1287. The maximum cell dry weight after 44 hr cultivation was 2.33 g L-1 obtained from 0.75% (w/v) palm oil. The PHAs content was increased with culture time. The maximum PHAs concentration was 0.65 g L-1 and PHAs content was 38.01% when cultured in medium with 0.75% (w/v) palm oil after 72 hr cultivation. The microbial cells in the culture medium showed high red fluorescent, when the cells were determined using the fluorescent dye Nile red. The PHAs granules were seen easily (white granules) by transmission electron microscope.


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Conclusions Palm oil and used vegetable oils can be used as a carbon source for produc-ing the PHAs based bioplastics.

Figure 1. TEM image of PHA granule after 72 hr cultivation under


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The efficiency of hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material after supercritical fluid extraction catalyzed by cellulolytic enzymes

Kamila Orlińska, Wioleta Radawiec, Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Janusz GołaszewskiDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

The lignocellulosic biomass of Spartina pectinata and Salix purpurea derived after supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process were hydrolyzed with the use of different compositions of commercial cellulolytic enzymes Accellerase®: 1500, BG, XY i XC. The research aimed at determining the impact of individual enzyme preparations and their two combinations MIX 1 and MIX 2 on the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process was carried out. The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was determined on the amount of reducing sugars released during the enzymatic reaction and the yield calculated in relation to the sum of cellulose and hemicellu-lose content in the raw material.

The 72h enzymatic hydrolysis allowed to obtain concentrations of released reducing sugars at the level from 15.83 to 4.72 g·dm-3 and 19.27-44.69 g·dm-3

for Spartina pectinata and Salix purpurea post-extraction samples, respec-tively. The addition of xylanase enzyme complex (MIX 1) to Accelerase® 1500 allowed for performance enhancement by 19.81% on average, while the inclusion of the enzyme beta-galactosidase (MIX 2) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides through the breaking of a glycosidic bond by 63.68%. The combination of the preparations which contained cellulase enzyme complex, xylanase enzyme complex and beta--glucosidase was the most favorable. By the use of MIX 2 the efficiency of hydrolysis of polysaccharides was improved, that was come to approxi-mately 46.57% for Spartina pectinata and 53.83% for the Salix purpurea post-extraction samples.


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References

[1] Balat M., 2011. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: A review. Ener. Conv. and Manag., 52, 858–875.

[2] Schacht C., Zetzl C., Brunner G., 2008. From plant materials to ethanol by means of supercritical fluid technology. J. of Supercrit. Fluids, 46, 299–321.

[3] Świątek K., Lewandowska M., Świątek M., Bednarski W. 2012. Doskonalenie warunków hydrolizy enzymatycznej polisacharydów zawartych w słomie rzepakowej. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, 570: 107–116. 1

Acknowledgments This work has been co-financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MArgi-nal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioeconomy, No. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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The stability of plant extracts compounds

Mateusz Ostolski, Marek AdamczakDepartment of Food Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Phytoextracts are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds which display anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activity. One of the methods of quality control of plant extracts is the evaluation of the chemi-cal stability of the finished product during the storage period. Measuring of the stability of extract components is very challenging due to the com-plexity of phyto extracts, which may contain thousands of different compo-unds and the presence of enzymes like glycosidases, esterases or oxidases catalyzing the degradation of secondary plant metabolites. Other metabo-lites, the so-called concomitant compounds, may also influence the overall stability of extracts. This activity has been shown for extracts containing organic acids like citric acid or malic acid, which enhance the stability of phenolic compounds present in the same product.

The aim of the experiment was to determine the stability of the plant extracts stored for 1 year under refrigeration conditions (4oC). The impact of the extraction method on product stability was also determined. Extracts obtained using various extraction techniques from four species of trees and shrubs: Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix purpurea, Salix viminalis and Populus nigra × P. Maximowiczii.

Extraction was carried out in two variants, using supercritical CO2 (350 bar, 50°C) and supercritical CO2 and H2O (330 bar, 40°C). The raw material was biomass in the form of wood, bark and a mixture of wood and bark.

The highest content of polyphenols was obtained in the extract from P. nigra × P. Maximowiczii bark, using a mixture of supercritical CO2 and water. The lowest concentration of polyphenols was found in the extract obtained with supercritical CO2 from a mixture of bark and wood of S. purpuprea. The results of experiments also showed that


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P. nigra × P. Maximowiczii and R. pseudoacacia extracts are characteri-zed by high stability during storage under refrigeration conditions for 1 year, regardless of the extraction method used. Whereas the S. purpurea and S. viminalis extracts obtained by using supercritical CO2 and H2O were characterized by a reduction of the total polyphenol content on average from 20% to 50%. Phytoextracts obtained by using supercritical CO2 sho-wed high stability regardless of the type of raw material used in the extrac-tion process. 2

Acknowledgments This work was co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled: Environ-ment, agriculture and forestry, BIOSTRATEG3 /344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Paracoccus homiensis using volatile fatty acids

Karolina Szacherska, Justyna Możejko-CiesielskaDepartment of Microbiology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandEmail: [email protected]

IntroductionThe ending resources of fossil raw materials and the global environmen-tal problems have prompted scientists to study the synthesis of polyhy-droxyalkanoates, as one of possible alternatives to petrochemical plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacterial polyesters accumulated intracellularly as a source of carbon and energy [1]. Due to their biode-gradability, thermoplasticity or biocompatibility, PHAs have potential in many applications [2]. Although PHAs have useful properties, their com-mercial production is currently limited due to the high production costs compared to synthetic polymers therefore there is still a need to improve PHA productivity using various carbon sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on the synthesis of PHAs by Paracoccus homiensis.

Materials and methodsIn the study, volatile fatty acids were used in the cultivations of Paracoccus homiensis for the synthesis of PHAs. The cultivations were carried out in a rotary shaker for 48 h at 28oC. The bacterial cells were harvested to determine cell dry weight (CDW) and PHAs concentration.

Results and Discussion The results indicate that volatile fatty acids promote the growth of Paracoccus homiensis cells. The highest concentration of cell dry weight (1.69 g/L) was observed during growth with acetic acid. Whereas, the lowest growth efficiency (1.12 g/L) was obtained in the cultivations sup-plemented with caproic acid. The results showed that Paracoccus homien-sis was able to synthesize PHAs. The highest amount of PHAs (19.81%


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of CDW) was obtained using caproic acid. The lowest content of biopoly-mers (11.1% of CDW) was noted using butyric acid.

Conclusions The research allowed to estimate the effect of selected volatile fatty acids on the PHA productivity. The results showed that Paracoccus homiensis was able to grow and accumulate PHA using VFAs. The content of biopolymers in bacterial cells was dependent on the type of the VFAs used. 3

References

[1] Godbole S. 2016. Methods for identification, quantification and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates. International Journal of Bioassays. 5,4: 4977-4983.

[2] Maicas S., E. Prados. 2016. Bacterial Production of Hydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Universal Journal of Microbiology Research 4,1: 23–30.

Acknowledgments Karolina Szacherska is a recipient of a scholarship from the Programme Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Bioeconomy (POWR.03.02.00-00-I034/16-00), which is funded by the European Social Funds.


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Regulation of enzyme and microorganisms activity by plant extracts

Magdalena Śnieżawska, Marek Adamczak Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Bioactive compounds of plant origin affect the growth of microorganisms and the activity of enzymes, e.g. pancreatic lipase, α-amylases, α-glucosi-dase, which are of particular importance in the treatment of diet-related diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Since the lactic acid bacteria numbers decrease below the required levels during the storage of fermen-ted beverages, probiotic activity is expected to increase with the addition of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds extracted from plants show less strenght than synthetic drugs, but if consumed regularly they cause long-term physiological benefits without side effects. Plant extracts have a stimulating effect on the activity of some probiotic strains, inclu-ding Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Moreover use of materials that have not yet been used, such as pine bark, to develop functional foods or natural food additives helps to maintain a balance between waste production and food and health.

The purpose of the experiments was to assess the effect of plant extracts from the bark, wood or a mixture of bark and wood from Salix viminalis, Salix purpurea, Populus nigra × P. Maximowiczii, Robinia pseudoacacia on Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium ani-malis ssp. lactis and β-D-galactosidase.

The activity of the β-D-galactosidase was determined by the ONPG (2-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside) test in a microplate. The activity of microbial extracts was also determined by the spectrophotome-tric measurement of OD of the culture in a microplate. The greatest inhibition of the enzymatic activity of β-D-galactosidase was demonstrated


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by aqueous extracts from bark Salix viminalis (35%–89%). Extracts from from Salix viminalis, Salix purpurea, Populus nigra × P. Maximowiczii, Robinia pseudoacacia did not decrease the activity of the used bacteria strains. 4

This work was co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled: Environ-ment, agriculture and forestry, BIOSTRATEG3 /344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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Application of supercritical fluid extraction in biomass processing of fast growing trees

Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz1, Piotr Kamiński1, Zygmunt Fekner1, Rafał Kowalski1, Agnieszka Dębczak1, Marcin Konkol1, Edward Rój1, Mariusz J. Stolarski2

1Department of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Puławy, Poland 2Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The plant bioactive compounds are defined as secondary metabolites cha-racterized by positive effects in human and animals. These compounds belong to different sub-groups categorized according to botanical as well as clinical functions and pharmacological effects. One of the available renewable sources is the biomass of fast-growing trees and shrubs from the genera of Salix, Populus, Robinia which may be used in various indu-strial branches [1,2]. The aim of the study was to study the influence of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) on the extraction yield of the biomass of selected fast-growing trees and shrubs.

Materials and methodsThe supercritical fluid extraction was performed with the use of CO2 but also CO2+H2O. The extracts were obtained from the biomass of fast-growing trees and shrubs harvested and collected during three periods (February, June, October) as well as from different parts of plants (wood+bark, bark, wood).

Results and Discussion On the basis of obtained results, the highest SFE (with a pure carbon dioxide) yield was obtained for Salix purpurea (February, bark) – 5.27%, Populus nigra (February, bark) – 2.76% and Robinia pseudoacacia (bark)


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– 2.62%. Helianthus saliciflolius was characterized by the lowest extraction yield – 0.09%. The extraction was also performed with carbon dioxide modified by water which resulted in almost two times higher extraction yield in some cases.

Conclusions The use of supercritical extraction methods with carbon dioxide in a supercritical state (SFE) guarantees the extraction of biologically active compounds preserving their properties and complete neutrality for the environment, plants and animals [3].

Image 1. Raw materials for supercritical fluid extraction (Salix purpurea)

References

[1] K. Tyśkiewicz, M. Konkol, R. Kowalski, E. Rój, K. Warmiński, M. Krzyżaniak, Ł. Gil, M.J. Stolarski, Characterization of bioactive compounds in the biomass of balck locust, poplar and willow, Trees, DOI: 10.1007/s00468-019-01837-2.

[2] E. Ceotto, F. Castelli, A. Moschella, M. Diozzi, M. Di Candilo, Poplar short rotation coppice is not a first choice crop for cattle slurry fertilization: biomass yield and nitrogen-use efficiency. Ind. Crops Prod. 85 (2016)167–173. 5

[3] I. Michalak, B. Górka, P.P. Wieczorek, E. Rój, J. Lipok, B. Łęska, B. Messyasz, R. Wilk, G. Schroeder, A. Dobrzyńska-Inger, K. Chojnacka, Supercritical fluid extraction of algae enhances levels of biologically active compounds promoting plant growth, Eur. J. Phycol. 51 (2016) 243–252.

This work has been co-financed by the National (Polish) Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), entitled “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: BIOproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from MArgi-nal land to fill the Gap In Current national bioeconomy, no. BIOSTRATEG3/344253/2/NCBR/2017.


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The scCO2 Fucus vesiculosus extract as a natural additive to plant protection products with antifungal properties

Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz1, Renata Tyśkiewicz2, Marcin Konkol1, Edward Rój1, Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł2, Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak3

1Department of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Puławy, Poland2Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology Department of General Microbiology, Lublin, Poland 3Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction One of the most problematic phytopathogens are fungi belonging to the group of Fusarium spp. (Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum) [1]. Lionakis and Kontoyiannis [2] highlighted the effectiveness of bio-logical plant protection against pathogens only to some extent as fungi may be resistant to such products. On the other hand, the products based on chemical preparations are characterized by a significant impact of environment. Nowadays, algal-based products have gained more interest and application, especially obtained with the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The SFE method is said to allow the extraction of a broad range compounds with their biological activities remaining [3].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of scCO2 Fucus vesiculosus extract to inhibit the growth of Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum.

Materials and methodsThe extract of Fucus vesiculosus was obtained with the use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) according to the method described in the study by Tyśkiewicz et al. [4]. The antifungal properties of F. vesiculosus extract was studied against pathogenic Fusarium culmorum strain DEM Fc37, Fusarium oxysporum strain DEM Fc38 as well as Fusarium graminearum


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strain DEM Fc36. The experiments were carried out on PDA medium with the extract at the concentration of 1% as well as 100%.

Results and Discussion The scCO2 Fucus vesiculosus extract inhibited the growth of studied phy-topathogens. Such effect of the extract against Fusarium strains may be attributed to a number of compounds, including, for instance, fucoidans, carotenoids, phenolic compounds but also sterols. The ethanolic extract of F. vesiculosus was previously studied in terms of antifungal properties against Fusarium oxysporum as demonstrated by Coşoveanu et al. [5].

Conclusions The scCO2 F. vesiculosus may constitute an additive to biological plant pro-tection products and serve as a protection agent against diseases caused by Fusarium spp. However, further researches should be performed in order to evaluate the influence of F. vesiculosus extract on plants growth.

References

[1] H. Saremi, H. Saremi, S.M. Okhovvat, Major Fusarium diseases on crops and their control management with soil solarisation on northwest Iran, Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 73 (2008) 189–199.

[2] M.S Lionakis, D.P. Kontoyiannis, Fusarium infections in critically ill patients, Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 25 (2004) 159–169.

[3] E. Rój, V. Tadic, D. Misic, I. Zizovic, I. Arsić, A. Dobrzyńska-Inger, D. Kostrzewa, Supercritical carbon dioxide hops extract with antimicrobial properties, Open Chem. 13 (2015) 1157–1171.

[4] K. Tyśkiewicz, M. Konkol, R. Wiejak, I. Maziarczyk, E. Rój, R. Tyśkiewicz, J. Jaroszuk-Ściseł, K. Skalicka-Woźniak, Determination of fucosterol in the supercritical extract from Fucus vesiculosus by supercritical chromatography, Przem. Chem. 98 (2019) 70–73.

[5] A. Coşoveanu, O. Axîne, B. Iacomi, Antifungal activity of macroalgae extracts, Scientific Paper, UASVM Bucharest, Series A, Vol. LIII (2010), ISSN 1222–5339.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONSOF REGULATIONS ON CIRCULARBIOECONOMY


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How can WE Design and Implement Equitable Bio-Economy Policies that help to Ensure Food Security and other Bio-Securities in the Context of Climate Change Crises?

Donald HuisinghInstitute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TennesseeE-mail: [email protected]

This conference was planned to focus upon making improvements in circular bio-economies, with a special emphasis on the bio-technologi-cal production dimensions. But there was less focus on policies designed to address the social/ethical/ecological dimensions of sustainable circular bio-economies for making progress toward sustainable societies in the context of climate change crises? Because of climate change dynamics, the eco-systems, upon which all of us are interdependent, are being stres-sed at rates, what exceed the capacities of eco-systems to adapt.

This presenter will underscore the urgency that our societies and compa-nies work to reduce our environmental impacts by designing and imple-menting sustainable bio-economic systems. The systems must integrate holistic planning and principles of sustainable societal development that are in accord with eco-system dynamics in the context of climate change crises! That will require visionary inputs from policy-makers, educators, the media, scientists and engineers to help companies become more cor-porately socially responsible (CSR). Their CSR activities should extend bey-ond their company boundaries to include their suppliers, workers, custo-mers, and their ‘end-of-life,’ management of their products via Extended-Producer-Responsibility, (EPR) actions.

In that context, efforts to reverse climate changes by all companies and consumers, should be planned to implement ways to reduce their fossil--carbon footprints by designing and implementing better, products and services within sustainable bio-economic frameworks. We must implement policies that encourage companies to design products and services to help


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to ensure that the 191 country signatories of the Paris Agreement in 1995, will be able to report that their countries achieved their targets for slowing down and reversing the causes of climate crises.

Additionally, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, (SDGs) were designed to provide a framework for societal members to address the interconnected dimensions of sustainable bio-economic health. Achievement of the goals of the SDGs, will require development and implementation of multi-ge-nerational educational systems, designed to help, industries, governments, and societies to ensure sustainable bio-economies. But will that be possible if we exceed the 2- or 3-degree average temperature increase above that of pre-industrial societies?

The needed changes to stay below such temperature changes will require empowerment of people throughout all societies. This conference’s partici-pants have special insights and key responsibilities for helping societies to ensure eco-system health and bio-economic health. That means we must work to accelerate the transition to equitable, sustainable, livable, post-fos-sil carbon societies.

The presenter will challenge the participants to expand their commitments to co-envisioning and co-implementing the needed changes to bring the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations down from the current 416 ppm to 350 ppm and at the same time to achieve sustainable bio-e-conomies for humans and other species for thousands of years into the future. In that way our children and grandchildren will benefit from imple-mentation of the Native American Indian’s, “Seven Generation Principles.”


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A simple tool to estimate ILUC risk for feedstocks used to produce bioplastics, in the framework of the STAR-ProBio project

Enrico Balugani1, Diego Marazza1, Eva Merloni1, Stefan Majer2, Beike Sumfleth2

1Inte-Department Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy2Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH (DBFZ), Leipzig, Germany

Introduction Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) results indirectly from direct land use change, e.g. when a patch of land is converted from food production to production of feedstock for bioplastics, the demand for food remains, and is shifted by the global market to another country, often substituting natural land. However, the complexity of the phenomenon requires com-plex and uncertain models, with the drawback of decreasing applicability in certification schemes.

Materials and methodsTherefore, we created a simple tool able to estimate the ILUC risk related to the production of bioplastic feedstocks using available data provided by crop producers (e.g. farmers) and intermediate feedstock producers (e.g. hydrolisate producers), simplifying the SydILUC model, a dynamic, hybrid causal-descriptive/economic model to assess increase in global cropland demand driven by bioplastic productions. A global sensitivity analysis was performed on the SydILUC model to define the most relevant inputs and define ILUC risk categories (Image 1).

Results and Discussion The main variable affecting ILUC risk is the change in crop yields, which depend on purely temporal trends. Co-products utilizations significantly reduced the ILUC risk. Crop prices do not affect crop yields at global scale.


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ConclusionsThe tool allows for a quick estimation of ILUC risk by economic opera-tors, consistently with the STAR-ProBio life cycle assessment methodology and in line with the RED II directive.

Image 1 Results of the global sensitivity analysis for the SydILUC model, showing the effects of crop yield trends, co-product utilization and feedstock price on the increase

in demand for land to grow the feedstock crop


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Mapping existing policies related to direct and indirect land use change for the bio-based economy in Europe

Luana Ladu1, Eva Merloni2, Mathilde Crepy3

1Chair of Innovation Economics, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 2Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science, University of Bologna, Italy3ECOS, Brussels, BelgiumE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The transition from a fossil-based economy to a sustainable bio-based economy can help mitigate climate change and address the depletion of fossil resources. However, increased production and consumption of bio-based products requires a higher share of biomass, which is pri-marily derived from agricultural crops. This could lead to direct and indirect land use change, which is the process by which human activities transform the natural landscape; the use and the functional role of the land for economic activities are emphasized in this process [2]. Land use change (direct and indirect) can have adverse effects, such as, in the case of deforestation, the destruction of biodiversity or increase in greenhouse gas emissions. These adverse effects have been in some instances undere-stimated by policies that drive indirect land use change, such as the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive [1]. Policies affecting land use and promoting the use of biological raw materials therefore have a very important role to play in preventing unwanted effects of land use change or in minimising the risk of land use change altogether. In this paper, we assess whether and how existing policies and legislation promoting the use of biomass address direct and/or indirect land use change.

Materials and methodsThis paper provides an overview and analysis of existing policies, legisla-tion, ‘soft’ documents (guidelines by other European projects and interna-tional organization), scientific papers, and reporting tools addressing land use change and land use practices. The proposed methodology includes


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an in-depth literature review based on a specific template combined with structured expert consultations.

Results and Discussion This paper provides a list of elements that could be included in a policy framework promoting bio-based products in order to minimize its risk of causing direct and indirect land use change.

References

[1] Transport & Environment, 2018, Up in smoke: Europe’s cars driving deforestation in South East Asia, https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/Europe%E2%80%99s%20cars%20driving%20deforestation%20in%20South%20East%20Asia.pdf.

[2] Paul B.K., Rashid H. Land use Change and Coastal Management. In: Climatic Hazands in Coastal Bangldesh, 2017.


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Professionals procurers Sustainabilty Preferences

Luana Ladu1,, Enrica Imbert2, Pasquale Falcone2, Rainer Quitzow3,1, Idiano D´Adamo2

1Technische Universität Berlin, Germany2University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza, Italy3Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Thirty years have passed since the Brundtland Commission report (1987, p. 43) launched and popularised the modern concept of sustainable development, i.e. “development that meets the needs of the present without compromi-sing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. According to International and European Institutions, sustainable development repre-sents a key priority of modern society. More sustainable production and consumption models are thereby perceived as crucial to meet the targets set by the United Nations Sustainable development goals (SDGs). Within this context, the transition towards a bio-based economy, that is a production system based on the utilization of renewable raw materials and waste stre-ams instead of fossil based resources can play a pivotal role. Notably, a wide range of innovative bio-based products are being produced showing dif-ferent stages of technical maturity and commercial development. In this context, there is lack of a knowledge base of appropriate policy strategies to put in place in order to promote the market uptake. Understanding what values potential bio-based product buyers place on the sustaina-bility aspects of products is of major importance. In this respect, susta-inability consumer preferences should be understood and anticipated in order to be integrated in product sustainability certification schemes and ecolabels. Against this background, this paper provides an overview of the results of a foresight activity aimed at identifying relevant sustaina-bility values and related evaluation criteria that influence buying decisions of different professional consumer groups. Particular attention, is given


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to analyse sustainability preference of procurers, both in the public and business-to-business sectors, potentially involved in the purchase of a wide range of bio-based products.

Materials and methods To identify the sustainability preferences of professionals’ procurers, we adopted the Delphi method, which was first developed in the 1950s to analyse complex issues with the final aim of reaching consensus among large groups of experts [3]. More recently, it has been applied to various a broad range of areas and sectors, in particular, to technical innovations [1, 2, 6]. Accordingly, in this paper, the Delphi method was selected to provide a generalized market-based view on acceptance factors for bio-based products.

Based on previous studies [4], in order to validate the results of question-naires sent to experts, a Delphi study should include two or more rounds. This paper presents the result of the third round of a Delphi study, con-ducted in the framework of the STAR-ProBio project, with the main pur-pose of strengthening, deepening and ranking the conclusions of the first two rounds [5]. The survey addressed professionals involved both in the public and in the business-to-business sectors covering different European countries.

Results, Discussion and ConclusionsThe third round of the survey is still running.

References

[1] Brunnhofer, M., Gabriella, N., Schöggl, J.-P., Stern, T., Posch, A., 2019. The biorefinery transition in the European pulp and paper industry – A three-phase Delphi study including a SWOT-AHP analysis. For. Policy Econ. 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FORPOL.2019.02.006.

[2] Devaney, L., Henchion, M., 2018. Who is a Delphi ‘expert’? Reflections on a bioeconomy expert selection procedure from Ireland. Futures 99, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUTURES.2018.03.017

[3] Linstone, H.A., Turoff, M., 1975. The delphi method. Addison-Wesley Reading, MA.

[4] Peuckert, J., Quitzow, R., 2017. Acceptance of bio‐based products in the business‐to‐business market and public procurement: Expert survey results. Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining 11, 92–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1725.


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[5] STAR-ProBio, 2019. (2019), STAR-ProBio Deliverable D5.1, Acceptance factors among consumers and businesses for bio-based sustainability schemes.

[6] Van Schoubroeck, S., Springael, J., Van Dael, M., Malina, R., Van Passel, S., 2019. Sustainability indicators for biobased chemicals: A Delphi study using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 144, 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.024.


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Strengths and opportunities of agricultural biobased value chains: in the UK and the role of stakeholders

Asha SinghImperial College London, The United KingdomE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionBioeconomy in the UK is growing rapidly, and sustainable, agricultural value chains are expected to contribute both in the energy and non-energy applications. However, many studies focusing on transition pathways to a sustainable bioeconomy point out that there is still not enough emphasis on the role of civil society and the understanding of the social impacts.

This paper presents the strengths and opportunities of UK’s agricultural biobased value chains and examines the role of stakeholders across the value chain. The work uses a set of indicators which combine the environ-mental impacts with the social and economic ones. This value chain appro-ach can support policy makers understand the agricultural value chains and further define who (stakeholders) and what (land, feedstock, techno-logy, policy) can create better added value so that they can reform the cur-rent policy agenda and facilitate market development.

MethodA set of indicators which are easy to measure (based on the availability of datasets, CAP projections), sensitive to change in system (based on inputs and processes) and adequate to account for socio-economic and environmental impact analysis are selected to analyse the strengths and opportunities of the agricultural value chains in the UK’s context. In addition to that we have used the PANACEA project stakeholder’s data-base to identify the relevant stakeholders for each of the selected value chains as well as information available from literature to understand their respective roles.


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ConclusionBased on the analysis of the information gathered for selected indicators and mapping of the institutional capacity of the relevant stakeholders in each value chains we have presented the strengths and opportunities of the value chains.


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Measures to create a supportive regulatory framework for the bio-based industry

Luana Ladu1, Tatevik Babayan2, Iris Vural Gursel3, Martien van den Oever3, Rainer Quitzow1,4, Minique Vrins5,1Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 2Nova Institute, Germany3Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen Univeristy and Research, Netherlands4Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany 5Netherlands Standardization Institute NEN E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction For establishing a cutting-edge bio-based economy in Europe, a favourable regulatory and standardization framework is a prerequisite. The horizon 2020 funded project, STAR4BBI, over the last three years has studied policy and standardisation hurdles that bio-based industries face.This paper proposes a set of different measures to achieve better policies and standards for bio-based industries.

Materials and methodsBy means of a first round of interviews, existing market barriers that are currently hampering the market uptake of bio-based products were iden-tified and upcoming innovations that would have a positive impact in the further development of the bio-based industry were selected. Special focus was paid to the identification of existing regulatory, standardization and investment barriers which are hampering the current and future deve-lopment of the industry. Based on these results, a 2-round Delphi study was designed and conducted to identify needed updates of the regulatory and standardization framework for supporting a full deployment of inno-vation potentials and for unlocking investments in the bio-based economy. In total 100 experts from academia, industry, NGOs, as well as, experts working on bio-based economy related topics, completed the survey. The results of the Delphi study have been enriched by literature review and a second round of interviews with related experts


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Results and discussion From the work the following actions have been concluded:1. Develop an EU Renewable Materials Directive similar to the one existing

for biofuels and bioenergy.2. Develop sustainability certification of all products under the EU Ecolabel

and the CEN standard EN 16751.3. Implement a carbon tax at EU level.4. Regulate at EU level the design of products and at EU and municipal level

their preferred end-of-life routes.5. Update the EU Waste Framework Directive and align it with the Circular

Economy Package.6. Make the use of compostable plastic mandatory for certain products

in order to assist consumers.7. Update the term Genetically Modified Organisms in Directive 2001/18/EC

in order to exclude new breeding techniques, currently ruled under this Directive.

ConclusionsFor providing the same rules of the game for bio-based products there is a need to update the current regulatory and standardization framework. Measures such as the introduction of a carbon tax focusing on the fossil--carbon content of a product or the request of sustainability certificates for all products, will contribute to reduce the existing unlevelled playing field for bio-based products.


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Implementation of ecosystem-based DPSIR framework in the study on sustainability of bio-based products

Janusz Gołaszewski1,2, Anna Karwowska2

1Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The Drivers-Pressures-States-Impacts Responses model (DPSIR) was (EEA) applied to study the development of sustainability of bio-based pro-ducts. The overall objective of the paper was to evaluate policy response to the sustainability gaps in the regulations and the harmonisation with the overarching principles of sustainable development, including the EU New Bioeconomy Strategy for a Sustainable Europe, the EC Circular Economy Action Plan (4 March 2019), the UN Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) and the concept of Planetary Boundaries.

Materials and methods The DPSIR model relates human activities to the sustainability of bio-based products through sequential analysis of causalities between Drivers/driving forces (D), Pressures (P), States (S), Impacts (I) and policy Responses (R) as the activities related to D,P,S,I [1].

Results and Discussion The DPSIR model provides the framework for horizontal integration of interdisciplinary links in the assessment of sustainability of a bio-ba-sed product along the value chain. Different stages in the value chain and cross-sectoral effects can generate numerous impacts. The key causes and effects were described in Image 1.


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ConclusionsThe application of DPSIR framework can cover many aspects of sustain-ability in the numerous ways including deriving indicators, summarizing and categorizing information from different resources and providing framework for developing decision support tools for evaluation of potential outcomes.

References

[1] STAR-ProBio, 2019. D8.1. Recommendations concerning current sustainability standards associated with bio-based products and amendments to current standards of bio-based products (manuscript). 1

The contents of the paper are a part of the findings of the project STAR-ProBio. STAR-ProBio has received fun-ding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 727740, Work Programme BB-01-2016: Sustainability schemes for the bio-based economy.


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Legislation & consensus for minimum criteria in all bio-based economy sectors

Michał Krzykowski1, Ewelina Olba-Zięty2, Janusz Gołaszewski2, Jakub Jan Zięty1

1Department of Civil Law II and Economic Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionThe aim of the research is to recognize and evaluate legal factors referring to bio-based products.

Materials and methods The researches contain SWOT and PESTEL analysis of legislation & con-sensus for minimum criteria in all bio-based economy sectors. The SWOT analysis facilitates an enumeration of factors influencing bio-based product regulations from internal and external environments points of view. For the long term sustainability assessment of a bio-based product the analysis visualizes the factors of internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) while responding at the same time to the external environment of opportunities (O) and threats (T). The PEST analysis enables classification of factors that affect the bio-based product under consideration from political (P), econo-mic (€), social (S), and technological (T) perspectives. When the analysis is broadened to PESTEL it includes environmental (E) and legal (L) factors. The authors used official regulations, documents and reports.

Results and DiscussionAccording to the analyses the most important factors that influence on legislation and minimum criteria are legal (8), political (7) and econo-mical (4) ones. Such situation seems to be quite natural taking into account the fact those factors are closely related to each other. As we can observe


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the legislation is actually the last stadium of entering into force political ideas (which had been negotiated before) and should be based (especially) on reasonable economical an environmental grounds. Under SWOT analyses we can observe that bio-based products have a solid foundation for future development - existence of basic standards and certificates (EN 16575:2014; EN 16751:2016; ISO 13065:2015), eco-labelling standards for bio-based products (EU Ecolabel, NORDIC ECOLABEL, DER BLAUE ENGEL), public procurement system (GPP, SPP, CPP), etc. However, there are still several weaknesses and threats that have to be solved. The most crucial are high cost of integrating bio-based products program with ETS system, limited environmental effects of public procurement, higher costs of circular economy based on bio-based products or risk for food secu-rity. Therefore, in order to accelerate the progress it would be necessary to balance with effective and multiple instruments of supporting bio-based economy.

Conclusions Summarizing it seems that the policy towards bioeconomy in the next years would be based more on soft law with particular legal solutions for each bio-based sectors than on an integrated act that would include sup-porting mechanism for all bio-based sectors. The potential of bio-based sectors should be further promoted for its positive impacts such as existing standards and labels and to identify potential bottlenecks and gaps. 2

References

[1] Carus M., L Dammer, R. Essel, Options for Designing the Political Framework of the European Bio-based Economy: Including statement on the recent ILUC reform proposal and a list of market pull measures for bio-based products, Hürth 2014.

[2] Carus, M., Dammer, L., Hermann, A., Essel, R. 2014: Proposals for a Reform of the Renewable Energy Directive to a Renewable Energy and Materials Directive (REMD) – Going to the next level: Integration of bio-based chemicals and materials in the incentive scheme, Hürth 2014.

[3] Narra M.M, Moritz Westkämper M. Vos J., Lammens T., Spekreijse J., Bovis Ch., Dekker C., Górczyńska A., Izbicki M., Ochoa A., Longworth G., Díaz Santos M., Dammer L, Sarmento L., Kruchten S, Prent O.J. Handbook on the public procurement of bio-based products and services, Gülzow-Prüzen 2017.

[4] European Commission, A sustainable Bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment. Updated bioeconomy strategy, Belgium 2018.



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Sustainability indicators of the effectiveness of using biomass resources in the production of bio-based products

Izabela Samson-Bręk1, Barbara Kalisz2, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska3, Wioleta Radawiec1

1Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland 2 Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland 3 Department of Agrotechnology, Crop Management and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in OlsztynE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction In recent years, there has been a rapid development of biomass technology for the production of various types of materials and chemical products. In order to evaluate the degree of sustainability of the use of biomass reso-urces for the production of bio-based products, it is necessary to select a set of sustainability indicators and develop an effective methodology for their determination.

Materials and methodsIn this paper, six main indicators were selected to assess the sustainabi-lity of resources use in the production of bio-based products. These inc-lude: biotic resource use efficiency, secondary resource use efficiency, soil nutrient balance, land use efficiency, land use intensity, and abiotic reso-urce depletion.

For each indicator, the methodology for its estimation has been provided. The choice of methods was made on the basis of a literature review and a detailed analysis of the available methodologies. Taking into account above, an important criterion for selection was the source and availability of input data and their quality as well as an aspect of universality in the assessment of various bio-based products.


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Results and Discussion The selected indicators were additionally divided into two groups: major and minor. The set of indicators with the brief characterisation is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. The set of selected sustainability indicators of biomass use effectiveness in the bio-based production

Importance of the indicator Indicator Unit

Major biotic resource use efficiency (protein, oil, starch, simple sugars and fiber) and biodiversity

ha/t, PDF x m2 x yr,EDP – no of species/m2)

secondary resource use efficiency t/hasoil nutrient balance (N, P, soil organic carbon) kg/ha-1

Minor land use efficiency ha/tland use intensity -abiotic resource depletion (water and energy) t/m3 and toe/ha-1

Conclusions The indicators of sustainable development are helpful in analysing the pro-gress of implementing the sustainable development concept into economy. The indicators developed allow to indicate the effects of bio-based products on the environment and to compare them with the conventional reference products and each other.

References

[1] Broeren M.L.M., Zijp M.C., Waaijers-van der Loop S.L., Heugens E.H.W., Posthuma L., Worrell E., Shen L. 2017. Environmental assessment of bio-based chemicals in early-stage development: a review of methods and indicators. Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref. 11:701–718, DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1772.

[2] Kalisz B. et al. 2018. Land use efficiency indicators for bio-based production. Manuscript.

[3] Green Growth Indicators 2017, OECD, June 2017.

[4] Morone P. (Ed.), Sustainability Transition Towards a Bio-Based Economy: New Technologies, New Products, New Policies, Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Sustainability, Switzerland 2018. 3


STANDARDISATION PROCESS FOR NATURAL PHARMACEUTICALPRODUCTS


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The bioactivity of flavonoids present in food products in the context of their absorption, II phase metabolism and deconjugation at the inflammation site

Sebastian Granica1, Barbara Żyżyńska-Granica2,3, Barbara Michalak1, Andrzej Parzonko1, Anna K. Kiss2,3

1Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland2Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland3Department of Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction One of the most spread group of phenolics are flavonoids. Many studies focusing on the digestion and bioavailability of flavonoids have been car-ried out. Several possible directions of flavonoid metabolism are suspected and described in the literature. Most of reports show that glucuronides and sulphates of flavonoid aglycones are the most abundant metabolites present in serum after oral intake of flavonoid-rich food. Reports have also shown that activated neutrophils produce β-glucuronidase, which is responsible for deconjugation of phase-II metabolites circulating in the blood. The aim of present study was to evaluate the bioactivity of 8 flavonoid 3-O- and 7-O- glucuronides and 7 free aglycones (Fig. 1) on inflammatory response of PMNs and HUVECs in the context of their fate in humans after oral intake of flavonoid.

Materials and methodsFlavonoid aglycones and their 3 or 7-O-glucuronides were incubated with TNF-α stimulated HUVECs or f-MLP stimulated neutrophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors. The surface expression of adhesive molecules (ICAM, VCAM, E-selectin on HUVECs and CD11b, L-selectin on PMNs) was checked. Additionally, the production of chosen proinflammatory


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cytokines was evaluated. The deconjugation of aglycones after incubation with enzymes released by PMNs was established by UHPLC.

Results and Discussion The present study for the first time compared the activity of several most popular in plant flavonol and flavone aglycones and their β-glucuronides. The results showed that in all in vitro experiments only aglycones has anti-inflammatory activity in PMNs and HUVECs.

ConclusionsThis is the first report suggesting the role of PMNs β-glucuronidase in the inflammatory process taking place on the surface on endothelium. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effect was significantly better for flavones.


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Preparing and quality assessment of dry herbal extracts for intended medicinal use

Aleksandra Józefczyk, Grażyna ZgórkaChair and Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

The general monograph on herbal drug extracts included in the 9th edition of European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) distinguishes various types of these galenic formulations as regards to the way of their preparing and pharmaceutical quality. This classification is based on the principles imple-mented by European authorities that are necessary not only for evaluating quality of extracts but also for further marketing authorisation/registration process. Particular attention in this monograph is given to technology of preparing the genuine (native) dry plant extracts. In this process, the declaration of the drug extract ratio (DER) and solvents used for extraction are needed to permit the comparison of such plant pre-parations produced by different manufacturers from the same her-bal substances. Furthermore, Ph. Eur. implies that, for each types of plant extract, distinct principles of production and of defining or adjusting the content of assayed constituents are required. In relation to phytochemical standardisation of dry herbal extracts, three quali-tative levels were established, depending on the presence or absence of chemically defined substances or groups of substances, which are accepted to contribute substantially to the therapeutic activity of such plant preparations. Additionally, the available information regar-ding pharmacological or therapeutic relevance of these components should be included. In this lecture, main principles concerning the quantitative parameters regulated by Ph. Eur. for dry herbal extracts will be shown. First of all, some standardised (Senna leaf and Milk thistle fruit) dry extracts containing the polyphenolic constituents with known therapeutic activity will be presented. Furthermore, the process


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of standardisation for quantified (Ginkgo leaf) extracts, analysed for the content of active markers, as well as other types (Artichoke or Melissa leaf and Hawthorn leaf and flower) of dried herbal preparations will be discussed. 1

AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development under the framework of “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: “Bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from mar-ginal land to fill the gap in current national bioeconomy”, No. BIOSTRATEG/344252/NCBR/2017.


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Standardisation of herbal medicinal products in theory and practice

Grażyna Zgórka Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland E-mail:[email protected]

Introduction General theoretical considerations will be discussed comprising a process of phytochemical standardisation of herbal medicinal products accor-ding to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Additionally, the presentation of some validated analytical procedures will be included concerning the determination of bioactive constituents in the herbal pharmaceutical formulation marketed in Poland.

Materials and methodsThe experimental studies were performed using the herbal medicinal product (N-Meno), recommended for menopausal complaints, that con-tained bioactive soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, formononetin and biochanin A) and triterpene glycosides of black cohosh (the rhizome and root of Cimicifuga racemosa L. Nutt.). In the first stage, optimized extrac-tion conditions for bioactive N-Meno components were established using liquid-solid and solid-phase extraction. Subsequently, separate methods of quantitative analysis for both groups of phytoconstituents were devel-oped using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a photodiode-array detection (PDA) at 200 and 265 nm, for triterpene and isoflavone compounds, respectively.

Results and Discussion Standardisation protocol was realized based on fully validated analytical procedures. Very high recoveries for isoflavone and triterpene compo-unds were obatianed for both original and fortified samples of N-Meno. A detailed statistical analysis of the quantitative results was carried out.


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Linearity ranges, limits of detection and quantitation, as well as satisfying repeatability and accuracy of the methods used have been reported.

Conclusions Phytochemical standardisation, comprising step by step optimization of extraction conditions and analytical methods, followed by the detailed validation procedure, led to obtaining a high quality herbal medicinal product for human use. 2



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Formulation development for drug products based on standardised herbal extracts

Jan Sobczyński, Ewa PoleszakDepartment of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionFormulation of drug products based on standardized herbal extracts is challenging for formulation scientists due to complexity of plant-based extracts.

Materials and methodsPresentation reviews examples standardized extracts formulation development, discusses pharmacopoeial monographs and industry guidelines.

Results and DiscussionStandardized herbal extracts typically contain a plethora of chemical ingre-dients including biologically active compounds, whose therapeutic poten-tial is frequently a sum of activity of numerous structurally related mole-cules. In addition, inorganic salts, macromolecules and water are typically found in plant-based extracts. Due to different polarity, chemical reactivity and solid state properties, these chemicals exhibit distinct interactions with excipients and packages as well as different behavior during manufacturing. They may also give raise to stability issues, due to the diverse degradation pathways. Thus, a formulation scientist should cautiously plan the deve-lopment including the heterogenicity of herbal extracts. The presentation aims to identify some challenges associated with formulating standardized extracts and present solutions for commonly encountered problems.

ConclusionsAs standardized herbal extracts deviate substantially from single active pharmaceutical ingredients, commonly employed formulation strategies


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fail. A more thorough approach is required to yield stable and therapeuti-cally valid drug products.

References

[1] Huang L.-F. and Dong J., Formulation Strategies and Practice Used for Drug Candidates … in Liu R. (ed.), Water Insoluble Drug Formulation, CRC Press 2008. 3



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Standardization of methods for determining the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and the isolated phytoconstituents

Agnieszka Grzegorczyk, Anna Biernasiuk, Dominika Grzegorczyk, Anna MalmChair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionIn the light of the increasing resistance of microorganisms, especially bac-teria, to the available antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, the possibility of the use of plant extracts and/or the isolated phytoconstituents in medi-cine can be regarded as an attractive and safe alternative. The assessment of antibacterial activity in vitro of various preparations/compounds of plant origin should be done using the standardized methods providing the obta-inment of reproducible results.

Materials and methods The aim of this study was to present the methodology for determining the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and their compounds, according with European recommendations by European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) [1] or American recommendations by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [2].

ResultsThe basis for defining the sensitivity of bacteria to plant extracts and the isolated phytoconstituents was to determine the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), that is the lowest concentration of the studied compound which prevents visible bacterial growth. The methods for the MIC deter-mination in accordance with the EUCAST or CLSI recommendations should take into account the standardization in the aspect of: (i) a panel of reference strains representing the main bacterial groups/species from international collections, e.g. ATCC (American Type Culture Collection),


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(ii) preparation of inoculum size using McFarland standards, (iii) the use appropriate growth media, e.g. Mueller-Hinton broth, (iv) providing opti-mal culture conditions, including temperature, time of incubation and the growth atmosphere. The results are read visually or spectrophotometrically. When precipitates appear after addition of plant extracts/phytoconsituents to the growth media, resazurin can be used as a growth indicator.

Conclusions The reproducible results for MICs determination can be obtained provi-ding the recommended methods are used.

References

[1] www.eucast.org

[2] www.clsi.org 4

AcknowledgmentsThis research was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development under the framework of “En-vironment, agriculture and forestry”, project: “Bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from marginal land to fill the gap in current national bioeconomy”, No. BIOSTRATEG/344252/NCBR/2017.


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In vitro screening for anthelmintic activity of supercritical plant extracts against Rhabditis sp.

Anna Bogucka-Kocka1, Przemysław Kołodziej1, Daniel Zalewski1, Edward Rój2, Anna Malm3

1Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland2Supercritical Extraction Department, New Chemical Syntheses Institute in Puławy, Poland3Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

The research involved the use of free-living nematodes from the genus Rhabditis (approx. 1 mm long), which inhabit in the natural environ-ment. The aim of our study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of supercritical plant extracts. Supercritical plant extracts were obtained at the Supercritical Extraction Department, New Chemical Syntheses Institute in Puławy by the supercritical extraction method (CO2+H2O). The research methods of anthelmintic activity have been developed by the Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland (patent application number P.421846, Bogucka-Kocka A., Kołodziej P., 2017). Rhabditis sp. nematodes were cultured in sterile 6-well plates, on an agar medium enriched with bovine serum until gro-wth and development of all nematode development stages. They were then transferred to new sterile 24-well plates for culturing on a liquid medium. The tested supercritical plant extracts were added to the culture prepared in experimental concentrations. The current study evidenced that the selected supercritical extracts of the plants have promising anthelmintic activity. 5

AcknowledgmentsThis research was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development under the framework of “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: “Bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from mar-ginal land to fill the gap in current national bioeconomy”, No. BIOSTRATEG/344252/NCBR/2017.


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Prodigiosin – underrated weapon against Gram-positive bacteria

Martyna Godzieba, Slawomir CiesielskiDepartment of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionProdigiosin is a red bacterial dye and classified as a secondary metab-olite. It has aroused great interest in recent years due to its promis-ing pharmacological properties. It is an amine compound containing three pyrrole rings [1]. Prodigiosin is mainly produced by members of the genus Serratia. In many studies, the inhibitory effect of prodig-iosin on the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bac-teria and also few fungi strains has been observed [2]. Prodigiosin shows also cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines [3]. Performed studies allowed to isolate six fractions of the prodigiosin differing in absorption spectra. Despite wide studies on the pharmacological prop-erties of the whole pigment, there is no data for individual fractions and their properties. Therefore, in this study we focus on the analysis of biological activity of two prodigiosin fractions in terms of their spectral and antibacterial properties.

Materials and methods Prodigiosin was isolated from the bacterium Serratia marcescens from the collection of strains of the Department of Environmental Biotechnology (UWM in Olsztyn). To demonstrate differences between the studied fractions, the thin-layer chromatography method was performed, using a chloroform-methanol mixture. Spectral analysis was performed for acid-ified and alkalized ethanolic solutions of both fractions. The absorption measurements were made in the wavelength range of 200 nm – 800 nm. Antibacterial activity of purified fractions was tested on three bacte-rial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.


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ResultsPerformed chromatography allowed to obtain two fractions of prodigision, which are called in this study as pink and red. The pink fraction, in acidic solution, showed maximum absorption at a wavelength of 535 nm, and the red fraction at 541,9 nm. In the alkaline environment, in both cases, a peak shifted towards shorter wavelengths. The red fraction showed higher absor-bance values and caused significantly higher inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis growth than pink fraction. This inhibition was stronger during first 24 hours. In case of Bacillus subti-lis inhibition by red fraction was not so strong but it was observed for 48 hours. In this case, the observed differences between the fractions were not as significant as in the case of S. aureus and S. epidermidis.

ConclusionsThere were confirmed significant differences between the two studied frac-tions. The obtained results indicate that the red fraction is mainly responsi-ble for the antibacterial properties of prodigiosin.

References

[1] Song, M.-J.; Bae, J.; Lee, D.-S.; Kim, C.-H.; Kim, J.-S.; Kim, S.-W.; Hong, S.-I. 2017. Purification and characterization of prodigiosin produced by integrated bioreactor from Serratia sp. KH-95. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101: 157–161.

[2] Ren, Y.; Gong, J.; Fu, R.; Li, Z.; Li, Q.; Zhang, J.; Yu, Z.; Cheng, X. 2017. Dyeing and antibacterial properties of cotton dyed with prodigiosins nanomicelles produced by microbial fermentation. Dyes Pigm. 138: 147–153.

[3] Francisco, R.; Pérez-Tomás, R.; Gimènez-Bonafé, P.; Soto-Cerrato, V.; Giménez-Xavier, P.; Ambrosio, S. 2007. Mechanisms of prodigiosin cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 572: 111–119.


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Comparison of antifungal activity of supercritical extracts obtained from the selected Salix species

Agnieszka Grzegorczyk1, Anna Biernasiuk1, Dominika Grzegorczyk1, Marcin Konkol2, Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz2, Rafał Wiejak2, Edward Rój2, Anna Malm1

1Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland2Supercritical Extraction Department, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Pulawy, PolandE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction In the last time, it was observed an increase interest in plant materials with antimicrobial activity. The aim of the study was to compare the antifungal activity of supercritical extracts obtained from the selected Salix species.

Materials and methodsThe material for the study was supercritical extracts from two willows: Salix viminalis and Salix purpurea. Supercritical extracts without water (CO2) and water as co-extrahent (CO2-H2O) were obtained in the New Chemical Syntheses Institute (Pulawy), based on dried and ground raw materials (bark, wood and bark + wood, harvested in February 2018), pro-vided by Quercus Ltd. and University of Warmia and Mazury (Olsztyn).

ResultsAntifungal activity of CO2 and CO2-H2O extracts were performed against: Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 by micro-dilution method in liquid medium, according to the recommenda-tions of EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing); MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration) were determined. CO2 and CO2-H2O extracts obtained from S. viminalis showed poor activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, with MIC = 2.5–5 mg/mL and MIC = 5–10 mg/mL respecti-vely. The S. purpurea extracts were characterized by a higher activity against


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C. albicans and C. glabrata , with MIC = 0.62–2.5 mg/mL and MIC = 0.16–1.25 mg/mL, respectively. All extracts showed fungicidal activity.

ConclusionsThe obtained results suggest the possibility of practical application of the supercritical extracts derived from S. purpurea, especially those obtained with water as co-extrahent. 6

AcknowledgmentsThis research was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development under the framework of “Environment, agriculture and forestry”, project: “Bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass derived from mar-ginal land to fill the gap in current national bioeconomy”, No. BIOSTRATEG/344252/NCBR/2017.

EBIPREP – EFFICIENT USE OF BIOMASSFOR LOW EMISSION PRODUCTIONOF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL VALUABLEPRODUCTS

EBIPREP – EFFICIENT USE OF BIOMASS FOR LOW EMISSION PRODUCTION...

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Insitu analysis of dissolved organic acids in biogas fermentation process using metal oxide gas sensors

Binayak Ojha1, Divyashree Narayana1, Margerita Aleksandrova1, Matthias Schwotzer2, Matthias Franzreb2,Heinz Kohler1

1Institute of Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe, Germany2Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Reliable monitoring of dissolved organic acids (acetic, butanoic or pro-pionic) would allow to model the current microbial state of a fermen-tation process, to adapt the feeding procedure of the biogas reactor and to optimize the fermentation process. For this purpose, an automated measuring system is developed combining a carrier gas probe with a ther-mocyclically operated metal oxide gas sensor array [1].

Method of organic acid monitoringMetal oxide gas sensors are highly sensitive but also cross-sensitive to oxidizable gas components like CH4. Thus, before measurement of dis-solved acids, CH4 and other reactive gas components must be driven out. In a first step, a small amount of the fermentation liquid is extracted from the main reactor and its pH is shifted to an alcaline value by dosage of a lye. This allows to transform the organic acids to dissociated state and enables to purge out CH4 and other reactive gas components by a high flow of N2. Then, pH is shifted to a value lower than the pKs value of the organic acids by dosage of phosphorous acid. Now the acids are dissolved in undis-sociated molecular state and equilibrate with the gas state (Henry´s law). By permeation through the gas permeable membrane of a gas carrier probe and a small constant flow of synthetic air (5ml/min) they are transported to the metal oxide gas sensor (Fig. 1a) for analysis.


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Fig. 1: a) Scheme of the experimental setup for monitoring of organic acids dissolved in fermentation liquids and b) conductance of a gas sensing layer (Pd/SnO2) prepared

by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (ETH Zürich) over a temperature period in thermocyclic operation mode at different concentrations of acetic acid (ml in 1liter deionized water)


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Results and Discussion Several SnO2/additive and ZnO/additive gas sensing composites have been prepared and selected for their higher sensitivity and most characteristic conductance profile shapes when exposed to the analyte of the carrier gas probe immersed in acetic acid/deionized water admixtures while the sensor is operated in thermocyclic mode [2]. Some metal oxides are quite sensitive to acetic acid even at concentrations below 2000 ppm. The con-ductance profile shapes (Fig. 1b) represent the surface reaction processes. Automated organic acid analysis in real fermentation liquids is planned in the next steps.

Conclusions We identified several metal oxide materials which are good candidates for monitoring of organic acids in bio fermentation processes. Analysis of dissolved acetic acid is possible even at concentrations below 2000 ppm.

References

[1] K. Frank, V. Magapu, V. Schindler (†), H. Kohler, H.B. Keller, R. Seifert; Chemical analysis with tin oxide gas sensors: choice of additives, method of operation and analysis of numeric signal, 7th East Asian Conference on Chemical Sensors, Dec. 3–5, 2007, Singapore, SENSOR LETTERS 6 (2008) 908–911.

[2] Navas Illyaskutty, Jens Knoblauch, Matthias Schwotzer, Heinz Kohler; Thermally modulated multi sensor arrays of SnO2/additive/electrode combinations for enhanced gas identification, Sensors and Actuators B 217 (2015) 2–12. 1

AcknowledgementThe authors are very thankful to Dr. Andreas Güntner and Sebastian Abegg, Particle Technology Laboratory, Dept. Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, for their support with gas sensing layers prepared by Flame Spray Pyrolysis.


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Development of a novel sensor system for online monitoring of the tar in synthesis gas streams of biomass gasification processes

Binayak Ojha, Nourhan Abouellel, Heinz KohlerInstitute of Sensor and Information Systems, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Continuous monitoring of the tar in synthesis gas produced by biomass gasification systems would allow feedback control of the gasifying process to enable operation of the gasifier system at process conditions of mini-mized tar production. This would reduce the risk of problems like clog-ged pipes or even damaged syngas combustion engines by condensation of tar. Several online tar detection concepts were published in the past based on analysis methods like fluorescence spectroscopy /1, 2/ or mass spectro-scopy /3/. In this paper, a new and very economic concept of tar monito-ring is introduced based on the continuous measurement of the oxygen demand for tar combustion.

Method of tar monitoringTar is a multicomponent organic substance containing components with relatively high boiling point like naphthalene (218°C), phenol (142°C) or toluene (111°C). Our online tar monitoring concept is based on selective estimation of the oxygen demand for tar combustion: A constant total gas flow is adjusted via a gas pumping system. Synthetic air is dosed to the syn-thesis gas stream in a feedback control loop to achieve a stoichiometric gas mixture (λ=1) by use of a mass flow controller and a classical Pt/8YSZ/Pt Nernst potentiometric cell (Lamtec GmbH) for residual oxygen monito-ring. This gas stream is cooled down to condensate the tar and subsequen-tly the residual oxygen concentration is monitored again by a commercial broadband lambda-probe (LSU 4.9, Bosch GmbH). The excess oxygen con-centration directly relates to the oxygen demand for tar combustion.


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Results and Discussion Preliminary experiments with model gases (N2/methane/toluene) have shown that the concept of excess oxygen monitoring is working well and with high sensitivity. In the next approach, a tar condensing system is introduced to evaluate the tar monitoring concept and to estimate the lower limit of tar estimation.

ConclusionsMonitoring of the oxygen demand for tar combustion does not yield the analysis of tar but can estimate the total content of condensable and com-bustible tar components of the synthesis gas stream. Preliminary experi-ments to verify the analysis of toluene in methane/N2– mixtures have been successful.

References

[1] Sean Capper, Zakir Khan, Prashant Kamble, James Sharp, Ian Watson; Progression towards online tar detection systems, Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 892–897.

[2] C. Baumhakl, S. Karellas;Tar analysis from biomass gasification by means of online fluorescence spectroscopy, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 49 (2011) 885–891.

[3] F. Defoort, S. Thiery, S. Ravel; A promising new online method of tar quantification by mass spectroscopy during steam gasification of biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy 64 (2014) 64–71.


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Determination of the optimal working parameters by the Taguchi methods devoted to an experimental biomass gasifier

Gwenaëlle Trouvé, Léo-Paul Gautherot, Areski Bounaceur, Cornélius Schönnenbeck, Valérie TschamberLaboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Biomass gasification process needs to be optimized in order to limit the formation of tars [1, 2]. The design of a down-draft fixed-bed gasifier of biomass at laboratory scale and a parametric study using the Taguchi methods in order to optimize the process are the two main objectives [3].

Materials and methodsBiomass was constituted of mechanically pressed softwood chips purcha-sed from Sägewerk Bohnert (Germany). The experimental device is a semi--continuous reactor of the non-stirred tank type organized in three main parts: heating furnace, main chamber of the reactor and an exhaust line equipped with several gases analyzers. The conduction heating of the reac-tor was performed by the electrical resistors located around this cylindrical enclosure. The sample fell down on a charcoal bed placed at the beginning of the experiment on a quartz frit positioned in the isothermal zone of the vertical furnace.

Results and Discussion It is shown that the frequency of sample introduction for a constant mass of biomass, the particle size of the biomass and the secondary air ratio are parameters having a greater influence on the quantities of CO and H2 formed than the moisture content of biomass and the process temperature. Maximal concentrations of CO and H2 with optimized parameters were formed for an equivalent ratio of 0.3.


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Conclusions The quantity of CO always dominated with concentrations higher than that of H2 during all the tests carried out. The optimal experimental parame-ters deducted from the Taguchi methods were 20 % secondary air supply, 60 biomass injections per hour corresponding to a constant mass of 30 g of fuel injected per hour, a moisture content of 8 % and a biomass size between 1.6 and 3.15 mm. The frequency of sample introduction, the par-ticle size of the biomass and the secondary air ratio are parameters having a greater influence on the quantities of CO and H2 formed than the other parameters studied.

References

[1] Couto N, Rouboa A, Silva V, Monteiro E, Bouziane K (2013) Influence of the biomass gasification processes on the final composition of syngas. Energy Procedia 36: 596–606.

[2] Jia J, Xu L, Abudula A, Sun B (2018) Effects of operating parameters on performance of a downdraft gasifier in steady and transient state. Energy Convers Manage 155: 138–146.

[3] Gardiner, WP Gettinby, G (1998) Taguchi Methods Experimental Design Techniques in Statistical Practice, 289–321. 2

Authors thank the Offensive Science Interreg V EBIPREP program.


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Increasing efficiency and profitability of biogas plants by reducing the residence time and using a waste material – wood juice

Stefan Turad, Andreas Wilke, Joachim Jochum Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionIn Germany many biogas plants were constructed due to the Renewable Energy Sources Act. With decreasing subsidies, biogas plants need to be more competitive and more efficient. In the INTERREG Project EBIPREP Wood Juice (WJ), a waste product from the Wood Chip industry, was used to achieve this ambitious goal.

Materials and MethodsIn a first step the WJ was chemically characterized. Biogas batch experi-ments with pure WJ were performed to get information about inhibitory effects. Additionally mass and energy balances were conducted.

The software Minitab was used to optimize the mixture ratio of a main substrate in combination with WJ.

In continuous biogas experiments information about maximum organic loading rate and process stability were analyzed.

Results and DiscussionMacroelements (C, N, P) and microelements in WJ were determined to characterize this cosubstrate for further biogas experiments.

Residence time of 60 days and longer are often found in biogas plants. This long period is necessary for a high conversion to biogas. In batch experi-ments a high percentage of the substrate is converted to methane during the first 10 days. A reduction of the residence time in biogas reactors could reduce the dimension of the plant while not completely converted biomass could be used in other process like gasification which is also part of the EBIPREP project.


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To evaluate and optimize the biogas productivity different biogas substrates were analyzed in batch reactors. The reactors were temporary deconstruc-ted and energetically analyzed after 4, 6, 9, 13, 18 and after 28 days. With this procedure it was possible to investigate the timeline of a complete mass and energy balance.

Additionally experiments in a continuous biogas reactor gave information about organic loading rate and stability of the overall process.

The influence of WJ as cosubstrate were statistically analyzed using the software Minitab. As a result an optimized ratio of the used substrates was determined.


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Parmatric study of operationally and constructionally adapting a downdraft gasifier for using digestion residues

Joachim Jochum, Stefan TuradOffenburg University of Applied Science, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionCombining biological and thermochemical processes could lead to econo-mical and ecological benefits. The feasibility of a combination of the slow reacting biogas process producing a good quality gas with a fast gasification process producing a low gas quality is investigated. The addition of a more humid fuel by using digestion residues as co-fuel reduces the temperature and therefore more tar is produced.

Materials and methodsA fuel mixture, containing thermally dried digestion residues from a nearby biogas plant and wood chips were used. The used downdraft gasi-fier itself was adapted for the fuel mixture by operational and constructio-nal adaptions.

Results and Discussion

Constructional changes like an addition of secondary air can decrease some of the downsides of gasifiers – like the tar production in the synthesis gas and tar agglomeration on the feeding part (tar nearby the feeding gate decreased by 85%)

Adaptions of operational conditions can furthermore decrease those effects. Most of those operational changes have a direct or indirect effect on the temperature which is most probably the one of the main reasons for the production of tar.

Using fuel mixture increases the instability of the gasifier. A relevant influence on the process stability has the size, stability and lumpiness of wood chips which unfortunately varies due to the fact that wood chips are


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a natural product. Additionally the cutting and pressing of wood chips does not lead to equal sized and stable particles.

ConclusionsOperating a downdraft gasifier with this fuel mixture is possible however it is more difficult to operate. The efficiency of the gasification process and the combined process mainly depends on the dewatering. Using a dige-stion residue that doesn’t need to be dried would be optimal. This could also be done by only adding a small portion of the digestion residue into the gasifier. Alternatively waste heat could be used for drying which was the case in this study.


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Efficient use of Wood Juice for the production of biotechnological valuable products

Andreas Wilke, Anna Sandhaas, Sonia Patricia Tenekam, Patricia WybraniecDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionYeasts or fungi are used in different industrial applications e.g. bakery, wine, beer or enzymatic production. Due to its high demand in the market, there is a need to increase the propagation efficiency. Using byproducts or organic waste as cosubstrate in cultivation processes could be a promi-sing alternative in order to reduce the costs.

The aim of this study was to apply Wood Juice as cosubstrate for the indu-strial cultivation of yeast. The Wood Juice is a liquid biowaste obtained by the mechanical compression/drying process of wood chips.

Materials and methodsIn a first step a screening of different yeast strains were performed to identify promising strains for this purpose. In shaking flask experiments the growth kinetic and the substrate yield were determined to screen the best perfoming microorganisms.

Results and Discussion Two strains show promising results for industrial purposes with a maximal productivity of about 0.85 g Yeast per gram TOC per hour.

In a second step the shaking flask process was transferred to lab scale fedbatch process. In these experiments Candida krusei was found to have a maximum specific growth rate μmax of 0.56 h-1 and a biomass yield Yx/s of 1.14 gram biomass per gram TOC in a media composed of 80% v/v Wood Juice from spruce/fir trees.


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Same fedbatch process using an industrial media leads to a decrease of the maximum specific growth rate of 0.48 h-1 and biomass yield (0.77 g/g).

Conclusions The use of 80% Wood Juice in the cultivation media do no inhibit the growth of the examined yeast strains. On the contrary the Wood Juice has a positive effect on the growth kinetics and the biomass yield in yeast cul-tivation processes.

Running experiment will additionally examine the influence of wood juice on other biotechnological production processes e.g. Cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei strains and its ability to induce an effective enzyme production.


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Optimization of activation conditions of Ni-based catalysts on SiC extrudates for tars reforming. Subsequent application in a gasification pilot plant

Dolores Jurado Fuentes, Michaël Martin Romo, Sébastien THOMAS, Anne-Cécile RogerICPEES, University of Strasbourg, France

E-mail:[email protected]

The catalytic reforming is the most efficient way to remove tars present in the syngas from biomass gasification process. Many catalytic formu-lations have been studied to carry out these reactions, standing out the Ni-based catalysts which have some advantages like their low cost and their high activity in both tars and methane reforming as well as in water gas shift reaction [1]. Nevertheless, these catalytic systems can strongly be deactivated by sintering process and/or coke deposition. This work focuses on the optimization of activation conditions for well-defined structure of Ni-based catalysts for their application in a gasification pilot plant [2]. To improve the carbon gasification and, hence, the catalytic stability, mixed oxides with high oxygen conductivity were used as supports. For this pur-pose, three supports were synthesized: pyrochlore type (Ce2Y2O7, called CY), fluorite type (Ce0.63Zr0.33Sm0.04O2 called CZS) and perovskite type (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 called LSCF).

Firstly, the three mixed oxides have been synthesized by pseudo sol-gel method, being the resulted gel calcined at 800°C for 6h. An amount of 10 wt% of Ni was added by two different ways: (1) wet impregna-tion of calcined supports (Ni/CY, Ni/CZS and Ni/LSFC) or (2) direct addition during the sol-gel synthesis (Ni-CY, Ni-CZS and Ni-LSFC). The supports and the resulting catalysts have been characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, H2-TPR, H2-TPD and XPS. Afterwards, the activity of the catalytic systems in powder has been tested using toluene and phenol as model molecules with a typical gas composition of biomass gasification (2%CH4, 12%CO2, 16%H2 and 20%CO, balanced with N2). In all the case, two activation conditions were tested: (i) under a mixture of H2/N2 atmo-sphere at 600°C for 2h and (ii) under syngas mixture at 500°C for 1h.


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The catalytic tests were performed under isothermal conditions at 400°C and 550°C with 23 mg of catalyst and a total inlet flow of 139 NmL.min-1

(GHSV =2.03 · 105 h-1). Catalytic tests without toluene at the inlet were also performed to quantify the catalyst activity toward methanation and water gas shift reactions.

In addition, the structuration of the catalyst with better activity, Ni/LSCF, on SiC extrudates was optimized. A solution with a concentration of 0.30 moltotal cations.Lpropionic acid

-1 and a solution of Ni(NO3)2 in ethanol were used for the deposition of the support (LSCF) and Ni, respectively. First of all, the extrudates were impregnated with the perovskite, LSFC, and after that, the Ni deposition was carried to reach the same ratio Ni:LSCF, in all cases. The structured catalyst has also been characterized and then crushed before being tested in toluene and phenol reforming in the same conditions than the powders ones.

Figure 1. Toluene reforming of Ni/LSFC (powder) at 550°C– 6h in H2/N2 and syngas reduction.

References

[1] Y. Shen, and K. Yoshikawa, “Recent progresses in catalytic tar elimination during biomass gasification or pyrolysis,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., Vol. 21, pp. 371–392, 2013.

[2] S. Yun, G. Oh, K. Kim, M. Won Seo, H. Won Ra, T. Young Mun, J.G. Lee, and S.Y. Yoon, “Deactivation characteristics of Ni and Ru catalysts in tar steam reforming,” Renew. Energy, Vol. 105, pp. 76–83, 2017.

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Abouellel, Nourhan 11, 177Adamczak, Marek 8, 9, 101, 125, 129Alberghini, Barbara 4, 19Aleksandrova, Margerita 11, 174Alexopoulou, Efthymia 4, 17, 19Alfano, Vincenzo 6, 60Andrzejczyk, Rafał 6, 53

Babayan, Tatevik 10, 147Bakšinskaitė, Aušra 4, 7, 22, 77Balugani, Enrico 10, 138Bergonzoli, Simone 6, 60Bernat, Katarzyna 4, 5, 7, 25, 49, 92Biernasiuk, Anna 11, 166, 171Blaauw, Rolf 4, 21Bochniak, Roksana 6, 53Bogucka-Kocka, Anna 11, 168Bohdziewicz, Jolanta 7, 87Bordiean, Anna 4, 6, 27, 28, 73, 74Bounaceur, Areski 12, 179Bułkowska, Katarzyna 8, 94, 96, 99

Câmara Salim, Iana 6, 68Cebula, Jan 7, 8, 87, 97Cenian, Adam 4, 7, 8, 29, 75, 76, 87, 97Černiauskienė, Živilė 5, 40Christensen, David 4, 29Christensen, Thomas 5, 31Christou, Myrsini 4, 17, 19Ciesielski, Sławomir 8, 11, 109, 110, 113, 169Crepy, Mathilde 10, 140Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka 7, 92Czachorowski, Stanisław 4, 5, 27, 34

D´Adamo, Idiano 10, 142Dąbrowski, Paweł 6, 53De Visser, Chris 9, 118, 120

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Page | 190

Dębczak, Agnieszka 8, 9, 115, 131Dębowski, Marcin 6, 62Dubois, Jean-Luc 4, 15

Falcone, Pasquale 10, 142Feijoo, Gumersindo 6, 68Fekner, Zygmunt 9, 131Feledyn-Szewczyk, Beata 6, 66Franzreb, Matthias 11, 174

Gautherot, Léo-Paul 12, 179Gil, Łukasz 5, 36Godzieba, Martyna 11, 169Gołaszewski, Janusz 5, 9, 10, 37, 45, 48, 76, 118, 120, 123, 149, 152Gołąbek, Aleksandra 6, 53, Gomułka, Agnieszka 5, 43Graban, Łukasz 6, 52, 56, 73, 74Granica, Sebastian 10, 157Grzegorczyk, Agnieszka 11, 166, 171Grzegorczyk, Dominika 11, 166, 171Gusiatin, Mariusz Zygmunt 7, 8, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96

Haas, Katharina 8, 111Hochberg, Ulrich 8, 111, 112Hryniewicz, Marek 5, 38Huber, Philipp 7, 85Huisingh, Donald 9, 136

Imbert, Enrica 10, 142

Jabłoński, Rafał 4, 5, 25, 49Jankauskienė, Zofija 5, 40, 42Jaroszuk-Ściseł, Jolanta 9, 133, 134Jędrejek, Anna 6, 64, 65Jochum, Joachim 7, 12, 83, 181, 183Jochum, Oliver 8, 111, 112Józefczyk, Aleksandra 11, 160Jurado Fuentes, Dolores 12, 187Juszczuk, Andrzej 5, 43

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Page | 191

Kadziuliene, Zydre 7, 77Kalisz, Barbara 5, 10, 45, 154, 155Kamiński, Piotr 9, 131Karwowska, Anna 10, 149Katan, Lina 4, 29Kiss, Anna K. 10, 157Klik, Barbara K. 7, 8, 93, 94, 95, 96Klimiuk, Ewa 8, 109, 110Kohler, Heinz 11, 174, 176, 177Kołodziej, Przemysław 11, 168Kondzior, Mateusz 5, 43Konkol, Izabela 7, 8, 87, 97Konkol, Marcin 9, 11, 131, 132, 133, 134, 171Kowalski, Rafał 8, 9, 115, 131, 132Kozak, Małgorzata 6, 64, 65Krzykowski, Michał 10, 120, 152Krzyżaniak, Michał 4, 5, 6, 27, 37, 39, 47, 48, 52, 58, 59, 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 132Kulikowska, Dorota 4, 5, 7, 8, 25, 49, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96Kuś, Jan 5, 51

Ladu, Luana 10, 140, 142, 147Lajszner, Waldemar 6, 52, 73, 74Lenard, Marta 7, 85

Majer, Stefan 10, 138Makowska, Monika 6, 58Malm, Anna 11, 166, 168, 171Marazza, Diego 10, 138Marciniak, Paulina 7, 90, 91Matyka, Mariusz 5, 51Merloni, Eva 10, 138, 140Michalak, Barbara 10, 157Mikielewicz, Dariusz 6, 53Mikucka, Wioleta 8, 99, 100Monti, Andrea 4, 19, 105Moreira, Maria Teresa 6, 52, 68Motakatla, Venkateswar Reddy 8, 106Możejko-Ciesielska, Justyna 7, 9, 90, 127

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Page | 192

Napiórkowski, Bartosz 6, 55Narayana, Divyashree 11, 174Niksa, Dariusz 6, 37, 48, 57, 71, 72Nosek, Dawid 7, 92

Obeyaa Adu, Elizabeth 8, 113Ojha, Binayak 11, 174, 177Olba-Zięty, Ewelina 6, 9, 10, 58, 59, 73, 120, 123, 152Orlińska, Kamila 9, 123Ostolski, Mateusz 9, 125Owens, Vance 4, 14

Papamichael, Ioanna 4, 17Pari, Luigi 6, 60Parzonko, Andrzej 10, 157Peni, Dumitru 6, 62, 73, 74Pietrzykowski, Bartosz 7, 75Piotrowska, Natalia 5, 34, 35Piotrowski, Krzysztof 7, 87Pisutpaisal, Nipon 9, 121Pokój, Tomasz 8, 109, 110Poleszak, Ewa 11, 164Pudełko, Rafał 6, 64, 65

Quitzow, Rainer 10, 142

Radawiec, Wioleta 5, 9, 10, 45, 123, 154Radzikowski, Paweł 5, 6, 51, 66Roger, Anne-Cécile 12, 187Romo, Michaël Martin 12, 187Rój, Edward 8, 9, 11, 115, 131, 132, 133, 134, 168, 171Ruzgas, Renaldas 5, 40Rybczyńska, Barbara 6, 73, 74

Sadowska, Anna 6, 73Sakiewicz, Piotr 7, 87Samson-Bręk, Izabela 10, 154Sandhaas, Anna 12, 185Scarfone, Antonio 6, 60Schönnenbeck, Cornélius 12, 179

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Page | 193

Schwotzer, Matthias 11, 174, 176Singh, Asha 10, 145Skalicka-Woźniak, Krystyna 9, 133, 134Slesiński, Przemysław 5, 45Sobczyński, Jan 11, 164Stalenga, Jarosław 6, 66Stolarski, Mariusz Jerzy 4, 5, 6, 9, 27, 34, 36, 37, 39, 47, 48, 52, 56, 57,58, 59, 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 131, 132Stulpinaite, Urte 7, 77Suardi, Alessandro 6, 60Sumfleth, Beike 10, 138Szacherska, Karolina 9, 127, 128Szczukowski, Stefan 6, 37, 39, 48, 52, 56, 71, 72Szymański, Mateusz 7, 75

Śnieżawska, Magdalena 9, 129

Tanikkul, Pinanong 9, 121Tenekam, Sonia Patricia 12, 185Thomas, Sébastien 12, 187Tilvikienė, Vita 4, 5, 7, 22, 40, 77Trouvé, Gwenaëlle 12, 179Tschamber, Valérie 12, 179Tsiotas, Kostas 4, 17Turad, Stefan 12, 181, 183Turemko, Marcin 5, 43Tworkowski, Józef 6, 37, 39, 48, 52, 56, 71, 72Tyśkiewicz, Katarzyna 8, 9, 11, 115, 131, 132, 133, 134,171Tyśkiewicz, Renata 9, 133, 134

van den Oever, Martien 10, 147van Klink, Hans 9, 118, 120Verma, Vijay K. 7, 82Vrins, Minique 10, 147Vural Gursel, Iris 10, 70, 147

Wajs, Jan 6, 53Walter, Marcin 8, 101Warmiński, Kazimierz 5, 47, 132Waśkiewicz, Krzysztof 5, 43

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Page | 194

Wiejak, Rafał 8, 11, 115, 134, 171Wilke, Andreas 7, 8, 12, 83, 85, 113, 181, 185Witkowska-Dąbrowska, Mirosława 7, 79Wohlgemuth, Roland 8, 103, 104, 105Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena 4, 5, 7, 25, 49, 92Wybraniec, Patricia 12, 185

Zafeiris, Christos 4, 11, Zalewski, Daniel 17, 168Zanetti, Federica 4, 19, 20Zell, Christiane 8, 111, 112Zgórka, Grażyna 11, 160, 162Zielińska, Magdalena 7, 92Zięty, Jakub Jan 10, 120, 152Zollfrank, Cordt 7, 85Zvicevičius, Egidijus 4, 40

Żuk-Gołaszewska, Krystyna 5, 10, 45, 154Żyżyńska-Granica, Barbara 10, 157

Page | 195

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Honorary PatronageRyszard Górecki – Rector Magnificus of University od Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM), PolandWinfried Lieber – Rector Magnificus of University of Applied Sciences (UAS), Offenburg, GermanyPiotr Grzymowicz – Mayor of Olsztyn, PolandGustaw Marek Brzezin – Marshal of Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship, Poland

Scientific CommitteeJanusz Gołaszewski –University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandJoachim Jochum – University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, GermanyMichał K. Łuczyński – ChemProf, Olsztyn, PolandAnna Malm – Medical University of Lublin, PolandMariusz Matyka – Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, PolandAndrea Monti – University of Bologna, ItalyPiergiuseppe Morone – University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza, ItalyVance Owens– South Dakota State University, USAAnne-Cécile Roger – University of Strasbourg, FranceEdward Rój – New Chemical Synthesis Institute, PolandIrena Wojnowska-Baryła –University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Steering CommitteeEfi Alexopoulou – Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, GreeceStanisław Bielecki – Lodz University of Technology, PolandPaweł Brzuzan – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandAdam Cenian –Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Science, Gdańsk, PolandMyrsini Christou – Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, GreeceSławomir Ciesielski – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandStanisław Czachorowski – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandMichał Krzyżaniak – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandEwelina Olba-Zięty – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandRafał Pudełko – Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, PolandWojciech Samulowski – Olsztyn Scientific and Technology Park (OSTP), PolandMariusz Jerzy Stolarski – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

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Sébastien Thomas – University of Strasbourg, FranceAndreas Wilke – University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, GermanyGrażyna Zgórka – Medical University of Lublin, PolandFederica Zanetti – University of Bologna, Italy

Secretatiat of CommitteeAnna Karwowska – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandMonika Makowska – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandKamila Orlińska – ChemProf, Olsztyn, PolandWioleta Radawiec – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PolandAnna Sadowska – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

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