Book of Abstracts corregido - INIAbiblioteca.inia.cl/medios/biblioteca/serieactas/NR39732.pdf ·...

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This publication includes all abstracts presented at "The 22nd International Pepper Conference 2014" held in Viña del Mar, Chile during November 17th

to 20th 2014, and organized by the Agricultural Research Institute of Chile (INIA).

Editors:María Teresa Pino Q.

Plant Physiology and Genetic. Ing.Agr.Ph.D.

INIA Chile

Marisol González Y.Agronomist. M. Phil.

INIA Chile

Director INIA- La Platina Research Center:

Manuel Pinto C.Agronomist. Dr.

Recommended citation: Pino Q., M.T. and González, M. (eds). 2014.

The 22nd International Pepper Conference 2014. Book of Abstracts. Serie Actas Nº 55. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. INIA La Platina,

Santiago, 152p.

© 2014. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Santa Rosa 11610 Región Metropolitana,

Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314. Phone: 56-225779100, Fax 56-225779106.

ISSN 0717 - 4829

Total or partial reproduction of texts is allowed mentioning text and /or authors.

Printed and bound:Jorge Berríos V.

Impresos Raúl León A.

Number of copies: 200.

Santiago, Chile, 2014.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction __________________________________________________ 4

Origin and History of the National Pepper Conference ____________________________________________ 5

Objectives of The Pepper Conference ____________________________ 6

National Pepper Conferences Held Since 1973 ____________________ 7

Scientific Committee __________________________________________ 8

Planning Committee ___________________________________________ 8

INIA _________________________________________________________ 9

Abstract Directory 22nd International Pepper Conference 2014 ______________________________________ 11

Breeding, Biotechnology, Germplasm Characterization _________ 21

Breeding, Ornamental Peppers _______________________________ 61

Breeding, Pests and Diseases ________________________________ 73

Horticultural Management, Production and Pepper Physiology ___________________________ 99

Metabolomics, Functional Use, Post-harvest Issues and Industry _____________________________121

Marketing & Extension ____________________________________135

Notes ______________________________________________________141

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OBJECTIVES OF THE PEPPER CONFERENCE

During the conference, an organizational committee composed of: Dr. Paul Smith, Professor, University of California at Davis; Dr. Tom Zitter, Plant Pathologist, I.F.A.S., Belle Glade, Florida; Dr. Lowell Black, Plant Pathologist, L.S.U., Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Joe Freeland, McIlhenny Company, Avery Island, Louisiana; Phil Villa, Breeder, Heublein Inc., Oxnard, California; and Dr. Ben Villalón, Plant Pathologist-Breeder, TAES-Weslaco, Texas, was selected to help determine direction of future pepper conferences.

The committee made the following recommendations:

• The pepper conference should be organized as the Pepper Improvement Committee (later changed to National Pepper Conference - NPC, making it easier for USDA and state scientists to attend).

• The conference should be held once every two (2) years.

• Conferences should be held in the major production areas such as Ca-lifornia, Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, New Jersey, Georgia, Texas, etc.

• Sub-committees, representing specific discipline areas, i.e. breeding, horticulture, processing, pathology, etc., should be organized and meet whenever necessary.

• NPC would adopt, as a parent organization, the Pickle Packers Interna-tional, Inc. (PPI). PPI would serve as a central clearing-house for maintai-ning a central bank of names of the committee membership. PPI would provide and exchange of information between meetings, and work with the appointed chairman for coordination.

• The committee, with approval of all members, would select the next meeting site and appoint a local area coordinator as chairman.

• There would be no officers or annual dues, totally non-profit.

• The organization continues successfully without officers, structure, dues, etc. Interest in Capsicum improvement and diversity continues as the demand for better peppers increases annually.

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NATIONAL PEPPER CONFERENCES HELD SINCE 1973

Date Place Coordinator

May 1973 Weslaco, TX B. Villalón. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

January 1975 West Palm Beach, FL T.A. Zitter. University of Florida, Belle Glade

September 1976 Davis, CA P.G. Smith. University of California

September 1978 Baton Rouge, LA L.L. Black. Louisiana State University

September 1980 Las Cruces, NM R. Nakayama. New Mexico State University

June 1982 San Miguel de Allende, J.A. Laborde. INIA, CIAT, Celaya, GTO, México Guanajuato, Mexico

August 1984 Beltsville, MD R.E. Webb. USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD

June 1986 Weslaco, TX B. Villalón. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

June 1988 Raleigh, NC D. Sanders. North Carolina State University

July 1990 Wilmington, DE Ed Kee. University of Delaware

August 1992 Monterey, CA R.W. Scheuerman. University of California

August 1994 Las Cruces, NM P. Bosland. New Mexico State University

December 1996 Naples, FL D. Maynard. IFAS, University of Florida, Bradenton

October 1998 San Antonio, TX B. Villalón. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

November 2000 Lafayette, LA C. Motsenbocker. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

November 2002 Tampico, TAM, México J.M. Gochicoa. Tierra Fertil de las Huastecas

November 2004 Naples, FL Gene McAvoy. University of Florida-Hendry Co Extension

May 2006 Palm Springs, CA Glen Fischer. Saticoy. Foods

September 2008 Atlantic City, NJ Andy Wyenandt. Rutgers Ext.Serv. NJ

August 2010 Las Cruces, NM Paul Bosland. NMSU

November 2012 Naples, FLA Gene McAvoy. University of Florida

November 2014 Viña del Mar, Chile María-Teresa Pino. INIA Chile

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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

• Benigno Villalón Ph.D. Professor Emeritus. International Pepper Conference Founder. Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station, USA.

• María Teresa Pino, INIA Plant Physiology And

Genetic, Ph.D. Oregon State University.

• Juan Pablo Martínez, INIA Plant Physiology and

Biotechnology, Ph.D. Catholic University Lovaina, Bélgica.

• Paulina Sepúlveda, INIA Plant Pathology. MSc.

Michigan State University.

• Patricia Estay, INIA Entomology M.Sc.

Ottawa University, Canada.

• Ricado Pertuzé, Universidad de Chile. Germoplasm and Vegetable

breeding. Ph.D. UC-Davis.

• Mónica Ozores-Hampton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Vegetable Specialist. University of Florida/IFAS/

SWFREC, USA.

• Gabriel Saavedra, INIA Vegetable Breeding,

MSc. Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh.

• Juan Pablo Martínez, INIA Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, IPC 2014 Field Trip Coordinator.

• Lucía Hernández INIA Web programming, IPC 2014 Web Page.

• Paula Bórquez P. Logistics Coordination Congress EFECINCO.

• María Laura PerezIPC 2014 Secretary

[email protected]

• María Teresa Pino, INIA Plant physiology and Genetic, IPC 2014 Coordinator.

• Marisol González Y. INIA Communications and Journalism, IPC 2004 Co-coordinator.

• Karen Lazo Hotel and Sponsor coordination EFECINCO.

PLANNING COMMITTEE

mailto:[email protected]

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INIA is the main agricultural research institute, belongs to the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile.

INIA has national coverage throughout its 10 regional research centers, experimental centers, technical offices, laboratories, libraries and gene banks.

Vision

Be a leading institution to generate and to transfer knowledge and sustainable techno-logies for the innovation of the Chilean food and agricultural sector.

INIA has generated more than 260 varieties of crops, vegetables and fruit: 60% of the national wheat production is based on INIA varieties. 60% of the potatoes commercialized in Chile are INIA varieties. 80% of oat national production area are based on INIA varieties. 100% of the rice produce in Chile are INIA varieties. In fruit the breeding program include table grape, stone fruits, apples, and Chilean Guaba. In vegetables the breeding program includes onion, garlic, green bean, sweet corn, and recently peppers among others.

INIA is Latin America leader on greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate change research, with more than 70 meteorological stations which provided useful information to prevent plagues and diseases. INIA has a Integrated Pest Management program, where biological control is a key element.

INIA

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The 22nd international pepper conference 2014 is supported by the INNOVA-CORFO (09PMG-7244) grant entitled Vegetables Breeding Program for the Chilean Export Processing Industry. The main goal of this project is to obtain new and better vegetable varieties for processing industry interest, by establishing a breeding platform and building capa-cities for public private partnerships, and to enhance the International cooperation. The Capsicum annum breeding program is focused in traits of industrial interest for fruit pepper such as colour, pericarp thickness, fruit dry matter, sugar content, shape, size, and high beta-carotenes content.

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ABSTRACT DIRECTORY 22ND INTERNATIONAL PEPPER CONFERENCE 2014

Breeding, biotechnology, germplasm characterization

Nº Title Presentation Author Presenter Country Page

48 Correlation between genetic distance and Poster Elizanilda Ramalho Brasil 22 heterosis and prediction of three-way and do Rêgo double hybrids in Capsicum baccatum

52 Genotype versus environment interaction Poster Lourismar Martins Brasil 23 and pre-selection of hybrid cultivars of Araujo Lourismar Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum

53 QTLs for agronomic traits in Capsicum Poster Monique Moulin Brasil 24 baccatum var. pendulum

98 In vitro culture of cotyledonary embryos Poster Virginia Silva Carvalho Brasil 25 (advanced) of Capsicum baccatum on different sucrose concentration

54 World Hottest Pepper Cultivar Assam Bhut Poster Nagaraju India 26 Jolokia Exhibits Unilateral Self Incompatibility- Kanchenahalli A barrier to inter specific hybridization Shivarajaiah

2 Establishment of a habanero-type pepper Oral Francisco Brasil 28 (Capsicum chinense) synthetic base population Reifschneider

41 Establishment of methodological basis for Oral Adriana Canto Flick Mexico 29 genetic improvement of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

47 Two new Habanero-type cultivars developed Poster Claudia Ribeiro Brasil 30 by Embrapa, Brazil: BRS Juruti and BRS Jandaia

42 Genetic improvement of habanero pepper Oral Nancy Santana-Buzzy Mexico 31 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) germplasm from existing species in the Yucatan Peninsula

43 Habanero pepper: a plant species with high Oral Susana Avilés-Viñas Mexico 32 embryogenic potential in vitro

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106 Biotechnological Advances in Oral Pramod Tandon India 33 Capsicum Research: An Indian Perspective

49 Inheritance of Characters Related to Poster Glaucia Medeiros Brasil 34 Germination in vitro in Capsicum annuum Based on Hayman's Diallel Analysis

56 Determination of Natural Rates of Poster Warley M. Nascimento Brasil 35 Cross-pollination Capsicum annuum Seeds Using Codominant Markers

7 Genetic relations among fifty-one sweet Oral Javier Saavedra-Romero Chile 36 pepper and hot pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) belong to Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA)

74 Morphologic and genetic relationships between Poster Claudia Ribeiro Brasil 37 wild and domesticated forms of peppers (Capsicum frutescens and C. chinense)

75 Genetic variability 165 Hot Pepper Poster Francisca Aguayo Chile 38 accessions in INIA-Chile, by fruit traits, pungency and molecular characterization

51 Effects of Ethyl-Methane-Sulfonate in the Poster Kaline da Silva Brasil 39 generation of genetic variability in Nascimento Capsicum annuum

104 Alternative Cuban Pepper Varieties belong to the Institute of Horticultural Poster Yaritza Rodríguez Cuba 40 Research Liliana Dimitrova. Llanes

68 Agrobiodiversity of Capsicum spp. Poster Jefferson Wesley Brasil 41 in southwest Mato Grosso: Collection da Silva Correa and Characterization Jefferson Wesley

69 Comparative Trial of 14 Peruvian Poster Lady Cerna Peru 42 Selections of Aji Amarillo ("Yellow Chili")

70 Yield and fruit quality in Capsicum baccatum Poster Lígia R. Almeida. Brasil 43 var. pendulum genotypes da Silva

72 Characterization of flower and fruits Poster Rusthon Magno Cortez Brasil 44 of wild chili (Capsicum caatingae) dos Santos Santos

71 Color and consistence characterization of Poster Miguel Arroyo Peru 45 twenty varieties of Peruvian chilli pepper

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76 Ex-situ Conservation of Peruvian native Poster Victor Humberto Peru 46 peppers as basic research to develop Mendoza Huamán value chains: regional distribution and taxonomical classification

46 Variability and relative importance of Poster Angela dos Santos Brasil 47 port traits in a F2 generation of chili Maria Pessoa pepper Capsicum annuum L.

3 Unlocking Chile Pepper Genetics: Oral Paul W. Bosland USA 48 From Domestication through Classical Breeding to Genomics

67 Simultaneous calculation of the Poster Anderson Silva Brasil 49 sample size for morphological characterization of pepper fruits

66 Morphological Characterization of an Poster Ana Lucia Manco Peru 50 Amazonian chili pepper collection Matumay

8 Exploration of underutilized crop Oral Teresa Avila Bolivia 51 diversity of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru

6 Investigating the New Mexico Oral Charles Havlik USA 52 Landrace Chiles

73 Fruit quality of pre-cultivars of chili pepper Poster Thamara Figueiredo Brasil 53 (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) Menezes Cavalcanti

45 Breeding an industrial quality pepper in Poster Alan Pinto Richard Chile 54 INIA-Chile: progress and advanced lines

5 Productive and processing behavior of 17 Poster Carlos Blanco Moreno Chile 55 sweet pepper varieties in Central Zone of Chile

103 Breeding Paprika Hungarian Pepper in Oral Gabriel Saavedra Chile 56 Landraces from Coquimbo Region, Chile

80 Evaluation of growth and optimum harvest time Poster Eduardo Morales Peru 57 of 6 accessions Capsicum spp. native fruits

16 The Rootstock Technology in Pepper Oral Renato Braga Brasil 58

4 Genetics and Breeding Strategy for Oral Madhavi Reddy India 59 Improving Root Traits in Capsicum

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Breeding, ornamental peppers


50 Genetic control of morphological traits Poster Joao José Silva Neto Brasil 60 in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

55 Heterosis and genetic diversity in simple, Poster Naysa Nascimento Brasil 61 three-way and double hybrids of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum)

57 Breeding ornamental chili peppers: Poster Camila Silva Brasil 62 obtaining and testing experimental hybrids in Capsicum annuum

58 Combining Ability for Port Characters Poster Flávia Laís Gomes Brasil 63 in Ornamental Pepper Fortunato (Capsicum annuum L.)

59 Multivariate methods for evaluating Poster Julio Mesquita Brasil 64 genetic divergence among thirteen families of ornamental peppers

60 Diallel Analysis of Potential in Ornamental Poster Karmita Thainá Brasil 65 Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Correia Ferreira

61 Genetic variability in F3 generation of Poster Mailson Rego Brasil 66 ornamental pepper as accessed by morphoagronomic traits and SSR molecular marker

62 Inheritance of agronomic characters in Poster Mayana Nascimento Brasil 67 ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum)

63 Diallel analysis for in vitro germination Poster Priscila Alvez Barroso Brasil 68 and morphogenesis in ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

64 Phenotypic characterization of segregating Poster Tayron Rayan Brasil 69 generation and inheritance of color and Sobrinho Costa density of foliage on ornamental pepper Costa

65 Selection indexes for genetic variability Poster Thalita Neves Brasil 70 assessment aiming the ornamental Marostega Thalita potential of pepper samples

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Breeding, pest and diseases Nº Title Presentation Author Presenter Country Page

94 Micromorphological Characterization of Poster Cintia Bento Brasil 74 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colonization and Reproduction in Unripe Sweet Pepper Fruits

95 Efficiency of Colletotrichum spp. Poster Claudia Sudre Brasil 75 inoculation methods to evaluate resistance in Capsicum fruits

29 Anthracnose resistance in chilli and Oral Muhammad Bangladesh 76 molecular diversity of Colletotrichum Shahidul Haque capsici in Bangladesh

88 The Identification of Capsicum spp. Poster Álan Chrisleyr M. Brasil 77 Acessions with Anthracnose's Resistance Leonarda Grillo

31 Responce of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Oral Bhakchand India 78 genotypes for high temperature and Tembhurne Fusarium wilt (Fusarium solani)

32 Selection of fungal biocontrol agents for their Oral Mario Frans Belgium 79 potential control of Fusarium internal fruit rot in greenhouse bell pepper

27 Screening Capsicum baccatum accessions for Oral Kevin Crosby USA 80 resistance to leafminer and green peach aphid

44 Nematode control Efficacy of NimitzTM Oral Pablo Alejandro USA 82 (Fluensulfone) on Peppers with Polyethylene Navia Gine Mulch in a Commercial Operation

90 Molecular characterization of Root-Knot Poster Wladimir Javier Ecuador 83 Nematodes of Meloidogyne spp. in pepper Enríquez Villacreses (Capsicum annuum L.) from Imbabura (Ecuador)

1 Three decades breeding peppers resistant to Oral Claudio R. Argentina 84 Phytophthora capsici in Argentina Galmarini

25 The Genes Controlling Resistance to Oral Allen Van Deynze USA 85 Phytophthora capsici in Pepper

26 Evaluation of bell pepper cultivars and Oral Andy Wyenandt USA 86 breeding lines for resistance to the crown rot phase of Phytophthora capsici and skin separation or 'silvering' in New Jersey

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28 Evaluation of Phytophthora Resistant Oral Monica Ozores- USA 87 Pepper Varieties and Breeding Hampton Pepper Varieties

30 Management of chilli (Bell pepper) Oral Monilal Chatterjee India 88 fruit borer by some novel insecticides

33 Virus-vector Complex and Control Oral Paulina Sepúlveda Chile 90 Strategies for Pepper Production In The Coquimbo Region, Chile

105 New Peppers Varieties for Open Poster Yaritza Rodríguez Cuba 91 Field Crop with High Fruit Quality Llanes and Resistant to Potyvirus in Cuba

89 Resistance to Pepper yellow mosaic Poster Daniele Costa Brasil 92 virus in recombinant lines of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum

92 Preliminary study on metabolic profile Poster Aminthia Silva Brasil 93 of sweet pepper genotype resistant to bacterial spot

93 Evaluation of Bacteria Leaf Spot Resistant Poster Christian Miller USA 94 Pepper Varieties in South Florida

17 A summary of three decades of research Oral Gene McAvoy USA 95 based integrated bacterial leaf spot management efforts in Florida

34 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas Oral Wesley Kline USA 96 euvesicatoria) Second Most Serious Disease in New Jersey Pepper Production

91 Screening Capsicum spp. Leaves for Poster Alexandre Souza Brasil 97 Resistance to Bacterial Spot

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Horticultural management, production and pepper physiology


15 The pepper crop in the South-east Oral Francisco España 100 of Spain Camacho Ferre

13 Evaluation of the effect of organic foliar Oral Manuel Gabriel Peru 101 fertilizer in Yellow Chili (Capsicum Velásquez Ramírez baccatum L.var pendulum)

12 Integrated production system: toward Oral Constanza Jana Chile 102 a rational fertilization. The case of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)

81 Evaluation of Six Formulations Using Poster Gabriel Velásquez Peru 103 Organic Fertilizers and Guano de Islas in Chili (Capsicum Annuum L.) var. 'Cherry'

11 Effect of four levels of K on yield and Oral Andres Casas Peru 104 quality of paprika pepper (Capsicum annuum) cv. ´PapriKing'

37 ABA induces growth modulation Oral Daniel I. Leskovar USA 105 in pepper transplants

38 Role of CaGLK2 in controlling fruit Oral Ilan Paran Israel 106 development in pepper

39 Association of capsaicin and oleoresin Oral Nagaraju, K.S. India 107 on seed quality traits in hot pepper Kanchenahalli (Capsicum spp.) Shivarajaiah

82 Development of methodologies to Poster Ximena Reyes Bolivia 109 improve germination rate on bolivian wild hot-peppers

96 Action of paclobutrazol in potted Poster Fernando Finger / Brasil 110 hot peppers plants post-doc

97 Does sucrose affect the photochemical Poster Rafael Walter Brasil 111 efficiency in Capsicum baccatum seedlings grown in vitro?

14 Activity of native bumblebees Bombus Oral Patricia Estay P. Chile 112 dahlbomii (Guar) (Hymenoptera:Apidae) on greenhouse pepper increased seed yield

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83 Capsicum Rootstock Graft Compatibility Oral Carlos Gatica Chile 113 in term of plant biomass, leaf gas exchange, and fruit setting

87 Influence of capsaicin oleoresin Poster P. J. Devaraju, India 114 permeation on seed quality of Devaraju selected vegetables

24 Influence of maturity stages and Oral P. J. Devaraju, India 116 post-harvest ripening on seed Devaraju quality in Capsicum spp.

102 Internal Fruit Rot and Premature Oral Wesley L. Kline USA 118 Seed Germination of Field Grown Colored Peppers

35 Fruit Industrial Traits and Physiological Oral Cristian Hernández Chile 119 Responses in Five Capsicum annum Genotypes to Deficit Irrigation

36 Genetics of Morpho-Physiological Traits Oral Naresh P India 120 Related to Drought Tolerance in Capsicum

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Metabolomics, Functional use, Post-harvest issues and Industry


18 The Nutritional and Health Science Oral Benigno Villalón USA 122 of Chiles, Vegetables, Fruits, and Other Wellness Information

21 Current status of perceived benefits of pepper Oral Bhimanagouda Patil USA 123 health benefits: Challenges and opportunities to increase consumption of pepper using health and nutritional benefits

84 Development of a natural antioxidant for use in Poster Daniela Barros Brasil 124 foods from Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum Oliveira

85 Novel Formation of Capsaicinoid Secreting Poster Danise Coon USA 125 Vesicles on Capsicum Fruit Walls Explains Super-hot Chile Peppers

20 Effect of capsinoids in human energy metabolism Oral Jose E. Galgani Chile 126

100 Effect of temperature and drying kinetics Poster Elsa Uribe Chile 127 of hot air on the quality of rehydrated pepper (var. Lamuyo)

101 Evaluation of drying and rehydration Poster Elsa Uribe Chile 128 kinetics of Capsicum annuum L.

19 Differential Carotenoid accumulation and Oral María Teresa Pino Chile 129 Beta-ciclasa (LCYb), Capsantine/Capsorubine Sintase gene expression in Capsicum genotypes differing in fruit color

22 In vitro biosynthesis of capsaicin in Oral Mechuselie Kehie India 130 suspension cultures of Naga King Chili

86 Volatile Compounds and Capsaicinoid Poster Rosario Rojas Peru 131 Content of some organically grown Peruvian Chili Peppers

107 Obtaining an excipient from seeds and Poster Eduardo Morales Peru 132 veins of yellow chili pepper (Capsicum baccatum) after removing capsaicinoids

99 Tolerance to stress conditions during Poster Tania Pires Da Silva Brasil 133 shipping in ornamental pepper

40 Effect of ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene Poster Fernando Finger / Brasil 134 and silver thiosulfate on the post-production post-doc of ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum)

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Marketing, Extension


9 Merken: a ground smoked hot pepper Oral Elizabeth Kehr M. Chile 136 of ancestral origin and high gourmet value from the Araucanía Region of Chile to the world

10 Capsicum working group: a collaborative Oral Rosana Rodrigues Brasil 137 multidisciplinary effort to improve sweet and chili pepper

77 Students involved in Capsicum Research Poster Arnold Christ Quispe Peru 138 and Extension in Mala Valley, Peru Alcántara

79 New Mexico State University - Chile Pepper Poster Erica Trevino USA 139 Institute Educating the World about Chile Peppers

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BREEDING, BIOTECHNOLOGY, GERMPLASM CHARACTERIZATION

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Correlation Between Genetic Distance and Heterosis and Prediction of Three-Way and Double Hybrids

in Capsicum baccatum. (48)

E.R. do Rêgo1*, N.F.F. do Nascimento2, M.M. do Rêgo1, F.L. Finger2, C.D. Cruz3, V.W. Casali2

[email protected] 1Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba; 2Laboratório de Análises de Progênies, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 3Labo-ratório de Bioinformatica - Bioagro, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa

The parental selection is one of the most important steps in the breeding program. The goal is to select genitors' combinations that produce hybrids of superior traits. To predict hybrids is a solu-tion to avoid costs and time in developing and testing hybrids. The objective of this work was to estimate the correlation between genetic distance and the heterosis for fourteen morphoagronomic traits, as well as, to predict the behaviors of three way and double hybrids in Capsicum baccatum. This experiment was carried out on the field from Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Forty accessions were evaluated for fourteen quantitative data: maximum fruit width, minimum fruit width, fruit length, total soluble solids, fresh fruit weight, fruit dry weight, fruit wall thickness, fruit fresh to dry weight ratio, plant height, canopy width between plants within the rows, canopy width between rows, first bifurcation height, fruit yield per plant and yield. The genetic distance among the accessions was calculated using Mahalanobis distance using all evaluated traits. The eight more divergent accessions of Capsicum baccatum were selected and crossed in diallel scheme. The parents and their F1 progenies were planted in the field in a ran-domized complete block design with three replicates. The same fourteen traits were evaluated for the genitors and their hybrids. The estimates of mid-parent heterosis and high-parent heterosis as well as the analysis of correlations among these estimates and genetic divergence of parents were calculated. The prediction of the average performance of the all possible thee-way and double hybrids were made. Significant mid-parent heterosis and high-parent heterosis was observed in hybrids combinations for all examined traits. Positive significant correlation was observed between the distance and heterosis in 57 % of the evaluated variables. Despite the significant correlations the absolute values of correlation coefficient were low. Thus, more divergent parents were not the ones with superior hybrids. Parents showing intermediate divergence also showed higher heterosis and heterobeltiosis. The three-way hybrids were superior in all evaluated traits when compared to the double hybrids. The weak correlation between genetic distance and heterosis could due the distance is a multivariate analysis and heterosis is univariate. A better strategy to predict heterosis could be to analyze each trait separately.

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to CNPq for financial support.


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Genotype versus Environment Interaction and Pre-Selection of Hybrid Cultivars of

Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (52)

Nadsley Seraglio Souza Cabral1, Lourismar Martins Araújo1*, Leonarda Grillo Neves1, Valdomiro José Coelho1, Cláudia Pombo Sudré2. Arthur Medeiros2, Antônio Chimelo1,

Milson Evaldo Serafim3, Rosana [email protected]

1UNEMAT, Cáceres- MT; 2UENF, CCTA, Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ; 3IFMT- Cáceres- MT

Growing Capsicum in Brazil has become an important segment of the agricultural sector due to rising demand from the consumer market. Obtaining commercial hybrids in Capsicum is also a commercially viable and attractive alternative, especially when it comes to characters whose predominant effects are not additive. This study aimed to assess the performance of experimental hybrids of C. baccatum var. pendulum at conditions in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso as those related to early, management and production characteristics; study the genotype versus environ-ment interaction of these hybrids at two locations (Caceres, MT and Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ). Nine hybrids of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum were tested, which were developed by the breeding program of the Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University and BRS Mari laun-ched by Embrapa, for comparisons in reviews, since there are still no hybrids of C. baccatum at the Brazilian seed market. The experiment was conducted in a field experiment in a randomized block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of eight useful plants, arranged in two lines, and the spacing was 1.20 x 0.80 m between rows and plants respectively. The traits evaluated were: fruit mass; fruit length; fruit diameter and productivity. After the evaluations, data were analyzed using the Genes software. There was analysis of variance and mean test for features that were also evaluated in the region of Goytacazes - RJ from March to October 2011. The methodology of Lin and Binns was used to estimate the adaptability and stability of the mean square of the distance between the average of the hybrids and the average maximum response obtained in the environment. All hybrids were more productive in the region of Cáceres - MT than in Campos - RJ for all traits, with the most productive hybrids were UENF UENF 1624 x 1639; UENF UENF 1732 x 1639; UENF UENF 1624 x 1732; UENF UENF 1616 x 1629 and 1616 x UENF UENF 1639. It should be noted that UENF 1639 was again the common parent of the hybrids had a high yield (21.73 t / ha and 21.72 t / ha and 19.23 t / ha respectively). For methodology of Lin and Binns hybrids were more stable UENF UENF 1624 x 1639 and 1732 x UENF UENF Pi 1639 which was small hybrids, indicating that they have, on average, close to the maximum performance obtained. These two materials also contributed less to the interaction relative to the maximum, showing that both have wide adaptability. On the other hand, UENF UENF 1629 x 1639 and 1732 UENF 1629x UENF hybrids showed the highest values of Pi, and therefore, few considered stable. Evaluated for agronomic characteristics, hybrid UENF 1624 x 1639 and 1732 x UENF UENF 1639 stood at conditions in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso relation to BRS Mari, thus demonstrating that they are hybrids with potential to be grown in that region.


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QTLs for Agronomic Traits in Capsicum baccatum var. Pendulum (53)

Monique Moreira Moulin1*, Rosana Rodrigues2, Paola Alvares Bianchi1, Cláudia Pombo Sudré2, Cintia dos Santos Bento2, Alexandre Pio Viana2

[email protected]

1 Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Alegre, 2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro

The hot peppers belonging to the species C. baccatum are completely restricted to Latin Ame-rica. Genetic mapping is very useful for dissection of complex agronomic traits. Genetic maps allow identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL - Quantitative Trait Loci), provide knowledge on gene position and its adjacent region, and enable evolutionary mechanism interpretation, besides contribute to synteny studies. Previously, a reference genetic map for C. baccatum var. pendulum was built, with 183 markers (42 microsatellites, 85 ISSR and 56 RAPD) arranged in 16 linkage groups. Plants of P1, P2, F1 and F2 were evaluated and a mapping population consisting of 203 F2 individuals of C. baccatum was used for subsequent QTL estimation. This work aimed to identify on the constructed map possible QTLs associated with 11 agronomic traits, namely plant height, crown diameter, number of days to flowering, days to fruiting, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit dry weight. The QTL mapping was performed by standard interval mapping. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to check the possible positions of QTLs. The number of small QTL effects ranged from three to 11, with a total of 61 QTLs detected in thirteen linkage groups. QTLs were not detected only on linking groups 3, 4 and 6. Some marker loci are present in the control of more than one trait, in particular markers of linkage group 5. This indicates that this group is potentially involved in the explanation of phenotypic variation for different quantitative traits in C. baccatum, as well as QTLs positioned in this group show promise for greater knowledge of the analyzed traits. The largest number of markers was identified for number of fruits per plant, corresponding to a total of 11 markers. For this trait, markers microsatellites and ISSR explained phenotypic variation ranged from 0.98 to 2.34, totaling 16.13%. Based on what we know, this is the first report involving QTL analysis for C. baccatum species. QTLs for agronomic traits of relevant interest to crop breeding of C. baccatum var. pendulum were mapped, including QTLs for yield components, which may be used as reference for other QTL mapping studies. Additionally, a greater accumulation of QTL data on Capsicum is necessary, as it will allow a comparative analysis and genetic characterization of morphological diversity of the genus.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to IFES, CNPq and FAPERJ for financial support.


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In vitro Culture of Cotyledonary Embryos (Advanced) of Capsicum baccatum on Different Sucrose Concentration -98

Rafael Walter¹, Virginia Silva Carvalho²*, Andressa Leal Generoso³, Francielle de Souza Guimarães4, Ramon de Moraes5, Rosana Rodrigues6

[email protected]

¹Genetics and Plant Breeding Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. ² Laboratório de Fitotecnia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil.³Genetics and Plant Breeding Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 4Plant Production Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 5Agronomy at the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 6Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil

Peppers belong to the Solanaceae family and the genus Capsicum. Peppers are considered important components of the fresh vegetable market and are the basis for the development of condiment. The embryos culture for this genus is important for genetic breeding programs. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sucrose in the growth rate of cotyledonary embryos (advanced) of Capsicum baccatum. Mature seeds of C. baccatum var. pen-dulum (UENF 1624) of the germplasm bank of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil were used for the experiment. In laboratory, the seeds were sterilized in 70% alcohol for one minute later in NaClO 0.7% + Tween 20 for 15 minutes and rinsed three times in deionized autoclaved water and soaked for 12 hours. Embryos were isolated and germinated in Petri dishes containing ½MS medium without sucrose. After 15 days the seedlings were transferred to flasks containing ½MS medium with different concentrations of sucrose (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g L-1), mounted in a completely randomized experimental design with 4 replications of 5 plants each. Evaluations were made after 30 days where we assessed: survival, number of leaves, leaf area, dry matter of shoot (MSPA), root (MSR) and total (MST). There was 100% survival of seedlings in all treatments. There was no statistical difference between treatments for the number of leaves and leaf area, with values ranging, respectively, from 6.37 to 7.00 leaves per plant and from 6.975 to 9.101 cm². Seedlings of C. baccatum presented growth even without sucrose. Treatments with sucrose showed no statistic difference for MSPA with values varying between 12.462 to 18.683 mg. The control without sucrose, showed a mass of 5.313 mg. The treatments that had higher MSR were 30 and 40 g L-1 sucrose with 7.283 and 6.575 mg, respectively. The treatment presented highest MST was with 30 g L-1 sucrose with 27.633 mg. The treatment without sucrose presented the lowest values for MSR and MST, 0.900 mg and 6.200 mg, respectively. Although for most parameters evaluated, treatment with different concentrations of sucrose have shown higher growth, the see-dlings grown in the absence of sucrose, probably by showing a photoautotrophic metabolism even in vitro. This condition is highly desirable by improve the physiological characteristics such as activation of the photosynthetic apparatus and improvement of gas exchange and, consequently, reducing stress during acclimatization of these seedlings. In addition, seedlings from treatments with higher concentrations of sucrose (30 and 40 g L-1), after 30 days of culture in vitro, present signs of leaf senescence, which did not occur in the other treatments.

Acknowledgements: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF); Coordenação de Aper-feiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).


26

World Hottest Pepper Cultivar Assam Bhut Jolokia Exhibits Unilateral Self Incompatibility - a barrier

to inter specific hybridization -54

K. S. Nagaraju1, K. P. Rama Prasanna2, A. Mohan Rao3, Babu RM Ray4

[email protected]

1Ph. D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2University of Agricultural Scien-ces, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 4University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

'Bhut Jolokia' (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) the world's most famous landrace and an indigenous cultivar growing in Brahmaputra flood plain of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and other part of Northeast India. This World's Hottest Known Chile Pepper is a putative naturally occurring inters-pecific hybrid measuring pungency more than one million Scoville Heat Units. In 2000, India's Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a rating of 855,000 SHUs, and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using HPLC analysis. The Guinness World Records (2007) certified the 'Bhut Jolokia' as the world's hottest pepper; Classic Tabasco sauce ranges from 2,500 to 5,000 SHUs while, 'Bhut Jolokia' is 401.5 times hotter than Tabasco sauce. Bhut Jolokia is used as food and spice, as well as a remedy to contain summer heat. It is used in both fresh and dried forms, to not only "heat up" curries, pickles and chutneys, but also to impart distinct flavour to them. It is popularly used in combination with dried or fermented fish. In north-eastern India, the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild elephants at a distance. The pepper's intense heat makes it a fixture in competitive pepper eating. The traditional medicinal uses of Bhuth Jolokia includes as a therapeutic agent to treat bronchitis as capsaicin has the ability to dilate blood vessels thus giving relief to chronic conges-tions. Regular consumption of 'Bhuth Jolokia' fruits in small quantities is known to cure gastro-intestinal abnormalities as capsaicin can protect mechanical and chemical damage to mucous membrane of the intestine. Body muscles are toned up by topical application after heavy work and hot infusion are used to cure toothache and muscle pain. Besides paste made from young leaves is applied as thin coat over boils to remove puss. (R. R. Bhagawathi and S. Changkija, 2009). RAPD markers used to determine taxonomic position of 'Bhut Jolokia' placed it between C. chinense and C. frutescens with close clustering to the C. chinense group. The presence of RAPD markers in 'Bhut Jolokia' that are specific to C. chinense and C. frutescens suggests an in-terspecific origin for 'Bhut Jolokia' (P. W. Bosland and J. B. Baral, 2007). Economically, it would be very important to transfer the other traits also, such as capsaicin or dry matter content. The interspecific crosses make also possible to transfer the disease-resistance genes characteristic for C. chinense. Interspecific hybrids, having a new combination of genes, are also used in molecular studies including genome mapping. Therefore, use these species in the breeding work and the creation of interspecies hybrids is one of the basic methods applied for extension of the genetic variability of this genus. Since all species of the genus Capsicum are primary diploids 2n = 2x = 24, there is a high probability of obtaining their hybrid and fertile offspring populations. It was


27

found that the effectiveness of interspecific crosses within these genotypes exceed 50 per cent. The aim of this study was to assess the cross compatibility of the cultivar Bhut Jolokia with cultivated genotypes of C. annuum to enhance the pungency factor. Thirty popular genotypes cultivated by farmer's across India and preferred by consumers from Capsicum annuum, six (6) wild genotypes belonging to C. frutescens, three (3) wild genotypes of C. chinense and one (1) genotype from C. baccatum were self fertilized and reciprocally cross fertilized to Bhuth Jolokia. The experiment was carried out on filed and poly house at University of Agricultural Sciences farm Bangalore, Karnataka, India during June-July 2010-11. In each ge-notype ten unopened flower buds were emasculated and pollinated with pollen grains of Bhut Jolokia between 6am to 8am. Similarly, ten flower buds of Bhut Jolokia were emasculated and stigmatic surface were gently puffed with pollen grains from all the genotypes selected for the study. The pollinated flowers were immediately wrapped with small amount of cotton in order to avoid pollinating insects visiting the cross fertilized flowers. Observations were recorded on flower drop, number of seeds, per cent seed setting, embryo formation and seed germination. Further, the bio metric characters viz., length and width of fruit, weight of pericarp, pericarp thickness, weight of placenta without seeds and weight of dry seeds of individual fruits were also recorded. Background and aims Unilateral incompatibility (UI) occurs when pollinations between species are successful in one direction but not in the other. Self-incompatible (SI) species frequently show UI with genetically related, selfcompatible (SC) species, as pollen of SI species is compatible on the SC pistil, but not vice versa. Many examples of unilateral incompatibility, and all those which have been studied most intensively, are found in the Solanaceae, particularly Lycopersicon, Solanum, Nicotiana and Petunia. The genus Capsicum is evolutionarily somewhat distant from Lycopersicon and Solanum and even further removed from Nicotiana and Petunia. Unilateral in-compatibility has also been reported in Capsicum; however, this is the first comprehensive study of crosses between all readily available species in the genus. Interspecific crosses were made in both directions among four Capsicum species. The differences in the seed setting rate among cross combinations were appreciable. Analysis of seed germinability revealed only two combinations, C. annuum x C. chinense and C. frutescens x C. annuum, set viable seeds and vital F1 hybrids of this interspecific origin were raised naturally. Although some other crosses set seeds, they were produced with abnormal endosperm and embryos. Wherein, these seeds were either chaffy or non-viable as a result seed germination was not evident. The biggest abnormalities were observed in the seeds produced by cross combinations when ?. baccatum was used as a male parent or when C. chinense was used as a female parent. The seeds of these combinations were characterized by incompatibility between endosperm and embryo; all the embryos were completely aborted. The crosses made on 'Bhuth Jolokia' were either failed to set fruits or even with the fruit set the seed set was hampered with aborted embryos. The seed if set showed absence of embryo formation with all the four species of the genotypes employed for cross fertilization. Thus the study clearly indicated presence of unilateral self incompatibility in the world hottest cultivar 'Bhut Jolokia".

Acknowledgement: The research work was supported by fellowship grants from Kirkhouse Trust (UK).

28

Establishment of a Habanero-Type Pepper (Capsicum chinense) Synthetic Base Population -2

Francisco J. B. Reifschneider1,3*, Luciano L. Nass1 and Claudia C.S. Ribeiro2

[email protected]

1Embrapa International Relations; 2Embrapa Vegetables; 3Fellow, CNPq

There are millions of accessions maintained in gene banks around the world. One strategy to impro-ve their utilization is to develop base populations with high genetic variability. These populations can be used by breeders in order to secure the development of new and more adapted cultivars, decreasing the effect of the restricted genetic base, a reality for the main crops. In soybeans and a few selected autogamous crops, multiple crosses to increase variability have been used, despite the high labor needed. Crosses with a high number of parental lines tend to present higher varia-bility and therefore higher genetic variance. The development of base populations having wide adaptation and resistance to major diseases and other limiting factors in peppers in Brazil is a recent effort concentrated on Brazilian species such as C. chinense and C. frutescens. A program to develop a synthetic base population of habanero from which superior lines could be isolated was initiated in 2007 at Embrapa Vegetables. The population was established from a broad genetic base of accessions originating mostly from Brazil but also from other sources. Thirty one C. chinense accessions were used: CNPH 4214, CNPH 4215, CNPH 4218, CNPH 4219, CNPH 4253, CNPH 4254, CNPH 4255, CNPH 4256, CNPH 15.023, CNPH 15.024, CNPH 15.025, CNPH 15.026, CNPH 15.027, CNPH 15.028, CNPH 15.029, CNPH 15.030, CNPH 15.031, CNPH 15.032, CNPH 15.033, CNPH 15.034, CNPH 15.035, CNPH 15.036, CNPH 15.037,CNPH 15.038, CNPH 15.039, CNPH 15.040, CNPH 15.041, CNPH 15.042, CNPH 15.043, CNPH 15.044 and CNPH 15.045, with relevant characteristics varying from high vitamin C content (up to 130 mg/100g) to multiple disease resistance and very high pungency (up to 1 million SHU).

Plants were cultivated in screenhouses, several flowers/plant emasculated and crossed with a po-llen mixture from all accessions. Seeds obtained from these crosses were individualized by plants and for the succeeding generation only one plant of each genotype obtained in the previous cycle was grown in a screenhouse. F1 seeds bulked (fixed weight/plant) forming the base population, CNPH 15,469, which is presently being field grown in Brasília for multiple traits evaluation. Several strategies have been developed to take maximum advantage of the variability which has been generated, from genetic studies to the immediate extraction of genotypes for the release of new cultivars in a relatively short period of time (4 years); up to 10 genotypes are expected to be selected based on desirable characteristics and behavior during the dry season (April-October).

Acknowledgements: The authors thank CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the support.


29

Establishment of Methodological Basis for Genetic Improvement of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) -41

Adriana Canto Flick*, Guadalupe Herrera Díaz, Raúl Tapia Tussell, Daisy Pérez Brito, Eduardo Balam Uc, Nancy Santana-Buzzy.

[email protected]

Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán. Calle 43 #130. Chuburná de Hidalgo 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México.

The Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is a vegetable of great economic importance for the region; it is consumed as a fresh fruit or processed in different industries. In Mexico, the greatest Habanero genetic variability is located in the Yucatan Peninsula. However, this genetic variability is threatened because phytosanitary issues, uncertified or foreign seeds planting, cross-pollination and absence of genebanks to keep the diversity, among other reasons. Based in this, and in order to preserve and maintain the genetic purity of this species, we proposed to establish the basis for the improvement of this species through collection, morphological, molecular and pungency characterization. Today, we have a Habanero pepper collection with over 200 acces-sions. Fourteen varieties and accessions with different morphological characteristics and pungency were characterized through Capsicum descriptors proposed by the IPGRI, (1995) and the levels of capsaicinoids were quantified by HPLC. In order to obtain the DNA fingerprint and to assess the genetic diversity of mentioned varieties, molecular markers microsatellite and intermicrosatellite types were used. The results of this study showed that the intraspecific diversity of C. chinense is higher than that reported in other studies with germplasm from different sources. Although, both SSR and ISSR markers were useful to reveal the genetic diversity of C. chinense, the ISSR were those showed unique genetic profiles for each accession, the IS21 was more operative. These molecular markers allowed us to distinguish between and within different types of habanero peppers, which is very useful in breeding and conservation programs maintaining the genetic purity of the seed.


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Two New Habanero -Type Cultivars Developed by Embrapa, Brazil: BRS Juruti and BRS Jandaia -47

C.S.C. Ribeiro1*, F.J.B. Reifschneider2, S.I.C. Carvalho1

[email protected]

1Embrapa Vegetables, Caixa Postal 0218, 70359-970, Brasília-DF; 2Embrapa International Rela-tions/CNPq Fellow, Brasília-DF, Brazil.

Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are grown in all Brazilian states, especially Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Ceará, Bahia and Sergipe, with an estimated area of 5,000 ha and a total production of about 75,000 metric tons. Capsicum agribusiness in Brazil is worth about US$ 50 to 60 mi-llion a year and has demanded cultivars with high uniformity, good agronomic and processing characteristics, and disease resistance. The cultivation of chile peppers has as key pillar small, family-run farms, therefore with high social importance. Peppers in many cases is the primary source of income of these families, and the integration between small farmers and the Capsicum processing industry is an important characteristic of this segment. Habanero-type peppers (Cap-sicum chinense) are beginning to be of interest to the Brazilian market; so far, there have been no cultivars specifically developed to Brazilian agroecosystems. The Habanero group is not well known in Brazil, despite its origin in the Amazon, and domestic and international markets have been increasing the demand for this type of pepper, particularly in the United States of America and Europe, in the form of mash. Brazilian industry is interested in supplying part of this demand with quality products and competitive prices. The main objective of this work was to develop Habanero-type cultivars with high pungency, yield, and uniformity adapted to the Central region of Brazil. The new cultivars recently released by Embrapa are two open pollinated (OP) habaneros: "BRS Juruti" and "BRS Jandaia." These cultivars were derived from commercial varieties available in the Brazilian market. Five generations of single plant selection and selfing were performed until the progenies showed no segregation. During each generation, selection for agronomic and processing traits relevant to the industry was undertaken. Selection was based on plant and fruit characteristics such as plant architecture and height, shape and size of fruit, immature and mature fruit color, pungency, yield, and disease resistance. 'BRS Juruti' has red fruit, yielded around 49 t/ha (36,000 plants/ha), its pungency is circa 260,000 SHU and has high content of vitamin C (122 mg/100g). 'BRS Jandaia' fruits are orange, yielding around 44 t/ha with a pungency of about 200,000 SHU and 124 mg/100g of fruit of vitamin C. Both are resistant to several viruses, Oidiopsis sicula, Meloidogyne javanica and present intermediate resistance to key bacterial diseases. The two new cultivars have been registered (BRS Jandaia - RNC 32009 and BRS Juruti - RNC 32010) and are being protected; breeders'seed of these two new cultivars will soon be made available to interested parties in the private sector.

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank CNPq (the Brazilian National Research and De-velopment Council) and Sakura Nakaya Alimentos Ltda for their support.


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Genetic Improvement of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Germplasm from Existing Species in the Yucatan Peninsula -42

Nancy Santana-Buzzy*, Adriana Canto, Flick, Eduardo [email protected]


Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is one of the most important species to the Yucatan Peninsula, not only in economic terms but also social and cultural. The high pungency (itching), aroma and distinctive taste of Habanero fruit, is very unique in this region of the world. Probably the combination of soil, climate and humidity prints the diferrence, allowing the Denomination of Origin of Habanero pepper from Yucatan Peninsula. Coincidentally, Yucatán is recognized as a center of genetic diversity of this species, several Habanero fruit differing in colors (orange, red, yellow, purple), shapes, sizes and pungency have been evaluated. This was the platform to select Habanero pepper varieties for different purposes (fresh consumption, industry, export). In this work, we present the selection strategy for 8 improved Habanero varieties: 4 orange fruits, 3 red fruits and 1 yellow fruit, which are registered in the National Catalogue of Vegetable Varieties (CNVV) of the National Inspection and Certification Seed (SNICS) and certified for marketing. Two of these varieties already have the title of the breeder. The registrations of six remaining varieties are in progress. All of them, have been introduced in the production practice and the seed is marketed in Mexico.


32

Habanero Pepper: a Plant Species with High Embryogenic Potential In vitro -43

Susana Avilés-Viñas*, Eunice Gomez-Uc, Carlos Regla-Marquez, Raul Valle Gough, Jacobo Perez-Pastrana, Nancy Santana-Buzzy.

[email protected]


In the present work somatic embryos were produced from the hypocotyls of Capsicum chinense plants. The explants were exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0, 4.50 y 9.05 µM), and for different exposure times to this auxin (15, 30, 45, 60 days). The deve-lopment of somatic embryos cultured in semisolid or liquid medium were evaluated. As a result, a novel system of regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in liquid medium was established, with an efficiency of 1.77X104 ESs•L-1, and 58.7 ± 5.3% of embryos, reaching the cotyledonary stage. Critical embryogenesis stages, including cellular acquisition of morphogenetic competence, formation of suspensor, development and maturation of somatic embryos during somatic embr-yogenesis were identified by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Because somatic embryos of habanero pepper developed abnormalities exclusively in the shoot meristem, and it is known that Wuschel homeobox gene plays an important role in cellular regulation during embryonic meristem formation, we investigated the expression of this gene. Wuschel mRNA was detected during early stages of development of somatic embryos before reaching the cotyledo-nary stage. Our results offered a promising new outlook on in vitro regeneration of this species (C. chinense). Contrary, to previous studies in Capsicum genus, we observed a high embryogenic potential in vitro for Habanero.


33

Biotechnological Advances in Capsicum Research: An Indian Perspective -106

Pramod [email protected]

Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advance Studies in Botany, Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; Tel. +913642550150; Fax +913642550300

Capsicum is an important horticultural crop named as wonder spice. Chilies are important as in-gredients in a wide varied use such as vegetable, pickles, spice, and condiments, because of the versatile colours, shapes, flavours, pungency and aromas. Chili is a universal spice of India. It is grown almost throughout the country. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of chilies in the world. Though various domesticated Capsicum species are cultivated in India, Naga King Chili is the most pungent Indian chili measuring 1,001,304 Scoville Heat Units (SHU); however, the production is limited to Northeastern region of India. In recent years, biotechnology has emerged as an important approach for improvement and utilization of chili. In spite of Capsicum species having shown to be recalcitrant to differentiation and plant regeneration under in vitro conditions, application of biotechnological tools to improve Naga King chili has been an area of intensive research. In vitro plantlet regeneration system has been successfully developed using different explants viz., shoot tips, nodal segments, cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf etc., showing promising re-sults. Enhancement of capsaicinoids biosynthesis in suspension and immobilized cells, tissue and organ cultures exhibited several fold increase in capsaicinoids production under various culture strategies. Different biotechnological enhancement approaches such as immobilization of cells, precursor feeding, cell selection, elicitors treatments, osmotic stress, influence of calcium channel modulators, nutrient stress, pH stress, among others, exhibited enhanced in vitro biosynthesis of capsaicinoids in chili. Biotransformation of precursors to interesting industrial products other than capsaicin such as vanillin flavor components have also been observed in in vitro cell cultures of chili. Though significant enhancement of capsaicinoids have been obtained as compared to the control cells or tissue, the inherent limitation associated with plant cell cultures is the low levels of capsaicinoids in cell and tissue cultures as compared to the levels in fruits. The future studies may include scale up of Capsicum cell cultures in bioreactors, identification of genes involved in important traits such as pungency, yield, fruit size and shape, resistance to diseases and pests. The more profound knowledge of Capsicum research will advance by applying genetic engineering to transform chili pepper cells or tissues for crop improvement. This presentation will describe the opportunities and challenges in Capsicum research in India.


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Determination of Natural Rates of Cross-pollination Capsicum annuum Seeds Using Codominant Markers -56

Warley M. Nascimento*, Elaine J. Vaz, Patricia P. Silva, María E. Fonseca, Leonardo S. Boiteux

[email protected] Embrapa Vegetables, CP. 218, Brasília, DF, Brazil, 70.359-970

Molecular tools have been used in seed production to monitor genetic quality of cultivars and hybrids of different Capsicum species. A molecular marker specific for a gene associated with cap-saicin accumulation (pungency) in the placental tissue of the fruits (gene Pun-1) presents features of interest for use in seed production for early diagnosis of genetic purity as well as in studies to determine cross pollination between Capsicum accessions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic quality of C. annuum seeds obtained on production systems established under field conditions in Brasília, Brazil. Plants of C. annuum 'BRS Garça' (spicy fruits) were used as male parents to determine the natural crossing rates and the effect of spatial isolation on genetic purity and the bell pepper C. annuum 'Magali R' (hybrid with sweet fruit employed as female parent). For analysis of the cross-pollination rate, fruits of the female parent was harvested and the seeds were extracted, dried and packed. Young leaves of seedlings were collected for DNA extraction. Molecular analysis was performed via PCR assays with a codominant marker derived from primers targeting a segment of a gene coding for an acyltransferase (Pun-1 gene). The molecular marker was efficient to quantify cross-pollination rates in natural (field) conditions. The natural cross-pollination rates in plants and seeds were estimated in 10.8% and 1.2%, respectively. These results indicated that this molecular marker may be helpful in the determining genetic purity as well as maintaining, multiplying germplasm of commercial pepper seed production.


36

Genetic relations among fifty-one sweet pepper and hot pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) belong to

Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) -7

Javier Saavedra Romero1*,2, Mabel Muñoz1, María Teresa Pino1

[email protected]

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Graduate Student Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile. *Corresponding-autor: [email protected].

The studies of genetic divergence and diversity have been important tools in the vegetable breeding programs. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence in a subset of Capsicum accessions from the germplasm bank belong to the Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) and its relationship with agronomic and fruit industrial traits. Fifty-one genotypes (considering sweet pepper and hot pepper) were selected based on their agronomic and fruit industrial charac-terization. Eighty-seven putative microsatellite markers (SSR) were evaluated and twelve SSR mar-kers were selected for further analysis. The DNA samples from ten individuals per genotype were extracted in bulk by CTAB protocol and microsatellite regions were amplified using a touchdown PCR protocol. Different alleles were scored and genetic distance estimation among genotypes was carried out based on the allelic similarities and dissimilarities. For cluster analysis, the hierarchical clustering UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average) and Neighbor Joi-ning (NJ) methods were used and the results were verified with cophenetic correlation coefficient (CPCC). Also, the fruit quality traits in the 51 genotypes (pericarp thickness, fruit dry matter (%), sugar content (oBrix), fruit fresh weight, polar fruit diameter and equatorial fruit diameter) were analyzed with multivariate statistic by principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis by Ward's clustering method. The results of molecular analysis of 51 genotypes showed that the number of alleles at the selected SSR loci was ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 3.6 alleles per locus. The CPCC analysis showed differences between the two methods of clustering, the highest value was observed in NJ Cluster analysis with 0.802 while for UPGMA method the value was 0.744. Neighbor Joining cluster analysis grouped the 51 Capsicum accessions into three groups: Group I clustered 16 genotypes, including the commercial genotype FYUCO. Group II was the largest group, clustered a large percentage of hot peppers genotypes and the commercial genoty-pe FINITA, among others. Group III clustered 13 genotypes, including the commercial genotypes CALIFORNIA WONDER, RESISTANT, TAMBORA and PHYTOSUN. Principal components analysis (PCA) of fruit quality traits showed that the first two components explained 81.06% of the total variance. The traits that contributed most to the total genetic diversity were pericarp thickness and fruit equatorial diameter into Component 1 and fruit polar diameter and sugar content into Component 2. The clustering analysis using fruit quality traits data revealed the existence of three groups with strong differences among these for all the analyzed characteristics. The groups derived from molecular clustering showed significant differences for sugar content, pericarp thickness and fruit dry matter. Also, this clustering showed that genotypes with resistance to Phytophthora capsici (RESISTANT, PHYTOSUN and FUYCO) were clustered into two different groups.

Acknowledgements: This research was carried out with financial support from INNOVA-CORFO (09PMG-7244).


mailto:[email protected].

37

Morphologic and Genetic Relationships between Wild and Domesticated Forms of Peppers

(Capsicum frutescens and C. chinense) -74

S. I. C. Carvalho1, C. F Ragassi1, L. B.Bianchetti2, C. S. C.Ribeiro1*, F. J. B. Reifschneider3, G. S. C.Buso2, F. G. Faleiro2

[email protected]

1Embrapa Vegetables, Caixa Postal 0218, 70359-970, Brasília-DF; 2Embrapa, Brasília-DF, Brazil; 3Embrapa International Relations/CNPq Fellow, Brasília-DF, Brazil.

Capsicum chinense and C. frutescens peppers are part of the Brazilian biodiversity, and the Amazon Basin is the area of greatest diversity for them, especially for the former. However, little is known about their evolutionary history. Peppers can be classified as domesticated, semi-domesticated, or wild based on morphological changes observed during the domestication process, as a result of artificial selection (eg, suppression of natural dispersal mechanisms, among others). The objectives of this work were to study phylogenetics and genetic diversity of Capsicum spp. based on ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers and morphological characteristics related to the degree of domestication. Aiming to identify genotypes with wild and domesticated characteristics, 26 accessions (9 C. frutescens and 17 C. chinense) from Embrapa Vegetables germplasm bank were characterized using morphological descriptors and ISSR molecular markers. Of the 72 primers tested, 42% showed amplification and produced 136 amplicons with some of the primers, namely i7Pv and i57Zm, allowing the identification of each species. Four accessions collected in the Amazon region (CNPH 4315, CNPH 4372, CNPH 4337 and CNPH 4325B) popularly known as olho-de-peixe or olho-de-periquito were molecularly classified as C. chinense and showed fruit with characteristics similar to the wild Capsicum genotypes: upright position, rounded to campa-nulate shape, small size (1.0 cm long and 0.8 cm wide), average weight of 0.2 g, dark-red color when ripe, easy detachment of calyx and presence of calyx annular constriction (discriminative of C. chinense). In C. frutescens neither morphologic nor molecular differences among domesticated and wild forms were clearly found. A significant correlation was found between morphological and molecular characterization, and the combination of the two analyses was effective in identifying and classifying the wild forms, contributing to evolutionary studies in the genus.

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank CNPq (the Brazilian National Research and De-velopment Council).


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Genetic variability 165 Hot Pepper accessions in INIA-Chile, by fruit traits, pungency and molecular characterization -75

Francisca Aguayo1*, Olga Zamora1,3, Darío Estay1, Mabel Muñoz1, Francisco Alvarez1, Javier Saavedra1,2, María-Teresa Pino1 -75-

[email protected]

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Graduate-student Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 3Undergraduate-student Bioche-mistry Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. *Corresponding -autor: [email protected]

In the last decade, demand for Capsicum-based products has increased significantly around the world, because their enhanced functional properties and human health benefits. In hot pepper the Capsaicin, the major pungent component, has been associated to anti-carcinogenic proper-ties via induction of apoptosis, to obesity and diabetes prevention, among others. The Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) have been evaluating over 200 hot pepper accessions every season differing in fruit color, fruit shape and pungency level in order to establish the basis of Hot Pepper breeding program for industry intents. In this study, 165 hot pepper accessions (Capsicum spp.) were evaluated in terms of fruit fresh weight, fruit colour, fruit shape, pericarp thickness, and capsaicin content by HPLC analysis. In addition, the MAP1 marker was evaluated in order to validate this pungency marker in the evaluated Capsicum accessions. Significant differences were observed in the fruit trait quality and pungency level (p<0.05). The principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that PC1 and PC2 explained 81.5 % of the total quantitative variation among the hot pepper accessions; the largest contribution to this variation were the characteristics associated with fruit fresh weight, and pericarp thickness in PC1 and fruit color in PC2. The cluster analysis by Ward's method clustered the 165 Capsicum accessions into two groups: While Group I inclu-ded 65% of total evaluated Capsicum accessions clustering those with smaller fruits and lower pericarp thickness, Group II included 35% of total Capsicum accessions clustering those fruits with higher fresh weight, and pericarp thickness. The MAP1 marker was tested in accessions with different level of pungency, allowing the discrimination between from non-pungent (479 bp) and from pungent accessions (494 bp). These results suggest that existent genetic variability among the evaluated hot pepper accessions will allow developing breeding lines of industrial interest adapted to the local climatic conditions.




39

Effects of Ethyl-Methane-Sulfonate in the Generation of Genetic Variability in Capsicum annuum -51

Kaline da Silva Nascimento1, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo2, Antônia Maiara Marques do Nascimento3, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2,

Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa4, Gláucia Diojânia Azevedo de Medeiros1, Flávia Laís Gomes Fortunato4

[email protected]

1Graduate in Biological Sciences and Master Student in Agronomy, 2Professor of Centro de Ciências Agrárias, 3Undergraduate in Biological Sciences, 4Master in Agranomia - Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CCA).

The genus Capsicum comprises economically important species around the world, among them the most cultivated is Capsicum annuum L., with great diversity of forms and colors of their leaves, flowers and fruits, which gives them great ornamental potential. Methods to create new varieties of plants are targets of the studies of the breeders. A method that gets highlighted in these studies is the induction of mutation in genes that control traits of economic importance and/or eliminates undesirable genes. Among the mutagens used in the studies, deserves spotlight the Ethyl-Methane-sulfonate (EMS), to be less phytotoxic and reported as high efficiency. So, the objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the mutagen Ethyl-Methane-Sulfonate (EMS) in ornamental pepper (C. annuum L.). The seeds of C. annuum were soaked in distilled, deionized and autoclaved water for 12 hours, then were subjected to different treatments of EMS, seven concentrations (0,0; 0,025; 0,050; 0,1; 0,15; 0,20 and 0,25%) and two exposure times (3 and 6 hours), resulting in fourteen treatments. The seeds were inoculated in vitro conditions and in stage seedlings were acclimated to pots with substrate. Through the analysis of variance of germination percentage and germination rate index was observed that there were no significant differences for these two variables, or to the characteristics analyzed in seedlings from these treated seeds. Of eighteen traits evaluated in plants stage, thirteen showed significant differences: petals diameter, stylet length, fruit weight, highest and lowest fruit diameter, pedicel length, thickness of the placenta, placenta length, number of seeds, fruit fresh matter, fruit dry matter and dry matter content, which indicates that the EMS contributed in generating of plant fruit variations arising of seeds treated with EMS. In conditions of this study, the dose (0,1 %) and the exposure time of 3h EMS were responsible for major variations in traits, which can be used in breeding programs of this species.


40

Alternative Cuban Pepper Varieties belong to the Institute of Horticultural Research Liliana Dimitrova -104

Yaritza Rodríguez Llanes1*, Carlos Michel Camejo González1 y Sixto Ricardo Rodríguez García1.


1Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas Liliana Dimitrova - Quivacan - Cuba

The Cuban vegetable breeding program for alternatives varieties in species such as pepper and Eggplant, for both open field and protected crops systems, has been developed since the 90's in the Institute of Horticultural Research Liliana Dimitrova. The selection and breeding began with the mass introduction of foreign varieties in order to find adapted material to the tropics condition with good performance against diseases. Only a few of the introduced varieties exceed performance of those traditional varieties cultivated in Cuba. A selection program for pepper was started from different population in order to obtain adapted material to Cuba conditions; variety ´Español Liliana´ was obtained with good performance from a pepper population type ´Español´. The variety ´SC-81´ and its HD-SC81 doubled haploid for fresh seasoning were obtained from a population type Chay. Other varieties obtained are LICAL an open pollinated variety from a Cali-fornia wonder type population; and the hybrid LPD-5 a Lamuyo type for greenhouse. In Cuba, is crucial to continue the effort of breeding program to find new cultivars adapted to the tropics, with high yield potential and diseases resistance through conventional methods (breeding, selection and selfing) supported by molecular markers. Using these methods, two new varieties for open field crop were obtained LD-638 and YAMIL (both California Wonder type). Actually, a breeding program is carried out in order to obtain new resistant pepper hybrids to Potyvirus, M. incognita, P. capsici, Tospovirus and R. solanacearum in different colors and post-harvest quality. This se-lection and breeding program have been possible with the support of international cooperation.


41

Agrobiodiversity of Capsicum spp. in Southwest Mato Grosso: Collection and Characterization -68

Jefferson Wesley da Silva Correa1; Adryellison Lemes de Campos1; Santino Seabra Júnior1; Marco Antônio Aparecido Barelli1; Rosana Rodrigues2; Cláudia Pombo Sudré2; Nadsley Seraglio Souza Cabral1; Antônio Chimello1, Leonarda Grillo Neves1

[email protected]

1Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, 2Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro.

Capsicum species are very important in Brazil because of economic, cultural and biological factors, and the country is considered the center of diversity for this genus. The UNEMAT's gree-nery germplasm bank which is under construction and the objectives of this work were: i) to redeem the genetic variability of Capsicum in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso, to ensure the conservation of these accessions for future use; ii) characterize the accessions collected based on morphological descriptors and molecular markers of type ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats),. The experimental work was divided into two stages: the random of variability, through visits to farmers who donated seeds to build the database, conducted from September 2012 to November 2012 and the morphological, agronomic and molecular characterization of access redeemed. The experiment was conducted in Cáceres, Mato Grosso. They were collected 80 accessions in 58 properties. The collection of morphological data was performed from October 2012 to August 2013. In those 80 accessions were done molecular analyzes in the period from June 2013 to August 2013, in Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University. Data were obtained by following the descriptors of the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources currently Biodiversity International) for Capsicum, to which 70 descriptors were used. The data analysis was performed with the use of different techniques of multivariate statistics. An array of binary data for analysis of molecular data was drawn, the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard index being used to estimate genetic similarity among accessions. In the morphological characterization were formed six well-defined groups. The groups were formed in different agronomic and morphological characterization so it was necessary to subdivide for better distinction of accesses. Accesses in the molecular analysis were divided into only two groups; there is also the need to subdivide. For the combined analy-sis (morphological + molecular agronomic +) six groups were formed by species of Capsicum, with no duplicates. For all groups, the cophenetic correlation coefficient was higher than 0.8. All correlations between the matrix of joint distance were significant by the Mantel test. The genetic variability of agrobiodiversity in Southwest Region of Mato Grosso, a germplasm bank has been established with significant genetic variability, which will support the work of future improvement. And together, these data provided better information for the same.


42

Comparative Trial of 14 Peruvian Selectionsof Aji Amarillo "Yellow Chili"-69

L. Cerna and R.Ugás [email protected]

La Molina National Agrarian University. Lima. Perú.

The yellow chili as representative of traditional peruvian cuisine ingredient, is currently a product of great agribusiness potential. There are many local types with great variability that have not been studied. This is the first time a comparative trial is done aimed for breeding by determining which selections of yellow chili has the best characteristics in both yield and quality of fruits, for further commercial use in a local and international market. The agronomic management of the chilis were held in Casma, located 355 km north of Lima. For the plant culture, a randomized block design was used distributed over an area of 927 sq meters, within a commercial production field with asparagus, paprika and yellow chili. The trial was distributed in 4 blocks of 14 selections of yellow chilis randomly arranged from various collecting trips along the peruvian coast visiting a number of markets, local producers and fields. " Carrot " and "Pacae " are the types that make the 14 selections and are classified according the following locations: 1. Piura; 2,3. Chiclayo; 4,5. Casma ; 6. Huarmey; 7. Barranca; 8. Chancayllo; 9. Manchay; 10. Cañete; 11. Arequipa; 12. Cuz-co; 13,14. Tacna. Seedlings greenhouse were transplanted manually in the ridges with a distance of 0.5 m between plants and 1.2 m between furrows. The production were under conventional management with phytosanitary applications to prevent and control damages from Phytophthora capsici, propiplosis, and fruit worm eaters, mainly. Fertilization had a dose of 350-10-350 and risks were under gravity system scheduled weekly. During the growing season a series of evalua-tions were performed: Growth and development (plant survival, plant height and width, leaf area), precocity (flowering, curdled, maturation), yield (fruit weight, number of fruits and dry matter), quality (weight per fruit fresh and dry, long and width of fruits, pulp thickness); other evaluations such as first-quality and qualitative ones accordance the manual of Capsicum descriptors. The analysis of results showed for the "pacae" chili type (chilis 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14), different characteristics within the others, less precocity in development and maturation, greater plant height and leaf size, larger fruits and higher unit weight per fruit, which finally determined larger percentages premium for this type. Among the " carrot " type, there were no significant differences in the vegetative developmet, however, is the chili 6 the one which scored higher yields, closely followed by the 5, 10 and 9, chili. And, the chili 2 the one with higher porcentege premium for this type. At last, considering the markets consumption patterns, there are potential types of chilis that meet the horticultural quality requirements and flavors to the development in different and innovative presentations.


43

Yield and Fruit Quality in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum Genotypes -70

Lígia R. A. da Silva*, Artur M. Medeiros, Samy Pimenta, Daniele V. da Costa, Gláucia M. C. Silva, Diederson B. Santana, Thâmara F. M. Cavalcanti,

Ingrid G. da C. Geronimo, Jéssica M. Cunha, Camila Q. da Silva, Jurandi G. de Oliveira, Rosana Rodrigues

[email protected]

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Centro de Ciências e Tecno-logias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal. Obtaining commercial hybrids in Capsicum is viable, commercially attractive and has been wi-dely explored in sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum). However, studies on genetics and breeding including the production of hybrids in chili pepper from C. baccatum are scarce. This study investigated fruit yield and fruit quality in C. baccatum var. pendulum hybrids. Three experimen-tal hybrids, UENF 1616 x UENF 1732 (H1), UENF 1624 x UENF 1629 (H2), and UENF 1629 x UENF 1732 (H3), their respective parents - UENF 1616 (G1), UENF 1624 (G2), UENF 1629 (G3), UENF 1732 (G4) and two controls represented by commercial genotypes - 'BRS Mari' (T1) and 'Ibirajá' (T2) were tested under field conditions in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. The trial was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates and nine plants per plot. The following characteristics were evaluated: productivity (PD); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); flesh thickness (FT); total soluble solids (TSS); titratable acidity (TA); ratio TSS/TA and ascorbic acid content (AA). There was highly significant difference for PD, FL, FD, FT, TA and TSS/TA, and also significant difference was observed for TSS and ratio TSS/AT. Two hybrids (H1=14.28 t ha -1, H2=12.66 t ha-1) showed better-parent heterosis (heterobeltiosis) for PD. The hybrid H2 had the highest average for fruit length (115.30 mm) and for titratable acidity (0.1194 mg.100g-1 fresh mass). Hybrids also produced fruits with higher diameter (from 26.73 to 41.13 mm), flesh thickness (H1=2.87 mm; H2=2.25 mm; H3=2.87 mm), total soluble solids (from 6.17 to 7.62 oBrix). Thicker flesh fruit is a desirable trait because it is associated with superior yield and fruit quality. Total soluble solid is also a very important character since the higher the TSS concentration, the tastier the fruits. The H1 hybrid had the best result for TSS/TA ratio (91.30) and this trait is related to the balance between sugars and acids in fruit, being an important indication of flavor. Moreover, H1 hybrid also showed a good mean value (114.34 mg.100g-1 fresh mass) for ascorbic acid (related to vitamin C) resulting in fruits with high nutritional quality. The experimental C. baccatum var. pendulum hybrids UENF 1616 x UENF 1732 and UENF 1624 x UENF 1629 are promising to be used as new commercial genotypes in terms of yield and fruit quality.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support.


44

Characterization of Flower and Fruits of Wild Chili (Capsicum caatingae) -72

Rusthon Magno Cortez dos Santos1*, Aluízio Borém2, Leonardo Volpato3, Luana de Freitas Tavares3, Finando Luiz Finger2

[email protected]

1Postgraduate student genetics and breeding program from Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil; 2Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;3Student from Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil

The wild Capsicum species are important genetic resources for improving this genus. They can be used to introduce disease resistance and also to increase the nutritional quality, productivity and adaptation to stress. This study aimed to characterize four genotypes of Capsicum caatingae based on quantitative traits of flower and fruit. We used four genotypes of mother plants maintained ex situ belonging to the Vegetable Gene Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with ten replications. In the mor-phoagronomic characterization were used 12 quantitative descriptors being: 6 of flower and 6 of fruit as proposed by IPGRI (1995) Descriptors for flower were: flower diameter (FD), petal length (PL), petal width (PW), anther length (AL), length of the fillet (FL) and length stiletto (LS). The fruit descriptors were: length of peduncle (LPE), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), pericarp thickness (PT), number of seeds per fruit (NSF) and fruit weight (FW). Data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test at 5% level of significance and means were compared by Duncan test at this same level of probability. All traits were significant by F test, except anther length, pedicel length and pericarp thickness. In general the genotype one had the highest means for all traits studied, however the genotypes two and three were morphologically similar to the characteristics studied, indicating that they might be duplicates in the germplasm bank. Studies of genetic variability for phenotypic and morphological characteristics are a prerequisite for the preservation of species, as well as for improvement. Thus, efforts are needed to initiate projects for in situ conservation of Capsicum caatingae genetic resources.


45

Color and Consistence Characterisation of Twenty Varieties of Peruvian Chilli Pepper -71

M Arroyo,* J. Espinoza, E. Morales, R. Ugá[email protected]

La Molina National Agrarian University, Lima, Perú

Twenty samples of native Peruvian chilli peppers from coast have been characterized according to the colour and consistency. This study included varieties of Capsicum annuumm, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutenscens. The colour was measured according to the CIELAB model. Raw chili samples was analysed using a MINOLTA colorimeter, which de-termined luminosity (L), redness tendency (a*) and yellowness tendency (b*). Subsequently, raw samples were blended adding demineralized water (2:1 [w/w]). The consistency was measured with an empirical test called Bostwick consistency index (BI), which shows the distance that travel the pulp and serum of the sauce in 30 seconds. The results obtained were treated with the statistically test Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) (=0.05). According to the results, two of the samples showed high values of luminosity (L > 62.18) and three of them values of L between 51.990 and 56.565. In redness tendency, it was observed that six samples showed highest values of a* between 35.123 and 36.8167. These results were accorded with the red colour of the samples. Two of the samples lowest values (a* between -3.590 and -4.303) showed a yellow colour. Finally, in yellowness tendency, four samples obtained highest values of b* between 53.79 and 57.06. The results were accorded with the yellow color of the samples. Overmore, three samples showed lowest values of b* between 7.677 and 8.347. Those samples had a red and brown color. On the other hand, 15% of the sauces showed a high resistance to flow (BI between 1.83 and 2.417), whereas 20% of them have low consistency (between 8.333 and 6.917). Furthermore, the difference between pulp and serum was statically showed.

Acknowledgements: El Huerto (La Molina National Agrarian University), VLIR Project.


46

Ex-situ Conservation of Peruvian Native Peppers as Basic Research to Develop Value Chains: Regional Distribution and Taxonomical Classification -76

R Ugás and V. Mendoza [email protected], [email protected]

1La Molina National Agrarian University (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina/UNALM).2Flemish Interuniversity Council (Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad/VLIR).

Capsicum genus was originated in the Andes and is one of the most important vegetable and spices consumed in the world. This genus is very diverse in Peru, and as a probe of that a wide variety is found in local markets. However, there is a lack of knowledge of their taxonomical classification and distribution along the national territory. UNALM1 in cooperation with VLIR2 are working with a representative collection of native Peruvian peppers and the taxonomical identification of each accession. The information generated will serve as the bases for future research work to develop value chains around this great diversity. The Capsicum were collected in the three natural regions, being the amazon region (specially in San Martín, Loreto & Amazonas) and the northern coastline (specially in La Libertad, Lambayeque & Tumbes) the locations where the search intensity was higher due to references of usage of different types and local "varieties". Fruits were collected in farmer´s fields, vegetable gardens and local markets. The 325 collected accessions were sown in La Molina (Lima), and classified following the taxonomical keys (IBPGR, 1983) and some of the already classify material was rectified into different taxonomical classes. Results show that the main number of accessions came from the amazon region (51.4%) and San Martin region presented the highest diversity (20.3%). Taxonomical identification showed that the collection has in total five different domesticated species, and that Capsicum chinense is the main specie present in the accessions (60.3%), followed by Capsicum baccatum (24.6%).

mailto:[email protected],


47

Variability and Relative Importance of Port Traits in a F2 Generation of Chili Pepper Capsicum annuum L. -46

Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa1*; Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo1; Priscila Alves Barroso1; Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento2;

Joelson Germano Crispim1; Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo1

[email protected]

1Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Ve-getal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil

The determination of the existing genetic diversity in gene banks allows, among others, the cha-racterization of accessions, identification of duplicates and germplasm exchange among resear-chers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity in an F2 generation of ornamental chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), in Paraíba state. For this, 99 F 2 plants were evaluated for the following port traits: seedling height; hypocotyl width, cotyledon leaf length; cotyledon leaf width; plant height; canopy width; first bifurcation height, stem width, leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B. The ex-perimental design was completely randomized, in which each plant was repetition and parents were used as control. The data were grouped by Tocher Method based on Mahalanobis distance. The relative importance was evaluated by the Singh Method (1981). The 99 plants were grouped in three different groups. The group 1 comprised the majority of the genotypes (97 individuals). Groups 2 and 3 were formed each one for one genotype, 43 and 29, respectively. Chlorophyll A (21.76%), hypocotyl diameter (14.95%) and stem diameter (14.21%) were the variables that contributed most to the genetic divergence. On the other hand, chlorophyll B contributes only to 0.0574%. This variable can be discarded in future studies. According to the analyzed data, the genotypes 29, 43, 9, 1, 65, 80, 73 and 4, and 28 may be selected to continue the breeding program.


48

Unlocking Chile Pepper Genetics: From Domestication throughClassical Breeding to Genomics -3

Paul W. Bosland [email protected]

Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003

Globally, chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are popular ornamentals, one of the most important spices, and a major vegetable in most cuisines, as well as rich sources of vitamins and nutrients, pharmaceuticals, natural coloring agents, and defense repellants. The annual global production has grown more than 40-fold during the past two decades and now exceeds $14.4 billion (U.S.). Prehistoric people, from the Bahamas to Peru, were using chile peppers in a variety of foods as a way to enhance the flavor of maize and manioc. These prehistoric people transformed the wild chiltepin from the small pea-sized berry to the large fruited types familiar to us all. They domesticated five different species of Capsicum in five different domestication events and loca-tions indicating that Capsicum was seen as useful from the very first contact. Currently, the other 32 wild species have little utilitarian use. However, genes may be lurking in their genomes that could have a significant impact in the future. Most of the variety within Capsicum seen in the marketplace today is from saving natural occurring mutations. Over many years, this gave rise to plants with bigger fruit and a variety of different colors, shapes, and flavors. We still face the task of providing cultivars with superior genes necessary to increase yield, provide protection against production hazards, and improved quality.

In Classical Breeding, a variety of breeding methods have produced new Capsicum cultivars. In order to achieve the plethora of unique objectives, breeders must use several different breeding methods. These have included pedigree, backcross, recurrent selection, mutation breeding, in-terspecific hybridization, and the F1 hybrid. The new genomic approach can increase efficiency, and unlock new genes to allow for new and novel breeding approaches.

In Genomics, Capsicum genetics and breeding are evolving at an astounding rate toward a geno-mics approach, whether it is marker-assisted selection, comparative plant genomics, or genetic transformation. The Capsicum genome is 4 times larger than the tomato genome. The genome expanded about 300,000 years ago with respect to the genome of other Solanaceae by a rapid amplification of retrotransposon elements. More than 81% of the Capsicum genome consists of transposons. Capsicum has approximately 34,500 protein-coding genes. The chile pepper's "heat" originated through the evolution of new genes by duplication of existing genes and mutations in gene expression.

In Future Trends, ee are living in a Golden Age for Capsicum research. New information crucial for improving the horticultural, nutritional and medicinal qualities of Capsicum are being be dis-covered. This new information will be important as we address new issues and problems facing Capsicum production. New diseases and pests will evolve, and climate change may effect Capsi-cum production. But, we will use our new genomic knowledge to unlock the secrets of Capsicum for continuously improving and developing better cultivars.


49

Simultaneous Calculation of The Sample Size For Morphological Characterization Of Pepper Fruits -67

Anderson Rodrigo da Silva1*, Reginaldo F. Hilário2, Naysa F. F. do Nascimento3, Elizanilda R. do Rêgo3, Carlos T. dos S. Dias2, Paulo R. Cecon4, Júlio C. P. de Mesquita5

[email protected]

1Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil; 2USP, Pi-racicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; 3UFPB, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil; 4UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 5Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brazil

The goal of this study was to determine the appropriate sample size for the characterization of pepper fruit traits, in a multivariate way, through a technique of re-sampling subsamples. Our study was based on the information of an experiment carried out under a randomized block design involving nine accessions of pepper in two blocks. We evaluated six response variables related to morphological characterization of fruits: mean weight, peduncle length, fruit length, largest diameter, lowest diameter, pericarp thickness. The data used to determine the sample size was the vector of scores of the first principal component, representing 30 observations of the 6 morphological variables. Through the percentile bootstrap method, we have created a 95% con-fidence interval for the following statistics: mean and standard deviation, based on the original data (scores). We have re-sampled with replacement lower size samples, ranging from 2 to 29, to estimate both statistics. For each lower size we have taken 500 subsamples in order to compute the proportion of estimates out of the confidence interval for those statistics. Taking in account the variance and covariance of the response variables by using a principal component analysis, we found a subsample of size 22 that expresses the same accuracy of the original sample (30 fruits).

Acknowledgements: To the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano for the financial support.


50

Morphological Characterization of an Amazonian Chili Pepper Collection -66

Ana Lucia Manco Matumay1, Roberto Ugás Carro2

[email protected], [email protected]

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina1,2

Peru is the center of origin and diversification of the genus Capsicum. It has a wide variety of peppers that deserved to be studied and used due to its characteristics such as its spicy flavor, properties, use as well as its important cultural value. The Universidad Nacional Agraria La Mo-lina keeps a significant germplasm collection for species such as: chili peppers; and it is due to this wide unknown diversity that this study has focused on the taxonomical and morphological description for a collection of peppers coming from the Peruvian forest in order to know, describe, value and quantify the diversity of peppers grown in this area. The representative sample of the studied Amazonian diversity was made up of 63 accessions, which were clustered according to the common taxonomy: "Charapita", "Malaguete", "Motelito", "Pucunucho", "Miscucho", "Ayuyo", "Challua ruro", Sweet Peppers, "Warmiucho" and other Amazonian peppers. Their scientific taxo-nomy was analyzed according to the species' proper characteristics. The morphological descrip-tion was also analyzed based on 60 descriptors for Capsicum (IPGRI - currently Bioversity), from which 45 qualitative and 15 quantitative variables were assessed in at least 8 randomly selected plants per accession. The analysis was performed with multivariate statistical methods: genetic distances, clusters, dendrograms and an analysis of the main components. Observation-based taxonomic results confirmed that chili peppers belonged to the following species: C. chinense, C. baccatum and C. frutescens, from which the first one was the most commonly found in the collection. The morphological results obtained with the clustering by the dendrogram indicated that there is a high similarity ratio among accessions, as their clustering was maintained in the most of the cases, such as in charapita, miscucho and motelito groups. However, some exceptions were shown in the group of pucunucho peppers, sweet peppers and ayuyo peppers, where an accession was separated from the group in order to be part of other cluster. Two accessions of the group of "other Amazonian peppers" showed a similarity ratio equivalent to 100, which may state that they morphologically belong to the same accession. Two evident clusters in the dendrogram were also formed: one made up of charapita peppers and the other made up of the other peppers in the collection. This meant that charapita peppers have some characteristics that separate them from the other peppers (% similarity was 98.1%). Therefore, the discriminant analysis allowed concluding that the C. chinense is the most common species in the studied Amazonian collection. Accessions belonging to this group have very similar morphological characteristics and a detailed genetic study is recommended.



51

Exploration of underutilized crop diversity of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru

Maarten van Zonneveld1, Marleni Ramirez2, David Williams3, Michael Petz4, Sven Meckelmann4, Teresa Avila5, Carlos Bejarano6, Llermé Ríos7, Dimary Libreros2 and Xavier Scheldeman2 8

1Bioversity International, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 2Bioversity International, Regional Office for the Americas, Cali, Colombia. 3Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), San José, Costa Rica; 4University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry, Wuppertal, Germany; 5Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP), Cochabamba, Bolivia; 6PROINPA, Oficina Regional Valle Sur, Sucre, Bolivia; 7Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Peru.Corresponding author: [email protected]

The genus Capsicum is a highly diverse complex of domesticated and wild species that displays abundant va-riation in its main center of domestication and diversity in Bolivia and Peru but that remains under-researched. After new collecting missions in 2010, the genebank collection of INIA Peru now maintains 712 accessions of the five domesticated species, namely C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum and C. pubescens, making it one of the largest and most diverse national collections of native Capsicum pepper varieties in the world. The collection in Bolivia, contains 492 accessions, with holdings at the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF) and at CIPF, including the five domesticated species, three endemic wild spe-cies, C. eximium, C. cabelleroi and C. cardenasii and one wild form of a domesticated species, C. baccatum var. baccatum. We report on the identification of promising native Capsicum germplasm, in both collections, for potential use in the development of differentiated products. First, we identified a core collection of nearly 100 accessions per country, which represented the different species and their geographic distribution. Dried samples of these accessions were biochemically screened for commercially interesting attributes including capsaicinoid content, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids, lipid content and color. Second, informed by the results of the biochemical screening, sub-sets of 44 Bolivian and 39 Peruvian accessions were selected, representing the different species and variation in biochemical attributes; and third, the selected materials were grown in different environments to identify the agro-ecological conditions were they best express the special properties of potential commercial interest. The biochemical screening and agromorphological characterization and evaluation revealed that Capsicum accessions from Bolivia and Peru have unique combinations of functional attributes, confirming that a wealth of commercially valuable properties can be found in Capsicum’s primary center of diversity. In Peru, several moderate and low pungent accessions of ayuyos (C. baccatum) and aji dulce (C. chinense) had interesting combinations of biochemical traits. The values of biochemical compounds within Peruvian landraces of the spe-cies above like “charapita” and “ají limo” range widely. Further research and breeding is required to determine variation within the landraces and develop varieties with stable productivity and biochemical composition. In Bolivia, wild arivivi (C. baccatum var. baccatum) and ulupica (C. eximium) peppers have a high market potential. Arivivi accessions are most promising for cultivation and breeding as some are already semi-domesticated and showed high rates of productivity. To assure sustainable exploitation of wild Capsicum populations, commer-cialization of these resources should be done within schemes of sustainable extraction and management. Some Bolivian C. baccatum landraces with high vitamin E content have high potential for traditional food products and pharmaceutical products.

Acknowledgements: This study was financed by GIZ. We dedicate this paper to Llerme Rios Lobo, Leader of National Agricultural Research Programme Genetic Resources in Peru, tireless advocate for the conservation of plant genetic resources, on her untimely passing.


52

Investigating the New Mexico Landrace Chiles -6

Charles D. Havlik*, B.A., M.A., Stephanie J. Walker, [email protected]

New Mexico State University,USA

In northern New Mexico (USA) many Native American Pueblo and Hispanic communities have long grown 'native chile' (Capsicum annuum), also known as the New Mexico landraces. These chile landraces were developed through continuous, localized seed saving for as long as four hundred years, and are named for their source locale. The best known is 'Chimayo' which, like other landraces, is renowned for its quality. The NM landrace chiles have also been observed to exhibit early maturity, likely because of selection pressure in northern New Mexico's relatively shorter growing season. The New Mexico landraces are now increasingly at risk because com-mercially available chile cultivars are grown in the same areas and can potentially result in cross-pollination. Other issues that are threatening the New Mexico landrace chile include economic issues resulting in some farmers leaving farming, as well as the loss of arable farmland in northern New Mexico. Documenting and categorizing the different landraces is a crucial first step towards the conservation and protection of the NM landrace chiles for future generations. Landrace chile variety trials were conducted at New Mexico State University's Agricultural Science Center in 2011 and 2012. Seed for the landrace chile lines were sourced from Native Seeds/SEARCH (Tucson, AZ) and from private donors. Fifteen landraces (Alcalde, Casados Native, Chimayo, Cochiti Pueblo, Escondida, Isleta Pueblo, Jarales, Jemez Pueblo, San Felipe Pueblo, San Juan Pueblo "Tsile", Santo Domingo Pueblo, Velarde and Zia Pueblo) and four standard control cultivars (NuMex Heritage 6-4, Big Jim, Sandia, and LB-25) were evaluated. Information, including fresh fruit yield, plant measurements, fruit dimensions (fruit length, width, flesh thickness and the number of locules per fruit), dry yield, extractable pigment (ASTA), heat (SHU), and relative maturity was measured to categorize the NM chile landraces and to compare to standard commercial New Mexican pod-type cultivars. Noteworthy findings included yield; although the standard commercial cultivars provided higher fresh yields, the dry red yields of many of the landrace lines were comparable to the controls. The landraces tended to be more pungent, but the heat levels were more variable within the lines compared to the commercial cultivars. The landraces were earlier in maturity compared to the commercial cultivars, but the difference was only significant (P =0.05) in the landraces 'Jemez Pueblo' and 'Santo Domingo Pueblo'.

Acknowledgements: We wish to thank the New Mexico Department of Agriculture Specialty Crops Program, the New Mexico Chile Association, and the New Mexico State University Los Lunas Agricultural Science Center for their support of this research.


53

Fruit Quality of Pre-Cultivars of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) -73

Thâmara Figueiredo Menezes Cavalcanti*, Samy Pimenta, Lígia R. Almeida da Silva, Gláucia M. C. Silva, Diederson B. Santana, Jurandi G. de Oliveira, Rosana Rodrigues

[email protected]

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Centro de Ciências e Tecno-logias Agropecuárias - CCTA, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil

Fruit quality is one of the major goals in most of the breeding programs for many crops. This study aimed to evaluate chili peppers (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) pre-cultivars considering five characteristics related to fruit quality. Four pre-cultivars of chili pepper developed by the Cap-sicum breeding program of the UENF, identified as L1, L2, L3, L4 and a control represented by a commercial genotype ('Jalapeño M') were tested. The plants were cultivated in a greenhouse, in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The variables evaluated were: vitamin C and titratable acidity (TA), according to AOAC methods; soluble solids (SS), expressed in oBrix; and soluble solids and titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA) and presence of capsaicin. Vitamin C was ex-tracted from immature and mature fruits, and other characteristics were assessed only in mature fruit. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test, with the exception of capsaicin variable that was analyzed qualitatively (presence or absence) using an ammonium vanadate reaction with the fruit placenta. There were significant differences for the three quantitative traits evaluated. The vitamin C content varied considering different maturation stages. The pre-cultivars had higher levels of vitamin C in both immature and mature fruits when compared with control. 'Jalapeño M' vitamin C content in immature fruits was 92.21 mg.100 g -1 while in mature fruits the value was lower (79.17 g mg.100-1). This difference between vitamin C content in immature and mature fruit, with lower values for mature fruits, is usually observed in many crop species fruits. However, in the four pre-cultivars it was observed higher levels of vitamin C in mature (202.96 to 230.58 mg.100 g-1) than in immature fruits (141.17 to 179.59 mg.100g-1). In general, the pre-cultivars have fruits with high levels of soluble solids (8.18 to 10.25 %), but are more acidic compared with the control, thus achieving better SS/TA, indication of flavor index. Capsaicin was present in pre-cultivars L2, L4 and in 'Jalapeno M' treatments. The other two pre-cultivars, L1 and L3, which do not have detectable qualitative capsaicin, should be used as sweet, non-pungent, pepper. The pre-cultivars were characterized by producing fruits with good vitamin C levels, especially when mature, with high soluble solids content and high acidity demonstrating potential to produce fruit that meet the consumer expectation in terms of nutritional quality and flavor.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to Faperj, Capes and CNPq for financial support.


54

Breeding an Industrial Quality Pepper in INIA-Chile: Progress and Advanced Lines -45

Alan Pinto1,2*, Mabel Muñoz1, Ricardo Pertuzé3, Gabriel Saavedra1, Francisco Alvarez1 María-Teresa Pino1,

[email protected] 1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Undergraduate-student Agronomy Universidad de Chile. 3Facultad de Agronomía-Universidad de Chile. *Corresponding-author: [email protected]

In the last years, demand for peppers and Capsicum-based products has increased significantly around the world, including canned, frozen, dried, paste, juice and colour extract for processing industry. This higher demand is explained in parts because of enhanced functional properties and health benefits. The Chilean Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) started in 2007 a Capsicum annuum breeding program in traits of industrial interest for fruit pepper quality such as colour, pe-ricarp thickness, fruit dry matter, sugar content, shape, size, and high beta-carotenes content. Two years bulk crossing were done in order to increase the genetic variability, by crossing 22 landraces and varieties differing in color, shape, and Phytophtora capsici response. After bulk crossing, five sub-populations were selected, grouped and independently cultivated for further selection and self-pollination; Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits (L1889), Red long blocky fruits (L1890), Yellow bell blocky 4-lobed fruits (L1891), Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits (L1892), Red long blocky fruits (L1893). After 6 years of recurrent selection of these sub-populations, we initiated the selection of advance lines based in the industrial fruit quality traits (colour, pericarp thickness (6mm), fruit dry matter (10%), sugar content (8oBrix), shape, and size), fruit number/plant, fruit weight, and yield/plant. During the last season and among 1710 selected segregating lines, 65 advanced lines (under self-pollination) meet the industrial fruit quality traits. Among the advances lines the principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that PC1 and PC2 explained 55.2 % of the total quantitative variation among the advanced lines; the largest contribution to this variation were the characteristics associated with fruit fresh weight, yield per plant, and fruit dry matter (%). Through the Cluster Analysis (CA) two large groups were formed in the dendrogram: Group I clustering the majority of advanced lines belong to sub-population L1892 (Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits) and fruits with higher dry matter (%) and higher sugar content (oBrix). Group II clustering advanced lines belong to sub-populations L1889 and L1892 both Red bell blocky 4-lobed fruits, and L1891 (Yellow bell blocky 4-lobed fruits), this group include fruits with higher fruit fresh weight. The best advanced lines were L1892-41-04 with pericarp thickness (6,3mm), fruit dry matter (13,6%), sugar content (7.5oBrix) and fruit fresh-weight (233g) and Line L1892-18-18 with pericarp thic-kness (6,4 mm), fruit dry matter (12,4%), sugar content (8.1oBrix) and fruit fresh-weight (151g).

Acknowledgements: This research was carried out with financial support from INNOVA-CORFO (09PMG-7244)



55

Productive and processing behavior of 17 sweet pepper varieties in Central Zone of Chile -5

Carlos Blanco1*, Gabriel Saavedra1, Mabel Muñoz1

[email protected]

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropuecuarias de Chile. Santa Rosa 11610. La Pintana. Santiago. Chile

In Chile, the processing industry demands pepper varieties with specific traits for processing, but there are not specific varieties for this purpose and fresh consumption varieties are usually used. Therefore, the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Platina carried out a research during 2013-2014 season with the aim to evaluate different commercial varieties from seed companies for field production and processing yield. 17 red blocky sweet pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) were evaluated under field condition. Plants were transplanted in November 2013 and harvested in April 2014. The crop was established on cover beds with plastic mulch, in a population of 57,200 plants ha-1, distanced 0.25 x 0.70 m. Fertirrigation con-sisted in 140 U N ha-1, 90 U P2O5 ha-1 and 120 U K2O ha-1, through ribbon pressurized irrigation in agreement with crop demand and environmental conditions. Experimental design was random blocks with 17 varieties (treatments) and three replications. In each variety five plants were eva-luated per replication. Analyzed traits were fruit weight (g), total yield (t ha-1), pericarp thickness (mm), sugar content (oBrix), total pericarp percentage (pericarp FW/total fruit FW), and fruit total dry matter (%). Number and percentage characters were transformed through square root. Data were analyzed using Cluster analysis, Ward's method of least variance, forming a Hierarchical Tree Diagram (dendrogram). In order to estimate and describe varieties behavior in the clusters, average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation was obtained and to discriminate between outstanding varieties an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Square Differences tests were carried out. Results showed two clusters, which differentiate between them for average fruit weight (126.3 - 154.2 g), sugar content (4.3 - 3.8 oBrix), total fruit dry matter (7.0 - 5.5%) and total yield (27.8 - 34.8 t ha-1). Coefficient of variation were over 20% in both clusters for all analyzed traits, except total pericarp percentage, a character very stable with 4.0 and 2.6% for cluster 1 and 2, respectively. Outstanding behavior presented NUN5023, Claudio F1 and NUN 5010 in Cluster 1 and NUN 313, Excalibur F1 and Lozorno in Cluster 2 for all the analyzed traits.

Acknowledgements: Semillas Agrical, Alliance, Bioamerica, Nunhems and Seminis.


56

Breeding Paprika-Hungarian Pepper in Landraces from Coquimbo Region, Chile -103

Gabriel Saavedra1*, Carlos Blanco1 and Moisés Escaff†

[email protected]

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias - La Platina - Chile, †Late Agronomist of INIA - La Platina

The Chilean Hungarian Pepper is known in the world market for its high quality characteristics; nevertheless in the country only landraces, whose seeds are saved by farmers every year and the plants are highly uneven, are sown. Therefore, Hungarian Pepper production presents high varia-bility in fruit shapes, mainly because of cross pollination facts. Then high percent of its production is labelled in lower categories and obtains less prices in the market. Selecting uniform genetic material with desirable traits, both agronomic and processing, should allow obtaining quality products for export. The objective of this research was to select new genotypes from landraces obtained in Salamanca (Coquimbo Region) with marketable characteristics in fruit shape and size. Those, plants presenting similar fruit shapes and size were grouped in seven families, 10 fruits were randomly taken from each family and the seeds conserved. Twenty seeds from each fruit were sown and grown forming lines in the greenhouse, 100% of flowers were self-fertilized. After two cycles of selfing and selection, selected lines from each family and whole families were compared in a randomized block design with four replicates. ANOVA was carried out and to discriminate between treatments Duncan test at 5% was applied. The selection was carried out on the basis by data obtained from the harvest of fruits from the different plants that made up the lines; these were data of shape, width and length of the fruit, fresh weight, dry weight and dry matter percentage. It is important to mention that only the shapes of long fruit, long wide and medium wide were selected since these are forms for export of dried whole fruit. To select long fruits it was taken all those longer than 17 cm. Results showed that selection of long wide fruits increased 2 cm in length, 1.3 cm width and 1.3% in dry matter respect to the original material, these allowed to select 11 lines that were the base of the new populations. Further selection allowed increasing dry matter content up to 18.6% from the original 13.7%, but genetic stabilization decreased the length in 1 cm and width in 0.5 cm. However, it is important to indicate that increases in dry matter content are more worthy for production of dry Paprika Hungarian pepper because it reflects the final yield for export.

Acknowledgements: To our dearest college Moises Escaff Gacitua, rest in peace.


57

Evaluation of Growth and Optimum Harvest Time of 6 Accessions Capsicum spp. Native Fruits -80

M. Bautista, E. Morales*, R. Ugá[email protected]

La Molina National Agrarian University, Lima, Perú

The present study aimed was to evaluate the effect of maturity on the physicochemical and physio-logical features of Capsicum spp fruits during their development and growth in order to determine the optimum harvest time through the relative growth rate. The evaluation was carried out in 6 native Capsicum accessions for 7 weeks, since the formation of the first rennet. The Capsicum spp. were divided into seven times of harvest. At each harvest time, physiological (dry basis and humidity, longitudinal and transversal diameter) and physicochemical characteristics (pungency, color, soluble solid and acidity) were evaluated. The results were analyzed with Statgraphics Centurion®, applying a factorial DCA with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and when there was significant difference (P <0.05) was carried out a Tukey test (P <0.05). The results showed that the mass (g) on a dry basis (db), wet basis (wb) and the longitudinal diameter (mm) exhibited a sigmoidal behavior of simple growth, for all the accessions except for Pucunucho accession (C. chinense), which showed no significant changes (P <0.05) throughout the evaluation. While the evolution of equatorial diameter (mm) was mixed, some accessions as Mochero (C. chinense) and Pucunucho (C. chinense) only showed significant increases (P <0.05) during the first few weeks, however the Arnaucho (C. chinense), Miscucho (C. chinense) and Cacho-de-cabra accesions (C. baccatum) showed increases until the fourth week and even as Limo-encerado accessions (C. chinense). These increases were evident until the fifth week. Soluble solids (%)increases signifi-cantly (P <0.05) after the fourth week for all accessions, while the acidity expressed as citric acid (%) showed a negative trend in general, with minimum values in the last weeks of evaluation. While the evolution of the luminosity present a growing trend for Mochero, Miscucho, Pucunucho and Limo-encerado accesions, while for Arnaucho and Cacho-de-cabra accessions exhibited a decreasing trend in general. For the hue (H) and chroma (C), all accessions showed an increa-sing trend. The pungency present no significant changes (P <0.05) in Mochero, Miscucho and Pucunuchu accessions between fourth (T4), sixth (T6) and seventh (T7) week while Arnaucho and Limo-encerado accessions showed an increase during the same weeks. Only the pungency of Cacho-de-cabra accession increased to reach physiological maturity which decreased during senescence. The fruits of Arnaucho and Limo-encerado accessions reached their physiological maturity at the fifth week after having curdled, while Miscucho, Mochero, Cacho-de-cabra and Pucunucho accessions peaked it at the sixth week.

Acknowledgements: El Huerto (La Molina National Agrarian University), VLIR Project.


58

The Rootstock Technology in Pepper -16

Renato [email protected]

Sakata Seed Sudamerica Ltda

With the awareness that the adoption of rootstock technology can increase crop yields, improve financial returns to the growers and help in environment conservation, this technology has been widely studied by universities and private seed breeding companies. In parallel already adopted by many growers around the world.Research centers that work to bred rootstock seek plants with vigorous root system that can better explore the surrounding soil, improve nutrient uptake and utilization, increasing the yield of the scion. Tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to major soil borne pathogens are among the main rootstock breeding objectives.

To develop rootstocks that can overcome abiotic stressors, breeders seek for plants with a vigorous root system that can better tolerate temperature fluctuations (extreme of cold and hot) and high salt. This gives advantage to the grafted plant, allowing it to resist to the environmental abiotic stressors. Among the soil pathogens that infect peppers, those that colonize the root and vascular systems are among the most difficult and costly to control. Therefore, resistance to gall nematodes (Meloidogyne species), to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and to root rot caused by Phytophthora capsici are main targets to rootstock breeding. These pathogens can cause severe damage to the pepper crop, are very difficult to control and can make impracticable the produc-tion in affected areas. In Brazil, pepper production in greenhouse, in some production areas, has been economically feasible only with the use of rootstocks.

For a grafted plant to express its full genetic potential it is necessary also the adoption of a good grafting technology. A poor and/or an improper grafting technique can drastically reduce the crop yields. Seedling/plant well grafted is one which the resulting looks very similar to non-grafted seedling/plant and that can promote full expression of the genetic qualities of the rootstock and of the scion independently from the action of abiotic stressors and soil pathogens. In order to fur-ther improvement the rootstock technology, breeders have the challenge to develop new hybrids with additional disease resistances (nematodes such as Meloidogyne enterolobii and Nacobbus aberrnas, etc.), greater resistance to abiotic stressors (such as wider temperature fluctuations; soil/water with higher electric conductivity; etc.) and that improves scion plant and fruit characteristics. With respect to the grafting technology the nurseries have the permanent challenge to producing seedlings with good agronomic and phytosanitary qualities. They also have the challenge to in-crease their production capabilities to attend the fast growing demand.


59

Genetics and Breeding Strategy for Improving Root Traits in Capsicum -4

P. Naresh and K. Madhavi Reddy. [email protected]

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India.

A more robust root system (deeper root length, large root volume, high root dry weight, higher root to shoot ratio) which is observed mainly in Habanero (C.chinense) coupled with thick lateral roots which was not present in other genotypes enables plants to take up greater amount of water during drought stress, resulting in more favorable plant water status. The genetic components of root traits were investigated through six generation mean analysis using IHR3453X Habanero po-pulation. The traits showed high heterosis followed by high inbreeding depression indicating the importance of non-additive gene action, overall the root traits found to be complex in inheritance as indicated by the significance of the different genetic components. Both additive and non-additive (dominance and epistasis) are important in controlling the root traits, so the reciprocal recurrent selection is best breeding method to improve these traits. Complimentary type epistasis is ruling in all the traits studied. And, the dominance component (h) is highly significant in all the traits except for root length, which indicates the less efficiency of selection in early generations, so the selection for the traits to be postponed to later generations by reduction of heterozygosity. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean also indicates that selection is effective but it has to be postponed to later generations due to high h effect. The modified methods such as bulk-pedigree method can also be effectively used in improvement and isolating the best pure lines for root traits imparting drought tolerance in Capsicum sps. And as in this case where the robust root system from wild sps C.chinense has to be introgressed, maintenance of large populations is necessary in the breeding program because in the adapted and exotic crosses segregating loci are expected to be more as the number of homozygote genotypes in segregating population is a geometric function of number of segregating loci. Once the best lines are developed using the above said breeding strategies, then highly vigor F1 can be produced as these traits are mainly controlled by non-additive components predominantly dominance gene effects in the Capsicum sps.

Acknowledgements:authors acknowledge Director, IIHR for providing necessary facilities.


61

BREEDING, ORNAMENTAL PEPPERS

62

Genetic Control of Morphological Traits in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) - 50

João José da Silva Neto1*, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2, Júlio Carlos Polimeni de Mesquita2,Vital Antônio Lucena Silva Filho2,

Claudio Host Bruckner3, Priscila Alves Barroso2, Lucas Chaves Cavalcante2, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo2

[email protected]

1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil; 2Centro de Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil; 3Departamento da Fitotecnia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa -MG, Brazil

Knowledge of the nature and magnitude of genetic effects that govern a feature is important in the selection and prediction of the behavior of hybrid and segregating generation process. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and genetic effects involved in the inheritance of 20 quantitative traits related to plant size, flower and fruit in 6 generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of ornamental pepper. Two accessions of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), UFPB137 and UFPB390, belonging to the Active Germplasm Bank of vegetables, Universidade Federal da Paraíba were used as parents. These accessions were crossed to produce F1. The F2 was obtained by F1 selfing. The RC1 and RC2 backcrosses were obtained from crosses between the F1 generation and the parents P1 and P2, respectively. 10 plants of each parent (P1 and P2), 10 F1 plants, 33 plants for each backcross (BC1 and BC2), and 54 plants for segregating F2 generation were characterized in the experiment. Each of the 20 quantitative traits evaluated was submitted for generation analysis. Values for broad sense heritability, higher than 0.6 for all studied traits except for first bifurcation height, major and minor fruit width and number of seeds per fruit. For estimates of narrow sense heritability were observed high values (92.13% for anther length) and low values (8.61 % for the number of seeds per fruit), indicating that the additive or dominant effect acts according to the traits. The additive - dominant model (m, d, a) was sufficient to explain 8 of the 20 traits studied, the others are suited only to the full model with six parameters (m, d, a, aa, ad, dd), for these the epistatic effects have significant influence on its expression.


63

Heterosis and Genetic Diversity in Simple, Three-Way and Double Hybrids of Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum annuum) -55

N.F.F. do Nascimento1*, E.R. do Rêgo2, M.F. Nascimento1, C.H. Bruckner1, F.L. Finger1 and M.M. do Rêgo2.

[email protected]

1Laboratório de Análises de Progênies, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Fede-ral de Viçosa. 2Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba. The pepper market is very segmented and diverse. It is being considered an alternative source of income to farmers as well as widening the field of genetic breeding. The breeding methods used in autogamous plants such as pepper, usually involve hybridization as a source of variability. The use of hybrids is advantageous because the F1 can gather important traits present in two contrasting lineages. High level of heterosis can be obtained through crossing among genetically divergent parents. Thus the objective of this paper was to estimate the heterosis, heterobeltiosis the selection gain and genetic diversity in intraspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper, furthering the Capsicum breeding program of Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) and Federal University of Viçosa (UFV). This study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Plant Biotechnology laboratory in the Center for Agricultural Sciences of Federal University of Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), Areia - PB. In this location were carried out the crosses and the evaluation parents and hybrids of ornamental pepper. Two simple hybrids, one commercial SH1 and the other experimental SH2 (C. annuum), and four lines (C. annuum) belonging to the germplasm bank of CCA-UFPB were used as parents. Were then evaluated twenty seven traits: cotyledon leaf length, cotyledon leaf width, plant height, canopy diameter, height of first bifurcation, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, corolla length, anther length, filament length, days to flowering, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, pedicel length, pericarp thickness, placenta length, fresh fruit matter, dry matter content, seed yield per fruit, fruit yield per plant, yield, days to fructification, total soluble solids, tritrable acidity and vitamin C. The experimental design using was a randomized complete. The data were subjected to analysis of variance with subsequent grouping of means by Skott-Knott criteria, at 1% probability. For genetic divergence was used Tocher method based on Mahalanobis distance. Six simple hy-brids (L1xL3, L1xL4, L1xL5, L3xL4, L3xL5, L4xL5), one double hybrid (HS1XHS2) and eight triple hybrids (HS1xL1, HS1xL3, HS1xL4, HS1xL5, HS2xL1, HS2xL3, HS2xL4, HS2xL5) were obtained from crossing among the six preselected genitors. Selection gain, heterosis and heterobeltiosis were also calculated. Gains between 0.14% and 33.13% were observed for pericarp thickness and dry matter content. Significant values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis, both positive and negative, were obtained in all traits. There was a mean difference between the types of hybrids at 1% of probability by Tukey test. The results show the superiority of triple hybrids for the traits of greatest interest in the breeding of ornamentals. Thus it can be affirmed that it is not possible to generalize on the recommendation of the hybrid type and these should be indicated according to the interest for each trait and genotype under study.


64

Breeding Ornamental Chili Peppers: Obtaining and Testing Experimental Hybrids in Capsicum annuum - 57

Camila Queiroz da Silva*, Rosana Rodrigues, Daniele Viana da Costa, Lígia Renata Almeida da

Silva, Samy Pimenta, Thâmara Figueiredo Menezes Cavalcanti, Cíntia dos Santos [email protected]

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Centro de Ciências e Tecno-logias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal

Cultivating Capsicum with ornamental purposes in Brazil have been increasing in recent years. The aesthetic value of these plants is mainly due to the color diversity in leaves, flowers, fruits and fruit shape, beyond the small plant size for growing in pots. To support the activities of this promising market, it is essential to develop cultivars adapted for this purpose. This research aimed to: i) make crosses between selected genotypes to obtain ornamental Capsicum annuum hybrids; ii) evaluate the hybridization efficiency; iii) evaluate and select the most promising hybrids. Six accessions of C. annuum were selected based on preliminary work for indication of germplasm with potential for ornamental use and crossed in a complete diallel without reciprocals to obtain F1 generation. The step of obtaining hybrids was conducted in a greenhouse at the Unidade de Apoio à Pesquisa (UAP) of UENF, in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, from May to November 2013. Hybridization efficiency (HE), expressed as a percentage, was calculated by crosses effective number and total crosses made ratio. Hybrids, their parents and two commercial genotypes were tested in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized experimental design, with 10 replications and one plant per plot. The following qualitative variables, considered relevant for ornamental purpose, were analyzed: growth habit (prostrate, intermediate, upright); leaf color; corolla color; changing color stages number; fruit position (erect, pendent, intermediate); fruit shape (elongate, almost round, triangular, campanulate, blocky) and fruit durability (days from fruit set until senescence). A total of 370 crosses were performed, resulting in the production of fruits ranging from 11 (UENF 1626 x UENF 1750) to 48 (UENF UENF 1632 x 1623). The fruit set rate varied from 42.30% (UENF UENF 1626 x 1750) to 97.14% (UENF UENF 2030 x 1623). The UENF 2030 x 1623 UENF was the cross which produced more seeds (1,051) and only one combination (UENF 1632 x UENF 1623) produced inviable seeds. Seven genotypes, including four hybrids, had upright growth habit; 13 genotypes, including nine hybrids were intermediate habit and only one hybrid showed prostra-te habit. The corolla color ranged from White (nine hybrids, five parents and two commercial genotypes) to white with purple margins (five hybrids) and purple color to one parent. The leaf color varied between different shades of green and some with purple petioles. The number of different stages of fruit color ranged from three to five, with five hybrids with different maturation stages, which is interesting to attract consumers. The hybrids fruits were upright, persistent, with different shapes but mostly with triangular format (eight hybrids). All the hybrids have potential either to be planted by farmers or to obtain segregating generations to achieve recombinant lines in a breeding program.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support.


65

Combining Ability for Port Characters in Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) -58

Flávia Laís Gomes Fortunato1*, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo1, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo1, Cris-tine Agrine Pereira dos Santos1, Michelle Gonçalves de Carvalho1,

Karmita Thainá Correia Ferreira1, Kaline da Silva Nascimento1

[email protected]

1Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000, Areia - PB, Brazil. Pepper is one of the most popular vegetables in the world, due to its typical flavor, pungency and nutritional content, being cultivated in tropical and subtropical conditions. Some types of peppers stand out as ornamental plants because they have traits that give you esthetic value, dwarf, varie-gated foliage, and fruits of intense color that contrast with the foliage. The aim of this work was to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) using eleven quantitative traits, and determine the most promising crosses for ornamental purposes, among six parents of pepper (Capsicum annuum) belonging to the germplasm bank of the CCA-UFPB. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Paraiba State-Brazil. Six lines of peppers belonging to the germplasm bank of the CCA-UFPB (UFPB 346, UFPB 347, UFPB 348, UFPB 349, UFPB 355 and UFPB 356) were used as parents in a half diallel cross. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates per genotype. The characterization morphoagronomic was based on the list of descriptors suggested by the International Biodiversity. The characteristics evaluated were plant height, canopy width, stem length, stem width, leaf length, petiole length, leaf width, corolla length, width of the petals, anther length and fillet length. The data were previously submitted to analysis of variance, with subsequent grouping of means by the Scott-Knott test at 1% probability. The diallel analysis was performed according to the methodology of Griffing (1956) method II, fixed model. According to the Scott-Knott test at 1% probability parents and hybrids showed significant variation for all traits. The effects of GCA and SCA were significant, the F test, at the 1% level for all almost all caractereres assessed, with exception of the stem length, corolla length and width of the petals, suggesting that additive genetic effects and non-additive are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The non-additive gene effects, epistasis and / or dominance, were more important than additive genes effects in controlling plant height, canopy width, leaf length, petiole length, leaf width, anther length and fillet length. Additive effects and no additives were observed for stem width. The parents 346, 348 and 349 may be indicated for use as parents in breeding programs of ornamental pepper, based on their values of GCA. The best hybrid combinations were 348 x 356, 348 x 355, 347 x 355 and 349 x 356 for the sheet length, petiole length and width of the sheet, and 346 x 347 and 346 x 348 for corolla length and width of the petals.


66

Multivariate Methods for Evaluating Genetic Divergence among Thirteen Families of Ornamental Peppers - 59

Júlio Carlos Polimeni de Mesquita1*, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2, Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento3, Mayana Ferreira Nascimento3, Anderson Rodrigo da Silva4,

João José da Silva Neto3, Lucas Chaves Cavalcante2, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo2

[email protected]

1Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; 3Universi-dade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil, 4Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brazil

Capsicum peppers show a great diversity of morphological and agronomic traits as fruit color and shape, as well as on the plant architecture. These characters give the peppers a great potential for ornamental purpose. Multivariate analysis has been used to study genetic divergence of va-rious species. Thus, the goal of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence among thirteen families of ornamental peppers and also to determine the most important characters, using two multivariate methods. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil. Thirteen genotypes were used - eight families, one generation F3, the two parents of the respective generation F1 and three accessions with many years of successive selfing which were used as standard. The following traits were evaluated: PH - plant height, CD - canopy diameter, FFH - height of the first fork, SD - stem diameter, LL - leaf length, LW - leaf width, CL - corolla length, AL - anther length, SL - stigma length, PL - petal length, FL - fruit length, LDF - largest diameter of fruit, SDF - smallest diameter of fruit, FPL - peduncle length, PT - pericarp thickness, PLL - placent length, FW - fruit weight, FMC - fresh matter content, DMC - dry matter content, NS - number of seeds, NFP - number of fruits per plant. The multivariate canonical discriminant analysis and cluster analysis via Ward algorithm based on Mahalanobis distance were applied. Considering the first two canonical variables (75% of trace), we have noted that characters of fruits retained most of the divergence, except for PT. The characters LW and LL had a reasonable participation in the first canonical variable. Charac-ters of flowers were, practically, unimportant. Via Ward clustering we found two clusters, one of them consists of the three standard accessions. This result was also found when we analysed the canonical variables. According to the Singh criterion, the most important characters for calcula-ting Mahalanobis distances were FW (23.2%) and FMC (18.2%). Once more, we have noted this result with the two canonical variables. Characters, such as SDF, LL, FL and CD, sum a little more than 30% of the total importance. We concluded that the canonical discriminant analysis is more effective than the cluster analysis via Ward algorithm to evaluate genetic divergence.

Acknowledgements: To Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco and Universidade Federal da Paraíba.


67

Diallel Analysis of Potential in Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum annuum) - 60

Karmita Thainá Correia Ferreira1*, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo1, Flávia Laís Gomes Fortunato1, José Ayron Moraes de Lima1,

Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento2, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo1

[email protected]

1Pós-graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 2Pós-Graduação em Genética e melhoramento Universidade Federal de Viçosa

The Capsicum genus has agronomic importance as ornamental plants. The knowledge of the ge-netic effects is important for an efficient plant selection in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determinate the effects of general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects of ornamental pepper plant traits . Manual crosses were made among six lineages belonging to the germplasm bank of the Center for Agricultural Sciences from Federal University of Paraíba: UFPB 131,UFPB 132, UFPB 348, UFPB 349, UFPB 358 and UFPB 449, in a complete diallel cross, forming 30 hybrids. The characterization of following descriptors was done: number of petals, petals width and number of stamens. The data were submitted to ANO-VA and the means were grouped by Scott-Knott test (P0.01). The diallel analysis was done to estimate general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, using the Griffing method, Model I, fixed model. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for evaluated traits. Additive effects were predominant for number of stamens Non-additive effects, dominance and / or epistasis, were predominant than additive for charac-ters number of petals and width of petals. So the results suggest the possibility of exploitation of hybrid vigor for these traits.


68

Genetic Variability in F3 Generation of Ornamental Pepper as Accessed by Morphoagronomic Traits and SSR Molecular Markers -61

Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo1*, Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa1, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo1, Júlio Carlos P. de Mesquita1, Ana Paula Gomes da Silva2,

Andreson Rodrigo da Silva3, Priscila Alves Barroso1

[email protected]

1Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 2Programa de Pos-Graduação Integrado de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil. 3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - ESALQ, Piraciba, São Paulo, Brazil.

Genetic breeding program of ornamental pepper has utilized both classical and biotechnological techniques, including molecular markers, reducing time and accessing the genetic diversity among individual plants, permitting to plant breeders selecting divergent parents for to obtain lines and segregating population that to meet the specific needs of breeding program. So, this work aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity between individual plants in F3 generation of Capsicum annuum L. based in phenotypic traits (descriptors) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, in order to identify promising genotypes. F3 generation was formed by 44 plants. Which were cultured in greenhouse in completely randomized design, each plant represent a replicate. Were evaluated 54 phenotypic traits, being 24 quantitative and 30 qualitative traits (IPGRI, 1995). For analysis SSR markers were used 13 primer pairs. All amplification products were resolved on 3.5% agarose gels and visualized using a bromide ethydium staining method. Electrophoresis results were analyzed with Gel Doc 1200 imager and software. Genetic variability was accessed based in Ward's algo-rithm, Tocher's optimization method, and non-metric multidimensional scaling, using R software. From the data, we found genetic variability among genotypes in F3 generation, resulting in the formation of three, four or ten groups, as shown by the Ward's, Tocher's, or Non-Metric Multidi-mensional Scaling methods, respectively, being necessary to conduce to advanced generations.


69

Inheritance of Agronomic Characters in Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) - 62

Mayana Ferreira Nascimento1*, Naysa Flávia Ferreira do Nascimento1, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo2, Claúdio Horst Bruckner3, Fernando Luiz Finger3,

Pakizza Sherma da Silva Leite4, Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo2

[email protected]

1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil; 2Centro de Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Pa-raíba Brazil; 3Departamento da Fitotecnia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa -MG, Brazil; 4Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e melhoramento - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil.

The Capsicum peppers are grown in a wide variety of types, sizes, colors, flavors and pungencies for various purposes. The Capsicum plants have been used as ornamental plants, but there are few commercial varieties for this purpose. The knowledge about the inheritance of the traits that will be submitted to continuous selections and the diversity generated from crosses are very important for the success of a breeding program of ornamental pepper. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and genetic effects involved in inheritance of 22 quantitative traits. For this six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of ornamental pepper, belonging to the germplasm bank of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) were evaluated. Two accessions of ornamental pepper plants belonging to the germplasm bank of vegetables UFPB (01, 132) were chosen based on earlier diallel study. Plants of the accessions 01 and 132 were crossed to generate the hybrids (F1). The F1's hybrids were backcrossed to the parental's to generate the backcross progenies (BC1 and BC2) and self pollinated to generate the F2 generation. The six generations were cha-racterized according 22 quantitative descriptors 22 related to plant, inflorescence and fruit. The total of evaluated plants per generations was: 10 of each parent and F1, 72 of backcross 1 (BC1), 75 of backcross 2 (BC2) and 147 of the F2 generation. Average, additive variance, dominance deviations, phenotypic, genetic and environmental variance, heritability in broad and narrow sense and gene effects for the reduced and full model for the 22 characteristics were evaluated. Transgressive segregants were obtained for all traits. The additive effects were predominant for plant height, canopy width, diameter of the petal, anther length, number of fruits per plant and days to flowering and to fruiting, thus, these traits could be selected in early F2 generation. The reduced model was adequate to explain the traits: canopy width, fruit width and number of seeds per fruit. The dominant effects were predominant for fruit width and number of seeds per fruit.


71

Phenotypic Characterization of Segregating Generation and Inheritance of Color and Density of Foliage on Ornamental Pepper -64

Tayron Rayan Sobrinho Costa1, Jardel da Silva Sousa1, Priscila Alves Barroso1, Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa1, Marcelo Pereira Cruz1,

Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo1, Elizanilda Ramalho do Rê[email protected]

1Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 58397-000 Areia, PB, Brazil

Capsicum annuum L. presents great diversity in color and forms leaves and fruits, but those with smaller leaves plants are preferred. This work aimed to the morphological characterization of see-dlings and plants, as well as, to study the inheritance for traits leaf color and leaf density. Were used as parents UFPB-76 (green foliage, high leaf density and smaller plant) and UFPB-77.3 (variegated foliage, sparse density of foliage and higher plant) to obtaining F1 generation, this generation was self-fertilized to obtain 99 plants F2, which were characterized on the basis of descriptors propo-sed by the IPGRI (1995). All quantitative traits for seedlings stage present significant differences, demonstrating genetic diversity within of F2 generation. Based on the evaluated traits APL, DH, CFC, and LFC, the genotypes 29, 70, 72, and 79 can be selected due the your better performance (higher seedling height, hypocotyl width and lanceolate cotyledonous leaf), allowing the trans-plantation precociously. Between traits evaluated in plant stage there is not significant differences (AP, LC, CF and chlorophyll A), while the other traits present significant differences. Based in the traits APB, DCL, LFL and chlorophyll B, were selected the genotypes 23 and 28, due presents harmony among plant and vessel, and also to be more efficient. Inheritance of qualitative traits in the F1 generation, present only one class with green leaves and high density. In F2 generation, were observed 3 classes: green leaves, variegates and purple colors, segregating in proportion rate 12:3:1, showing significant difference by qui-square (p= 0,05), therefore, leaf color trait is controlled by two genes with dominant epistasy. Density of leaves followed the segregation rate 9:6:1, forming also 3 classes: sparce, intermediate and dense leaves, for that reason the leaf density is controlled by duplicate genes.


72

Selection Indexes for Genetic Variability Assessment Aiming the Ornamental Potential of Pepper Samples -65

Alessandro Aparecido Dos Santos1, Petterson Baptista Da Luz1, Thalita Neves Marostega1*, Leonarda Grillo Neves1, Raphael Egues Ranzani1, Valdete Campos Ambrozio1,

Thaysa Cristina Morais Gomes1, Thallita Santos Guimarães1

[email protected]

1UNEMAT, Cáceres- MT

There are few commercial pepper varieties headed for landscaping purposes, although national germplasm banks for Capsicum genus holds in their collections, samples that might be used in genetic improvement with the objective to develop new ornamental pepper cultivars. The current research had as objective to evaluate the genetic variability aiming to assess the ornamental poten-tial of pepper samples through selection indexes. We used 55 pepper samples from the germplasm collection of the Mato Grosso State University. By observing the heritability of studied traits, we could verify that all of them presented high heritability, being the highest values at 99.88% and 99.67% for fruit length and weight, respectively. Selection based on Rank Sum index would point out long peduncle and fruit plants, higher weight average and wider fruits, leaves and petioles with greater average in length, and reduction in other traits. Thus, for ornamentation, as well as the Basis index and the Classic index, is appreciable since it would result in compact canopy plants and reduced size. The index based on Rank Sum allowed reaching larger selection profit.


73

BREEDING, PESTS AND DISEASES

74

Micromorphological Characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colonization and Reproduction in Unripe Sweet Pepper Fruits -94

Cíntia dos Santos Bento1*, Cláudia Pombo Sudré1, Saulo Pireda Fernandes2; Jonas Brito Campolina Marques2; Vicente Mussi-Dias3;

Maura da Cunha2; Rosana Rodrigues1

[email protected]

1Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV; 2Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual - LBCT; 3Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia - LEF/ UENF

Plant diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are responsible for significant losses in different crops and all cultivated plant species are susceptible to at least one species of Colletotrichum. There are five species causing anthracnose (C. acutatum, C. capsici, C. dematium, C. coccodes and C. gloeosporioides) in Capsicum. Anthracnose control demands strategies including the development of resistant cultivars, a challenge that requires information on the plant-pathogen interaction. Colonization and reproduction of the pathogen can be analyzed by images at ce-llular and tissue levels using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study investigated the colonization and reproduction of C. gloeosporioides on sweet pepper (C. annuum var. annuum) by micromorphological characterization. Immature sweet pepper fruits were surface sterilized, wounded with multiple needles and inoculated with 10 µL of C. gloeosporioides conidial sus-pension with 1.0 x 106 spores/mL concentration. An isolate collected in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and identified as UENF8.1, was used as inoculum source. Fruits wounded and inoculated with sterile deionized water were used as controls. The fruits were kept in a moist chamber and collecting the first fragments (4 mm2) was performed 24 hours after inoculation, and every day until the seventh day. These samples were fixed, dehydrated, critical point dried, metallized with gold and palladium and observed in a SEM ZEISS DSEM 962. The initial phase of the colonization, with conidial germination and germ tube emitting and clavate appressorium inside surface of fruit was clearly observed as well as the disrupted cells also due to injury caused by the needles. Moreover, on the second day after inoculation, the collenchyma and parenchyma were both colonized by hyphae, and also it was observed the disruption of the epidermis due to acervula formation. By the third day, the epidermis was filled with acervula and conidia, and on the fifth day collenchyma and parenchyma cells were completely colonized by hyphae. From the sixth day after inoculation, it was also possible to observe conidia emerging from hyphae, which is unexpected since in the Colletotrichum (Coelomycetes), in general, conidia are produced in acervulis. All these observations indicate that breeders should seek for plant resistance mechanisms that rapidly interfere on pathogen growth and development because in a short period of time the disease can cause dramatic damage in sweet pepper fruit cells and tissues.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to UENF, CAPES, CNPq and FAPERJ for financial support.


75

Efficiency of Colletotrichum spp. inoculation Methods to Evaluate Resistance in Capsicum Fruits - 95

Cláudia Pombo Sudré*, Alexandre Gomes de Souza, Cíntia dos Santos Bento, Ingrid Gaspar da Costa Geronimo, Rosana Rodrigues

[email protected]

Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV/UENF

The diseases pre-and post-harvest as anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are limiting factors in the production and marketing Capsicum spp. fruits. Among the disease control methods, the use of resistant cultivars is considered the most efficient and environmentally sustainable. However, identification of resistance sources to anthracnose has been a challenge for the bree-ding programs, mainly because the lack of standardization in the procedures for inoculation and disease assessment. There are different approaches used by researchers to establish the inoculum concentrations, to inoculate the pathogen, to evaluate the symptoms and the evaluation period of time, among other factors. This study aimed to test different C. gloeosporioides inoculation methods on sweet pepper fruits. Unripe sweet peppers 'Hercules' (C. annuum var. annuum), previously sterilized and inoculated into three equidistant points were used, totaling nine inocu-lations per method, namely: a) wounded needle - consisting in a single hole in the fruit surface with entomological needle and inoculation with a drop of 10 µL of inoculum; b) wounded with multiple needles - fruit perforation with a set of entomological needle (57 needles/13 cm2) and added 10 µL of inoculum in the damaged surface; c) drop without wound - just deposited a drop of conidial suspension on the fruit surface; d) cotton with conidial suspension - a piece of ap-proximately 5 mm diameter cotton was soaked in the conidial suspension and placed over the fruit without wounding; e) spraying method - the fruits received a spray of conidial suspension over its surface, and f) control - depositing a drop of water without injury. The conidial suspen-sion at a concentration of 1.0 x 106 spores/mL was prepared with a C. gloeosporioides isolated identified as UENF 8.1, collected from pepper fruit with anthracnose symptoms, in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After inoculation all the fruits were kept in a moist chamber. The evaluation was performed daily for six days after inoculation using a rating scale and lesions measurement with a digital caliper. The incubation period, latent period, and the mean diameter of the lesion on the sixth day after inoculation were determined and the data were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan test. Wounded needle and multiple needle methods had shorter incubation period (three days) compared with others (four days). The methods did not differ for the latent period variable, which was five days. Also, there was no difference in the diameter of the lesion on the sixth day after inoculation, and the spraying method caused greater damage to the fruit surface in relation to other methods. This is probably due to the largest amount of ino-culum in contact with the fruit. The wounded methods anticipated the incubation period in one day. These are most suitable for pathogenicity tests. However, for the identification of resistant genotypes is recommended the spraying method, since it does not cause injury to the fruit, it is quicker and easier to inoculate allowing evaluating a greater number of fruit per trial.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to UENF, CAPES and FAPERJ for financial support.


76

Anthracnose Resistance in Chilli and Molecular Diversityof Colletotrichum capsici - 29

Muhammad Shahidul Haque1*, Muhammad Delwar Hossain, Umme Habiba, Tamanna Haque

[email protected]

1Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202.Bangladesh

Chilli (Capsicum spp) is an important spice crop and a good source of cash for subsistence far-mers, generating up to four times the income of cereal crops and employment and income for women. The average yield of chilli in Bangladesh is generally low and unstable due to pre- and post-harvest diseases. Anthracnose has been a real threat to chilli production. Anthracnose is caused by a complex of Colletotrichum capsici, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum as reported in China, India, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brazil, and Thailand. It becomes epidemic especially when the humidity is above 90-95% and can account for more than 50% of the at 26-32 oC crop losses. Researches on anthracnose resistance in cultivated chilli genotypes and virulence of Colletotrichum spp isolates responding to their hosts have not been reported in Bangladesh. Resistant varieties are rarely available in other countries. The objectives of this study were to search resistance in cultivated varieties and to assess diversity of anthracnose pathogens that might be useful for the development of resistant variety. Chilli fruits with typical symptoms of anthracnose were collec-ted, pathogen isolated and identified by microscopic study. Pure culture of Colletotrichum capsici was established. Genetic diversity of ten isolates was performed using five RAPD markers. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, alleles were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. A total number of 64 loci were scored where 52 were polymorphic. The average polymorphism was 81.25%. The size of amplified band ranged from 104 bp to 4740 bp. UPGMA dendrogram generated two main clusters on the basis of Nei's genetic distance. RAPD analysis can be used to classify C. capsici more rapidly than any other methods. The fruits of chilli were inoculated with pathogen suspension. SSR markers were employed to assess diversity among the cultivars and lines and there were high diversity among them. On the basis of pathogen inoculation, the cultivars and line were identified as susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant to Colletotrichum spp. One line was found to be highly resistant. The present finding has the potential applicability for the development of resistant lines.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the financial support from BAS-USDA to carry out this research.


77

The Identification of Capsicum spp. Acessions with Anthracnose's Resistance -88

Álan Chrisleyr Maracahipes1*, Natan Bastos1, Igor Augusto Gualberto Silva1, Leonarda Grillo Neves1, Kelly Lana Araújo1, Rosana Rodrigues2,

Claudia Pombo Sundré2, Antônio [email protected]

1Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso; 2Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro.

The chili peppers and bell peppers are members Solanaceae family and Capsicum genus and have one varieties with more of than 33 species reported, was cropped in worldwide, principle in tropical countries. Nevertheless there are some phytosanitary barriers that can results in of quantities and qualities yields losses, causing great damage, as for example the anthracnose. The anthracnose is one plant disease more destructive of chili peppers and bell peppers in tropical and subtropical region and is an important disease due occurrence in all productive region and by high capacity losses. There is several investigation for search of new varieties that are resistance to several pest and diseases and that be of high quality and yields and can attend consumers demands. For this, the objective of this research was evaluated genetic access of Capsicum spp. in vegetal collection work of The University of Mato Grosso State (UNEMAT), Brazil, aiming of the identification of accessions potentiality anthracnose´s resistance for start the breeding program of Capsicum ge-nus. 27 Capsicum ssp. accessions was evaluated for reactions to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungi. The experimental design used was completely randomized block with three replications, with four immature fruits and four mature fruits by replications. In each fruit was made a tiny wound in medium region of fruit with one sterilized needle and in three immature fruit and three mature fruits was made fungi inoculation by drop´s deposition with 10 µL of spores' suspension (106 conidia/ml). In witnesses was deposited 10 µL of sterile distilled water. Trays was placed in controlled temperature room at 24oC ±2 and daily was evaluated of all fruits by injuries' diameter and length mensuration with paquimeter. Was calculated one proportion of disease aggressive (size lesion*100/ size of fruit) in percentage, where was submitted factorial variance analyses (treatment x fruit maturation) and the average Scott- Knott test. The results pointed 1% signifi-cance for length of fruit. Between ripe fruits, the 1, 16, 39, 56, 84 and 85 accession all grouped by Scott- Knott test showed a lower average been estimated as resistant, the others accessions presented higher average. In immature fruits, grouped together accessions were 1, 38, 39, 70 and 85, with lower averages, which are estimated as resistant, the other accessions had higher averages. For treatments analyses within of maturation fruit time, accession 16, 39, 56, 70 e 84 presented statistical significance difference in relation of size lesion, where all fruits presented more resistance in mature stage. It is concluded that accessions 1, 16, 38, 39, 56, 70, 84 and 85 are resistant to anthracnose, with greater resistance at mature stage of the fruits.


78

Responce of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes for High Temperature and Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium solani) -31

B.V. Tembhurne*, T.B. Maruthi, D.G. Manu, M.K. Naik, R. Lokesha and J. [email protected]

University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India

Productivity of chilli is low in the month of March to June in summer season owing to high tem-perature causing flower and fruit drop and poor fruit set. Fruit set in chilli is particularly sensitive to high night temperatures. Ideal night temperature for fruit set in chilli is between 18.33oC and 26.66oC. The fruit is unable to set between 32oC and 38oC. Wilt disease caused by [Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.], is becoming more serious in chilli growing tracts of India, including Karna-taka particularly in black cotton soil. The incidence of wilt was varied from 0 to 75 per cent in different states of India. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the most suitable and valuable tree species found in India. Due to its deep tap root system, it does not compete with annual crops for scarce soil moisture. It has a ability to grow in even the most arid and nutrient deficient soils. Hence, this experiment was undertaken with an objective to identify suitable genotypes for high temperature tolerance under neem tree shade and genotypes/cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) based hybrids resistance to Fusarium wilt.

150 genotypes were tested for fruit setting during summer 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 under neem tree shade. Among these genotypes fruits setting was observed in 12 genotypes viz., JNB1, 9608U, PMR-5, PantC-1U, JM218-1, SH-7, IC112109, PJwala, Line70, JNS4, JNS12 and KA2, in earthen pots as well as nursery beds. The highest number of fruit setting plant-1 was recorded by genotype JNB1 (58.5) and PantC-1U (49.5). 56 genotypes were screened in seed inoculation tech-nique and 12 genotypes were selected and tested in rapid-root-dip transplanting technique based on their survival in seed inoculation technique during kharif 2012-13. Among these genotype P3 showed moderate resistance to Fusarium wilt. Among the newly developed 38 hybrids, 2 hybrids namely, JNA2/ACB1/9608D and Rajput/P3 showed resistance under sick pot culture technique. The moderately resistance genotype P3 was crossed with susceptible genotypes SNK, KA2 and Rajput to develop three hybrids viz., SNK/P3, KA2/P3 and Rajput/P3. These hybrids showed re-sistant reaction to Fusarium wilt with F2 ratio of 3 dominant : 1 susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The genotype P3 showed moderately resistant reaction to Fusarium wilt treated with mutagen (EMS) Ethyl Methane Sulphonate to create the variability by using three different concentrations. 75 plants were evaluated and showed range of variability for characters such as fruit weight (0.19-1.29 g), fruit length (1.1-7.06 cm), fruit diameter (7.13-14.98 mm), seed weight fruit-1 (0.13-1.81 g) and 1000 seed weight (3.12-8.51 g). It is concluded that it is possible to cultivate the chilli under neem tree shade during high temperature which also help the farmers to increase the neem tree plantation in dry land area. Confirmation of resistance reaction of hybrids viz., SNK/P3, KA2/P3 and Rajput/P3 and genotype P3 to Fusarium wilt may boost the yield and quality chilli production.

Acknowledgements: B.V. Tembhurne, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584104 Karnataka, INDIA.


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Selection of Fungal Biocontrol Agents for their Potential Control of Fusarium Internal Fruit Rot in Greenhouse Bell Pepper -32

M. Frans1*, C. Sauviller2, K. Heungens3, K. Van Poucke3, B. van Calenberge4,L. Van Herck4, R. Aerts1, J. Ceusters1

[email protected]

1Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular systems, Bioengineering Technology TC, KU Leuven Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. 2Hoogstraten Research Centre (PCH), Meerle, Belgium. 3Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium. 4Research Station for Vegetable Production (PSKW), Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium

An internal fruit rot disease of sweet peppers, first reported in Canada in 2000, later emerged as a significant disease of greenhouse-grown bell pepper worldwide. It is caused primarily by members of the Fusarium lactis species complex (FLASC) and to a lesser extent by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum. The infection starts via the flowers. After the initial infection, the fungus stays latent inside the fruit until maturity. During ripening, the fungus can start to proliferate on the inside of the fruit as mycelium on the ovary and/or cause necrosis. Later, sunken lesions appear on the outside of the fruit. Nearly all growers are confronted with this problem to some extent, with an average annual yield loss estimated at 5% and seasonal peaks up to 20%. Despite the importance of the disease, particularly during years with high disease incidence, efficient control is lacking. Despite the availability of chemical products against Fusarium, application of these products is not recommended as most of the diseases and pests on Belgian greenhouse bell pep-pers can be controlled with biocontrol agents (BCAs), generating a desired reputation of vegetable production with a low environmental impact. Furthermore, pepper flower production is irregular, which would require daily application of antifungal products during periods of flowering. Hence, the development of a biocontrol agent applied with the pollinator-vector technology has potential for effectively controlling this disease. The first screening of BCA candidates was through dual culture tests to evaluate their inhibitory and mycoparasitic abilities. Seven BCAs were selected and tested further in 2013 under conven-tional greenhouse conditions. First, one-day-old flowers were separately inoculated with a BCA. One day later they were inoculated with FLASC. The infection incidence in two-week-old fruits and mature fruits was determined using surface disinfection and plating techniques. Two BCA isolates (one commercially available and one KU Leuven isolate) reduced the number of infected fruits by 50%. These studies showed that BCAs have the potential to contribute to the control of Fusarium internal fruit rot. Currently we are testing the best BCAs in combination with the pollinator-vectoring technology.

Acknowledgements: Flanders Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT)


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Screening Capsicum baccatum Accessions for Resistance to Leafminer and Green Peach Aphid -27

Kevin M. Crosby1*, Daniel I. Leskovar2, John L. Jifon3

[email protected]

1Vegetable Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 2Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, 3Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco TX.

Two serious insect pests of peppers are leafminers (Liriomyza spp.) and green peach aphids (Myzus persicae). In south Texas and other warm regions, these pests are active all year and populations can easily exceed damage threshold levels without pesticide intervention. In addition, numerous crop and weed species host these two pests. Damage includes physical leaf destruction, introduction of wounds for bacterial pathogens and infection with viruses such as CMV and PepMoV. Therefore, the best approach for sustainable pepper production would be to identify and exploit host plant resistance. Resistance genes have been reported in other crops, but not yet in pepper (Capsicum spp.). The objective of this project was to screen Capsicum baccatum germplasm accessions for resistance to these two pests. Seeds of the core collection of C. baccatum were acquired from the USDA Pepper repository in Griffin, GA and planted in germination trays during September of 2013. One hundred accessions were planted in a field plot at Weslaco during October and grown using drip irrigation and com-mercial production practices, but without any pesticide application. Another 100 accessions were planted in pots in a greenhouse at College Station. The field plots included six replicates of highly susceptible TAM Mild Jalapeño to encourage more leafminer development. Three ratings for leafminer damage were made at 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting in the field. The scale was based on 0-5, where 0 meant not a single leafmine was detected on 8-10 random plants from each plot. A score of 1 indicated between 2-5 leafmines were detected in the plot, while a score of 5 meant that 20 or more leafmines were deteced. A score of 0.5 was assigned to a few accessions where a single leafmine was detected in the whole plot. The greenhouse plants were inoculated with green peach aphids during January and February 2014 from 40 highly infested mature jalapeño plants in nearby pots. Leaves with more than one hundred aphids each were placed onto the leaves of the C. baccatum accessions, which included 2-3 replicate plants depending on seed germination. This direct contact allowed aphids to crawl onto the turgid C. baccatum leaves as the jalapeño leaves began to dessicate. The number of surviving aphids was counted at 10 and 20 days post inoculation. The first rating for leafminer at Weslaco was at the end of December under below normal temperatures (15oC). Very little leafminer activity was detected on any of the accessions. Several TAM Mild Jalapeño plants had leafmines and rated 2 on the scale. Only 4oC. baccatum accessions in the entire field had leafmines. Accessions 640881, 640882, GRIF9208 and 257135 all had ratings of 1. The second rating during early February was during a period of warmer weather (22-24oC). Greater leafminer activity was observed. Out of the 100 accessions, all but 7 had at least one leafmine, but 20 accessions had only one leafmine among 8-10 plants. The third


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rating during May found significant leafminer activity, with the TMJ plants rating mostly 4 or 5 and these accessions rating 3: GRIF9213, 257135, 257179. These accessions still rated 0 or 0.5: 159252, 188481, 200729, 215700, 260571, 260572, 260574, 424732, 439388, 640880, 446909, 439360, 439361, 439528, 446909. The last four are C. baccatum var. baccatum, the most primitive type of this species, indicating a possible shared resistance mechanism in these wild types. It is unknown if the resistance is non-preference or anti-biosis, because the leafminers did have a choice of the jalapeño plants and nearby weeds. The greenhouse aphid test was unable to detect differences in resistance as no aphids survived beyond 2 weeks on the C. baccatum plants despite successful early colonization in the first 3 days. This suggests possible antibiosis against this insect in the C. baccatum species.

Acknowledgements: USDA-ARS Crop Germplasm Committeee for funding this project, Dr. Robert Jarret, Pepper Germplasm Curator, Griffin, GA, Alfredo Rodriguez.

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Nematode control Efficacy of NimitzTM (Fluensulfone) on Peppers with Polyethylene Mulch in a Commercial Operation - 44

P.A Navia [email protected]

ADAMA U.S., Raleigh, NC 27604

Plant parasitic nematodes can cause severe yield loses on susceptible bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) varieties. Soil fumigants i.e. 1-3 Dichloropropene (Telone®), Metam Sodium (Vapam® HL) or Potassium (K-Pam® HL), or non-fumigants such as Oxamil (Vydate® L) are commonly used for nematode control in the South East United States . NimitzTM (Fluensulfone EC480) is a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl thioether group that has significantly reduced environmental im-pact with low toxicity to non-target insects and mammals. NimitzTM mode of action is distinct from currently available nematicides and therefore presents a promising new chemical for crop protection. Therefore, the objectives of the project were to evaluate the efficiency of NimitzTM injected thought the drip at different rates as compared to standard soil fumigants in mulched peppers. During 2014 several trials were conducted in the spring at Lewis Taylor Farms at three different locations (Barry Farm East, Barry Farm West and Grass Farm) with different soil types (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) in Tifton, GA. The trials were placed in commercial fields and a tri-way fumigation system was applied at 89.6 kg/ha of Chloropicrin (96%), 448 L/ha of Vapam (42%) and 78.4 L/ha of Telone II® (97.5%) to the whole commercial field (80 acres). But, in six 60 m beds at each location Telone II® (97.5%) was removed from the tri-way fumigation system and replaced by NimitzTM EC480 in three beds, which was applied seven days later, and three beds kept untreated. NimitzTM was applied through the drip irrigation after priming the beds one day before with 22,400 L/ha of water at 7 L/ha mixed with 140 L of water. Three days after the NimitzTM injection 44,800 L/ha of water were applied to push the product deeper into the soil and four days later the peppers were transplanted at 35 cm between plants and 42 cm between rows in a 1.8 m bed spacing center to center and an untreated control with no fumigation.

Root knot nematode populations (RKN) and root galling index (RGI) were assessed at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplant (DAT) with a 0-10 Zeck scale. Peppers were harvested three times and grated accordantly to the USDA standards. Barry Farm East with sandy clay loam soils untreated control had the highest nematode populations (average of 210 RKN/100 cc of soil) while NimitzTM and Telone II® had 10 and 5 RKN/100 cc of soil at 60 DAT. The highest RGI was at Barry Farm East with the untreated control of 6.15, Telone II® of 3.25 and NimitzTM had 3.6 at 60 DAT. Pep-per yield on the Grass Farm trial (sandy loam soil) was the highest with NimitzTM and untreated control compared to Telone II® with 6913, 6323 and 5025 boxes/ha, respectively. There were not differences in yield in other locations and soil types. Overall these commercial trials showed sig-nificant reduction of nematode populations with the NimitzTM treatments and adequate efficacy compared to the standard fumigation treatment with Telone II® and untreated control.

Acknowledgements: Bill Brim, Peter Germishuizen, Mike Wood and Bartolome Acosta (Lewis Taylor Farms).


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Molecular Characterization of Root-Knot Nematodes of Meloidogyne spp. in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from Imbabura (Ecuador) -90

R. Grijalva2, K. Proañio1, and W. Enríquez*1,2

[email protected]

1University of the Armed Forces-ESPE, Faculty of Engineering in Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants. 2Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance (AGROCALIDAD), Ne-matology laboratories, Biotechnology laboratories, Tumbaco, Ecuador.

Root-knot nematodes are highly-adaptable, obligate, and polyphagous plant parasites. Meloido-gyne spp. are distributed worldwide and parasitize economically relevant crops. Successful host infection depends on the particular interaction between a specific nematode species and race and a specific plant species and cultivar. Accurate diagnosis of nematode species is relevant to effective agricultural management. In last decades, the plant health of horticultural crops such as pepper (Capsicum annum L.) has experienced a progressive deterioration, characterized mainly by reduced vigor and productivity of the plant. One possible causal agent is plant parasitic nema-todes. In this study, we describe the population of different species of Meloidogyne spp. that are involve with the production decrease of sweet pepper crops in the north of Imbabura (Ecuador). This study represents the first morphometric, morphological, molecular, and host range characte-rization of a root-knot nematode species from Ecuador in this crop. The most decisive data was provided by using molecular methods like RFLP´S and PCR. Molecular analyzes were performed in sequencing highly conserved regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), including the 18S gene, the D2-D3 region of the 28S gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as the gene encoding the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) that have shown to be useful for identification of species of plant parasitic nematodes in pepper tools. These results highlight the importance of taking a multidimensional approach for Meloidogyne spp. diagnosis. This study contributes to the understanding the variability of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) species and provides data on the identification of this parasites on pepper crops from Ecuador.

Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank the University of the Armed Forces and the Ecua-dorian-ESPE Agency Quality Assurance (AGROCALIDAD) for financial support and acknowledge the help provided by Dr. Carlos Gutierrez


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Three decades breeding peppers resistant to Phytophthora capsici in Argentina -1

Claudio R.Galmarini1 [email protected]

1INTA EEA La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina and CONICET

The consumption of fresh and dehydrated peppers has increased in many countries during the last decades; Argentina has not been the exception to this tendency. Phytophthora capsici is a soil-born oomycete plant pathogen that limits pepper production worldwide. Root rot of pepper caused by P. capsici was first reported in 1940 in Argentina and is one of the most serious factors limiting pepper production, especially in irrigated zones of Argentina. In some years nearly 40% of the production has been reduced due to this disease. P capsici is heterothallic requiring A1 and A2 mating types to produce sexual oospores and in many populations it appears that dormant oospores can provide a source of inoculum for an extended period of time The P.c. population structure varies significantly depending on the location; In Argentina, so far, all the isolates that we have studied belong to one mating type (A1) and are sensitive to mefenoxam. Recommended management strategies for P. capsici include cultural practices that ensure well-drained soils in the field, crop rotation, soil solarization, use of mulches to prevent splash/soil dispersal, and chemical control. The use of P. capsici-resistant pepper cultivars is an important aspect in the management of this disease. At La Consulta Experiment Station of the National Insti-tute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), a breeding program has been conducted for more than 30 years to introduce resistance against local strains of P. capsici in both bell and heart-shape-type peppers. In all cases, an accession from Dr. P. Smith of the University of California, Davis was used as the initial source of resistance. Different virulent isolates of P. capsici were used in controlled inoculation tests, and under field conditions. As a result of the program, the resistant bell-type cultivars Fyuco INTA and Lungo INTA as well as resistant heart-type cultivars for the cannery in-dustry, Calafyuco INTA and Don Humberto INTA, have been released. Nowadays, the main goal of the program is to introduce P. capsici resistance to paprika cultivars, resistant advanced lines with good agronomic characteristics are being evaluated in several locations.

The resistant cultivars released by INTA La Consulta, such as Fyuco INTA and Calafyuco INTA, are still widely used by pepper growers and the limited genetic variation in the pathogen population may be a factor that allows disease resistance to remain viable for extended periods of time.


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The Genes Controlling Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Pepper - 25

Allen Van Deynze1, Theresa Hill1, Jim Prince2, Hamid Ashrafi1 and William Z. Rehrig1

[email protected]

1Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, USA. 2California State University, Chico, USA.

A major problem for the pepper (Capsicum annuum) industry is the root rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici, to which all commercial varieties suffer yield losses despite good manage-ment practices and available landraces with high levels of resistance. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize candidate genes associated with resistance to P. capsici in pepper.

A high-density map with 3,887 markers was generated in a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from the highly resistant Capsicum annuum accession Criollo de Morelos-334 and Early Jalapeño using a high density custom Affymetrix array. These lines have been systematically screened for P. capsici resistance against a set of isolates collected from Mexico, New Mexico, New Jersey, California, Michigan and Tennessee.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with effective resistance across isolates have been identified and validated with SNP markers across an additional segregating population. By leveraging trans-criptomic and genomic information, we describe CaDMR1, a homoserine kinase, as a candidate gene responsible for the major QTL on chromosome P5 for resistance to P. capsici. SNP markers for the resistance allele were validated to facilitate gene pyramiding schemes for recurrent selection in pepper. Expression analyses are forming a model to help understand the basis of this resistance.

In conclusion, high density genetic mapping across informative populations coupled with the whole genome sequence of pepper yielded high quality candidate genes for resistance to P. capsici in pepper. Completely linked genetic markers developed were informative across pepper breeding populations and serve as a tool for selection in breeding.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the USDA/NIFA and Department of Plant Scien-ces at UC Davis. Plant populations were provided by Paul Bosland, New Mexico, USA. P. capsici isolates were provided by Jose Ruiz-Luna, Aguascalientes, Mexico, Paul Bosland and Kurt Lamour, Tennessee, USA.


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Evaluation of Bell Pepper Cultivars and Breeding Lines for Resistance to the Crown Rot Phase of Phytophthora capsici and Skin

Separation or 'silvering' in New Jersey 26

Christian A. Wyenandt1* and Wesley L. Kline2

[email protected]

1Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 121 Northville Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302Rutgers University, 2Cumberland County Agricultural Agent Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 291 Morton Avenue, Millville, NJ, 08332

Each year over 1200 ha of bell and non-bell peppers with an annual farm gate value of over 20 million USD are grown in New Jersey for roadside and fresh-markets on the East Coast, US. Phytophthora blight causes economic losses in the tens of millions of dollars on an annual basis throughout the state. P. capsici was first identified in the early-1970s in the southern region of the state near Vineland, NJ. Since then, P. capsici has spread throughout the state and can be found on most commercial vegetable productions farms. Poor crop rotations and the overuse of some fungicide chemistries, such as metalaxyl and mefenoxam, have exacerbated problems due to P. capsici for many vegetable farmers over that past 40 years. Up until the release of P. capsici-resistant/tolerant bell pepper cultivars many growers in the state relied heavily on the use of FRAC group 4 fungicides, metalaxyl and mefenoxam, for its control. The reliance on these chemistries ultimately led to the development of insensitive P. capsici populations on many farms. Because of heavily-infest fields and resistant populations, most bell pepper growers in the southern region of the state now rely on phytophthora-resistant/tolerant bell pepper cultivars. Without these cul-tivars, some growers in the southern region of the state would not be able to grow bell peppers. Since the early 1990s, we have cooperated with commercial breeders and seed companies to evaluate bell pepper breeding lines and cultivars under field-conditions in southern New Jersey. These evaluations have been done to help select for cultivars and/or breeding lines with resistance or tolerance to local isolates of P. capsici in New Jersey, and also for fruit quality characteristics needed to meet market demands for the northeast region of the US. Bell peppers grown in New Jersey must be dark-green, glossy, thick-walled, have 4-lobes (i.e., blocky), have shallow shoul-ders, and be large or extra-large/jumbo in size. Observations have revealed that some cultivars and breeding lines with resistance or tolerance to the crown rot phase of Phytophthora blight have exhibited what is now generically-referred to as skin separation or 'silvering' in bell pepper fruit. Although cosmetic in nature, skin separation is caused by the separation of cells or cell layers in the outer epidermis just below the cuticle layer of the fruit. Importantly, the amount of skin se-paration that develops on an individual fruit can range from very little to extreme. In New Jersey, skin separation has been estimated to be as high as 75% in some harvests. Preliminary research on the possible relationship between Phytophthora-tolerance and the development of skin sepa-ration suggests that genotype may influence the incidence of skin separation in bell pepper fruit. Because Phytophthora-tolerant bell pepper cultivars make up to 50% of the bell pepper acreage in New Jersey, growers are at risk for reduced quality and grade rejections due to skin separation.


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Evaluation of Phytophthora Resistant Pepper Varieties and Breeding Lines in Florida -28

Monica Ozores-Hampton1, Richard Raid2 and Gene McAvoy3

[email protected]

1University of Florida/IFAS, SWFREC, Immokalee, FL. 2University of Florida/IFAS, EREC, Belle Glade, FL. 3Hendry County Extension Service, LaBelle, FL.

Phytophthora root and crown rot, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici Leonian, is an important soil-borne plant disease that causes economic losses on important fruit and vegetable crops such as bell pepper, eggplant, summer squash, tomato, and watermelon in Florida. This plant pathogen has a major economic impact on crop production in California, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New Mexico, and worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate nine pepper variety and breeding lines (BL) for yield and disease incidence on Florida's sandy soils. The experiment was conducted in a commercial pepper field in Palm Beach County with a history of the disease during spring 2012 using a randomized complete block de-sign with four replications. Peppers were harvested once and graded into marketable yield size categories and unmarketable. Disease incidence was evaluated as number of plants affected by Phytophthora per plot. 'Hunter' had higher marketable yields than 'Aristotle', 'Intruder', 'Van-guard', and BL 1819 and 20854. There were no differences among super jumbo, jumbo, x-large and unmarketable pepper categories. Phytophthora incidence was very variable in the field, and therefore differences were not significant among the varieties and BL evaluated. Additional work is needed to quantify field resistance of existing and new variety introductions of the pathogen.


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Management of Chilli (Bell pepper) Fruit Borer by Some Novel Insecticides -30

M. L. [email protected]

School of Crop Protection, Central Agricultural University. Umiam, India

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) an international noctuid pest is commonly known as tobacco ca-terpillar. This polyphagous pest had been reported to occur in different countries particularly in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. It is known to feed on chilli, tomato, cabbage, and many other cultivated crops in India and cause severe damage to agriculture based economy of the country. It is also empowered with high fecundity, high host range and ability to develop resistance quickly to all class of conventional pesticides and thus is a nightmare to the farming community. For the management of this pest farmers extensively used different synthetic pyrethroi-ds, organo phosphates, carbamates and mixed formulation of traditional insecticides. Combating this pest with different improved measures of management is really a hard task today. To control Spodoptera sp. efficiently, some new insecticides with novel mode of action viz. Spinetorum, spinosad, Bacillus thuriensis, chlorfenapyr, lufenuron, flubendiamide along with traditional readymix insecticide profenofos+cypermethrin were evaluated in chilli. As chilli is one of the most popular and profitable crop, farmers everywhere feel the need to protect such high value crops from any type of damage caused by insect pests. To determine the effectiveness of these new pesticides two field experiments were done over two seasons (2011-12) at costal saline zone (Kakdwip) and new alluvial zone(Kalyani). The experiment was laid in the Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. They compared seven pesticides with untreated controls. All other agronomic practices were standard, and a blanket sprays to control thrips & mites were applied when necessary. First spraying was done with the appearance of Spodoptera and thereafter two sprays at fortnightly interval were followed. The results showed, at Kalyani farm flubendiamide gave best control of fruit borer up to 14 days in both seasons closely followed by spinetorum and spinosad. In another observation at Kakdwip farm, spinetorum performed well in reducing the infestation at all stages of vegetative growth followed by spinosad, flubendiami-de and chlorfenapyr compared to lufenuron, Bacillus, profenofos+cypermethrin and untreated control. These were reflected in yield parameter also. Both spinetoram and spinosad are highly vulnerable to lepidopteron pests with their new mode of action are naturally derived insecticide produced by fermentation of bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa, consists of a mixture of related spinosyn toxins, principally Spinosyn-J & L and A & D. Both the chemicals act as contact and stomach poison. They have novel mode of action, disrupts the functions of GABAreceptors of small neurons in the central nervous system are considered to be 'fast-acting' insecticide, degrades rapidly in the environment, offer excellent selectivity to beneficial organisms with low environmental risk to human beings. Flubendiamide a recently developed new chemical with


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new mode of action and excellent selectivity shows extremely strong insecticidal activity es-sentially against lepidopterous pests including resistant strains. It has novel mode of action with high acute toxicity to all lepidopteran pests because the insecticidal symptoms accompanied by discriminate contraction of the larval body and are distinguished from those of commercial insecticides. Chlorfenapyr- a new microbial of macro cyclic lactones and Bacillus a popular microbial - B.t. toxin are used in this experiment are safer to non target organisms and quickly degraded to non toxic products. The chemicals used in the experiment are highly vulnerable to Spodoptera litura with their new mode of action and high selectivity. All the chemicals are ideally fit for Integrated Pest Management Programme.

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Virus-vector Complex and Control Strategies for Pepper Production In The Coquimbo Region, Chile -33

Paulina Sepúlveda R.1*, Patricia Larraín S.2 y Carlos Quiroz E.2

[email protected]

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2INIA INTIHUASI La Serena Chile.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important horticultural crop in Chile with 1.473.5 has accor-ding to the 2010 census: The main producing areas are located mainly in the regions of Coquimbo with a 30.5% of the national surface, followed by the regions of O'Higgins and Metropolitana with 24 and 20% respectively. The marketing possibilities are fresh, dried, frozen, canning and seed production. Diseases caused by viruses have seriously affected the production of this crop in Chile, causing deformation, discoloration and decrease in the fruit size, which has affected the agro-industry that requires both a volume and maximize the quality of the product. In Chile, even though it has been observed an adequate degree of technology in the agronomical manage-ment of this crop, there are certain shortcomings related to the knowledge of the incidence of the major virus diseases and its relationship with insect vectors. The information available on virus diseases in peppers in Chile, has been related with identification and distribution. However, he lacked of information related with aspects associated with the etiology and epidemiology, as well as the vectors virus-relationship. These last aspects are essential in the decision-making process concerning the integrated control of these pathogens. In this context, studies were developed in the Region of Coquimbo, which allowed to generate the knowledge required to establish the relative importance of each of the species of insect vectors of the virus present in peppers. The predominant viruses in pepper in the region were: the Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Potato Virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), and for the first time in Chile was determined the presence of Impatient Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV), in a low percenta-ge of the affected plants. Several studies performed allowed by INIA gave important information related with population dynamics of the insect vectors of virus mentioned before in peppers. The-se vectors were Frankliniella occidentalis as the species predominantly of trips, with maximum populations during the months of December and January, these insects are the vectors of TSWV and INSV. The most frequent aphid species were Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, with the largest populations between August and October. Both aphids are vectors of PVY and AMV. More important than the abundance of insect vectors, it turned out the presence of sources of inoculum. These are the weeds present in the crops, which serve as a reservoir of virus from one season to another.


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New Peppers Varieties for Open Field Crop with High Fruit Quality and Resistant to Potyvirus in Cuba - 105

Yaritza Rodríguez Llanes*, Carlos Michel Camejo González, Sixto Ricardo Rodríguez García, Adrián Hernández Guillén y Julia M. Salgado Hernández

[email protected]

Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas Liliana Dimitrova - Quivacan - Cuba

This experiment was conducted in the Horticultural Research Institute Liliana Dimitrova located in the municipality of Quivicán, province of Mayabeque, Cuba. Two new Cuban varieties of pepper (LD-638 and Yamil) were evaluated in open field conditions; these two varieties were compared with the commercial variety LICAL as a control (T), and evaluated in the morphological and re-productive stages, as well as physico-chemical characteristic of the fruits. A statistical design of randomized block with three replications was used.

The tested varieties showed a plant development acceptable for the open field crop system used in Cuba, in term of plant height and plant foliage coverage. YAMIL and LD-638 reached yields above 20 t ha-1. YAMIL showed higher average fruit mass. LD-638 showed the highest values in the physico-chemical composition in three studied variables, distinguished by the highest vita-min C content, a compound that helps to prevent diseases. Differences were also observed for Potyvirus response.


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Resistance to Pepper Yellow Mosaic Virus in Recombinant Lines of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum - 89

Daniele Viana da Costa*, Rosana Rodrigues, Cintia dos Santos Bento, Samy Pimenta, Camila Queiroz da Silva, Ligia Renata Almeida da Silva

[email protected]

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF)/Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil

In Brazil, the main viral disease in chili and sweet pepper crops is caused by Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) which causes great losses in these crops in most producing regions. The resistance to PepYMV has been a priority in breeding programs of Capsicum conducted in Brazil. The aim of this work was to select recombinant lines of C. baccatum var. pendulum resistant to PepYMV. Forty-six C. baccatum var. pendulum recombinant lines, corresponding to the generation F4:5 developed from UENF 1616 (susceptible) and UENF 1732 (resistant) crosses were obtained by Single Seed Descent (SSD) method and tested for reaction to PepYMV. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with eight replications and two treatments as control totaling 490 plants. The CM 334 (Criollo de Morelos) and Ikeda cultivars were used as controls for resistance and susceptibility reaction, respectively. Nicotiana debneyi plants infected with isolate PepYMV-3 were used as inoculum source. Inoculation was provided via buffered plant extract in potassium phosphate 0.05 M, pH 7.2, containing sodium sulfate 0.01%, using carborundum (600 mesh) as an abrasive. Plants with three to four fully expanded leaves were inoculated and reinfected after 48 hours to ensure the effectiveness of inoculum and to avoid scapes. Controls were inoculated only with buffer solution and abrasive. There was vi-sual assessment of genotypes every two days from the 15th day after the first inoculation during 20 days, using rating scale ranging from 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible). The rates were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Nineteen recombinant lines were resistant and promising to advance the breeding program of C. baccatum var. pendulum aiming to release productive and resistant cultivars to PepYMV.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank FAPERJ, CAPES and CNPq for financial support.


93

Preliminary Study on Metabolic Profile of Sweet Pepper Genotype Resistant to Bacterial Spot - 92

Aminthia Pombo Sudré da Silva1*, Lígia Renata Almeida da Silva2, Cláudia Pombo Sudré2, Natália Oliveira Aguia1, Rosana Rodrigues2, Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas1

[email protected]

1Laboratório de Solos - NUDIBA. 2Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal LMGV/Uni-versidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF - Brazil Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria remains an important disease threatening sweet and chili peppers crops. The most effective and environmentally friendly control method is the use of genetic resistance, which can be qualitative or quantitative. The qualitative resistance has been more widely used in commercial genotypes and it can be characterized by the hypersensitive response (HR) during bacterial-plant interaction. HR corresponds to the cell disintegration and/or destruction of the tissue to inhibit pathogen invasion. Although at least four major genes that confer resistant to bacterial spot have been described (Bs1, Bs2, Bs3 and Bs7) metabolic profile of plant-pathogen interaction during resistance reaction are still incipient in Capsicum. This study aimed to identify the metabolites profile produced during the HR on C. annuum - X. euvesicatoria interaction using GC-MS. Plants of ECW ('Early California Wonder', susceptible pure line) and its near isogenic-line ECW20R (carries Bs2 gene that confers resistant to races 0, 1, 2 and 3) cultivated in growth-chamber with controlled photoperiod and temperature were inoculated with bacterial suspension at 1.0 x 108 cfu/ml. The inoculum was prepared from colonies of X. euvesicatoria (ENA-4135 isolated) cultured in DYGS medium for 36 hours at 28oC. The inoculation was done by infiltration to the abaxial surface of fully expanded young leaves with the aid of a hypodermic syringe and needle. Control plants were inoculated only with sterile water. Inoculated and mock-inoculated leaves were collected in bulk of three plants in two periods of time after inoculation (24 h and 36 h), with three replicates per time. The samples were immediately weighed and immersed in liquid nitrogen. After homogenization, 1 g of sample was used for extraction adding 30 ml of extracting solvent [methanol:chloroform:water (5:2:2)], vortexing for 10 seconds and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min. The samples were dried in Evaporation Rocket System and diluted in 1 mL of the extracting solvent. An aliquot of 10 µL was designed to derivatization (50 µL of pyridine + 100 µL of TMAH) for 1 h at 37oC, then 50 µL of MSTFA was added to this solution for 30 min at 37oC. The samples were dried and diluted in 1 mL of methanol and centrifuged at 100 rpm for 6 min at 24oC. Later, these samples were injected into the GC-MS QP2010 Plus. The major changes in metabolic profile occurred between the ECW-20R inoculated with water and ECW-20R inoculated with bacteria in time of 24 hours. Several compounds were detected in the ECW 20R. The chromatograms showed eight substances in plants inoculated with bacteria which were not found in samples of plants inoculated only with water. One of these substances is Cycloserine, which is a bacteriostatic antibiotic which inhibits cell wall synthesis. Nevertheless, few differen-ces on metabolic profile were noticed between the two genotypes on 36 hour after inoculation.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank to UENF and FAPERJ for financial support.


94

Evaluation of Bacteria Leaf Spot Resistant Pepper Varieties in South Florida -93

Christian F. Miller1*, Gene McAvoy2, Richard Raid3 and Monica Ozores [email protected]

1University of Florida/IFAS Palm Beach County Extension, 559 N Military Trail, West Palm Beach, Florida 33415. 2University of Florida/IFAS Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68,LaBelle, Florida 33975. 3University of Florida/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, PO Box 111564, Belle Glade, Florida 33430. 4University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee, Florida 34142

Relatively warm winter temperatures in south Florida is an ideal location for winter vegetable pro-duction. Palm Beach County is the national leader in bell pepper production with 5,500 acres the US. The challenges for Palm Beach County pepper growers include the subtropical environment of south Florida which supports year-round pest populations. The pepper industry consequently relies on the release of new resistant varieties to replace older varieties suffering from yield and quality decline due to disease pressures. New varieties with traits for improved yield, quality, and resistance are desirable because fewer pesticide applications equate with reduced production costs and improved environmental stewardship. Bacterial leaf spots (BLS), caused by the bacte-rium, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, is one of the most serious diseases of pepper in in Palm Beach County. Therefore, the University of Florida (UF) Extension Service conducts an annual bell pepper variety trial with the cooperation of local commercial growers to evaluate yield and disease resis-tance enabling south Florida pepper producers to remain internationally competitive, profitable, and sustainable. In 2013 the UF Extension Service evaluated twenty bell pepper varieties during the fall production season in Palm Beach County, FL. Two harvests were collected to determine yield by size categories and postharvest quality such as number of lobes, pepper length, width, and thickness. There was no BLS pressure during the season, since rain events which aid in the transmission of the pathogen were inadequate for disease development. Total marketable yield from the first harvest conducted thirteen weeks after transplant ranged from 1,458 to 903 28-lb bu/acre. The second and final harvest was conducted two weeks later and resulted in a yield ran-ge between 234 and 68 bu/acre. The combined total yield for both harvests ranged from a high of 1,606 (Touchdown) to a low of 1,082 (Bayonet). Quality characteristics including fruit length, width, and thickness were measured in inches with length ranging from 4.37-in (Cutlass) to 3.63-in (9325). The later was also widest in diameter at 4.32-in and had the lowest thickness at 0.275-in. The narrowest variety evaluated was Blitz at 3.69-in while the variety with the highest thickness was found to be Bastille at 0.336-in. The number of lobes per fruit ranged from 3.3 (Abay) to 4.1 (Seedway 48 and 3255).

Though this data provides useful information to aid in the selection of varieties for commercial production in south Florida, these findings represent the results of one season's growing conditions. The UF Extension Service recommends repeating the trial annually and encourages growers to take into account data collected from previous years due to variability in weather and pest pressure.


95

A Summary of Three Decades of Research Based Integrated Bacterial Leaf Spot Management Efforts in Florida -17

Gene McAvoy1*, Chris Miller2, Dr Richard Raid3 and Dr Monica Ozores [email protected]

1University of Florida/IFAS Hendry County Extension, PO Box 68,LaBelle, Florida 33975. 2Univer-sity of Florida/IFAS Palm Beach County Extension, 559 N Military Trail, West Palm Beach, Florida 33430. 3University of Florida/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, PO Box 111564, Belle Glade, Florida 33430. 4University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2686 State Road 29 North, Immokalee, Florida 34142

Bacterial leaf spot (BLS), caused by the bacterium, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, is one of the most serious diseases of pepper in Florida. Infection can markedly reduce yields and fruit symptoms reduce marketability. Bacterial leaf spot of pepper is a serious disease because it has a high rate of transmission, especially during periods with wind driven rains when traditional control methods may be inadequate. Entry into the plant occurs when bacterial cells pass through natural plant openings (stomates and hydothodes) or wounds made by wind driven soil, insects, or cultural operations.1 Temperatures of 75-87oF are ideal for BLS, but infection can occur at lower and higher temperatures. Lesions can occur on leaf parts (leaflets and petiole) and fruit parts (fruit, peduncle, and calyx). Stems are also susceptible but usually foliage is infected to a greater degree.

Due to the potential seriousness of this disease, researchers and extension personnel at the Uni-versity of Florida and elsewhere have conducted extensive studies into management strategies for BLS in pepper. Chemical controls are inadequate to manage the disease as multiple surveys have revealed the presence of copper tolerant bacterial spot populations. Bacteria can be seedborne and can survive between crops in plant refuse. Plants infected in the transplant house can carry the disease to the fields. Severe outbreaks can occur during warm, moist weather, especially when heavy rains damage the plants and spread the bacterium. Physical control methods include prompt destruction of field residues after harvest, attention to field sanitation, control of volunteer peppers, and hand labor sanitation.

Researchers have identified no fewer than eleven different races of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Since few varieties incorporate resistance to all known races, it is important that growers be knowledgeable about locally occurring races and use varieties that have resistance to races that occur in their area. Commercial pepper varieties resistant to races 1, 2 and 3 have been on the market for many years and more recently newer cultivars with additional resistance to races 4, 5, and 6 have provided growers with protection from BLS infection. Experience has shown that an integrated disease management strategy is essential in controlling BLS in pepper. Growers should employ tactics aimed at reducing the survival, spread, and reproduction of bacteria and minimizing infection of plants. Such tactics would include: seed treatment, physical and cultural methods, foliage treatment, resistant varieties combined with other integrated disease management tactics.


96

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria) Second Most Serious Disease in New Jersey Pepper Production -34

Wesley L. Kline1*, Christian A. Wyenandt2, and Kristian E. Holmstrom3

[email protected]

1Cumberland County Agricultural Agent, Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 291 Morton Ave., Millville, NJ 08332. 2Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University. Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 121 Northville Rd., Bridgeton, NJ 98302. 3IPM Research Project Manager II, Rutgers University Pest Management Office, 93 Lipman Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08901

New Jersey growers have problems each year with Bacterial Leaf Spot (BLS) in bell and specialty peppers. Cultivars with resistance to races 1-3 performed well under New Jersey conditions until the mid-2000's when symptoms were observed on resistant cultivars. Results from an observational trial in 2004 showed that race 4 existed in parts of the state. Then in 2013, a similar trial produced preliminary evidence that race 6 is established in pepper fields. Growers would rely on resistant cultivars however there are few commercial cultivars adapted to the region for race 4 and none for race 6. Growers apply fungicides every 7 to 10 days [Oxidate (Hydrogen dioxide),Quintec (quinoxyfen) and fixed copper] in the field for disease management. Clean seed in combination with good field sanitary practices are being promoted to help growers manage the disease. Seeds that have not been treated (chlorine or hot water) by a commercial company or locally produced specialty pepper seed are especially susceptible to BLS. The New Jersey research and extension group has promoted the use of hot water treatment in combination with a seed fungicide treatment throughout the Mid-Atlantic Region. Trainings were carried out starting in 2010 throughout the region to make growers aware and to demonstrate hot water treatment techniques. Equipment was purchased and placed at key locations in New Jersey where growers can have their seed treated. This has led to increased awareness of using hot water treatment for bacterial disease control. Growers are now having other species treated that benefit from hot water treatment. Other management practices being promoted include producing plants locally to reduce the chance of introducing the disease. Growers are encouraged to remove all materials from the greenhouse and disinfect the structure prior to planting to reduce or eliminate inoculum sources. This is followed by good sanitation practices and applications of streptomycin from first true leaf appearance until transplanting. Three-year crop rotations are suggested, but growers in this region grow tomatoes, eggplant and potatoes in close proximity to peppers plus solanceous weeds are quite prevalent thus rotation has not be as effective. Most peppers are grown on plastic mulch and some growers try to use the mulch a second year. This has led to pepper plants still standing in the field until the following spring which provides a source of inoculum. Awareness is being raised with these growers of the need to destroy these plants right after harvest.

The best method to control BLS in the mid-Atlantic Region will be with resistant cultivars in com-bination with the management strategies mentioned above. As new races continue to be found in the region, cultivar evaluation is critical for disease management.


97

Screening Capsicum spp. Leaves for Resistance to Bacterial Spot -91

Alexandre Gomes de Souza*, Cíntia dos Santos Bento, Cláudia Pombo Sudré, Ligia Renata Almeida da Silva, Samy Pimenta, Rosana Rodrigues

[email protected]

Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV/Universidade Estadual do Norte Flumi-nense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF

Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is one of the most important diseases in Capsicum plants in several areas worldwide. Using resistant cultivars is the most effective in controlling this disease and the search for resistance genes is a constant challenge for plant breeders and patholo-gists. This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of 49 Capsicum spp. genotypes to bacterial spot. Thirty-nine accessions and 10 experimental hybrids of Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum were tested considering two inoculum concentrations: 1.0 x 108 cfu/mL, to test possible hypersensitivity reaction, and 1.0 x105 cfu/mL to detect quantitative levels of resistance. The bacterial suspension was prepared from colonies of X. euvesicatoria (ENA-4135) cultured in DYGS medium for 36 hours at 28oC. The suspension concentration was adjusted to 1.0 x 108 cfu/mL in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 600 nm and absorbance 0.3 and from this suspension was made serial dilution to obtain a suspension of 1.0 x 105 cfu/mL. Inoculation was performed by infiltrating into abaxial side of young leaves fully expanded in an area of approximately 1cm2 with the aid of syringe and hypodermic needle (1 mL). For each bacterial suspension concentration one leaf per plant was used. The hypersensitivity reaction was assessed 48 hours after inoculation observing the absence or presence of necrotic lesion. For analysis of quantitative resistance, the evaluation began on the fourth day after inoculation and daily observations were made for eight days, using a rating scale from 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible). The notes were used to quantify the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Data were analyzed using Bartlett´s normality test, analysis of variance and Scott-Knott clustering. Hypersensitivity reaction was observed in eight Capsicum spp. acces-sions and nine C. baccatum var. pendulum hybrids. The results observed for AUDPC ranged from 8.00 (resistant) to 35.83 (susceptible plants). In the quantitative assessment, 15 genotypes were considered resistant with mean AUDPC between 8.00 and 20.50. Among these genotypes, four were highly resistant, asymptomatic, two C. baccatum var. pendulum (UENF 1635 and UENF 1624), one C. annuum var. glabriusculum (UENF 1750) and one C. annuum var. annuum (UENF 1626). The accessions UENF 1490, UENF 1624, 1718 UENF and experimental hybrids UENF 1616 x UENF1732, UENF1624 x UENF 1629, UENF 1624 x UENF1732 and UENF1629 x UENF 1732, all of them C. baccatum var. pendulum were resistant in both inoculated suspension con-centrations. The resistant accessions are suitable to be used in breeding programs for resistance to bacterial spot in Capsicum spp. The experimental hybrids of C. baccatum are in final field trials seeking their release to farmers.



99

HORTICULTURAL MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTION AND PEPPER PHYSIOLOGY

100

The pepper crop in the South-east of Spain -15

Francisco Camacho [email protected]

Department of Agronomy. Plant Production Area. University of Almería. Spain

World's pepper production reached 440,000 tons in 2012 according to FAO. Spain ranks sixth in the world in pepper production with 900,000 tons. For over three decades, the protected vegetable crop system used in Almería has been the main contributor to the socioeconomic development of the region. In particular, the profit obtained from vegetable production is the driving force of the economic development of the whole province. Out of the eight vegetable species grown in this region, pepper is the second largest crop by area. Specifically, in the 2012-2013 season, 8,406 hectares produced 590,516 tons of pepper, whose economic value amounted to 417 million Euros.

Almería is the province from Spain where the highest pepper yield expressed in kg/m2 is obtained. Over the past decade, this parameter has been continuously increasing. In recent years, its value has been 65-70 t/ha, harvesting: (i) 50% green and 50% mature for red ripening peppers, and (ii) over 90% mature for yellow or orange ripening peppers. In the region, plant cultivation is carried out under greenhouse structures, mostly "Almería type" covered with plastic, i.e. polyethylene. When there is excessive light, different color meshes are used to protect the plants. The grown peppers are sweet, and the range of cultivated types includes California, Lamuyo, and Bevel. Notably, this range comprises a wide variety of colors, meat thickness, and fruit size. Due to the uniqueness of the soil type in the South-east of Spain, cultivation practices that make pepper production highly profitable have been applied. For instance, bio-disinfection systems are becoming increasingly frequent. Further, grafting is used as a mean to fight soil pathogens, and as a method to increase some cultivars productivity, although still at small scale. Various planting systems that increase operations profitability are used, multiple pruning and trellising systems depending on the pro-duction structures are implemented, and several methods that increase pollination effectiveness are applied. Water application is made with high frequency localized systems, adding therein the nutrients needed for crop growth.


101

Evaluation of The Effect of Organic Foliar Fertilizer in Yellow Chili (Capsicum baccatum L.var pendulum) -13

M. Velásquez and R. Ugá[email protected], [email protected]

Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina- Perú

The 'Yellow' chili is a native and domesticated plant in Peru. The production in 2011 was 10,931.00 tons with different prices from S/.4.72/kg in the conventional market to S/.6.00/kg in the organic market; its production is mainly carried out by small and medium farmers. Recycling and use of natural ingredients are very important in organic farming; for that is commonly use fertilizer which belongs from microbial fermentation. The fish meal, marigold, raising livestock and guinea pig industry produce waste which can be fermented and used as rich fertilizers. Thus, the objectives were to analyze the effect of different foliar organic fertilizers above yield components of 'Yellow' chili and provide knowledge on foliar fertilization of small farmers. The research was conducted in a small organic farming in Mala Valley in Peru.

Treatments were Agua de Colca and Prensa (marigol processing residues) and EM-1 (effective microorganism) 0.5 % applied every 15 days; Alopes forte (anaerobic fermentation of fishmeal residues), Fastbiol (anaerobic fermentation of livestock excreted) and Biol (anaerobic fermentation of guinea pig excreted), 0.5% applied every week; a control (water) was included. The experi-mental design was a randomized complete block. The variables evaluated were: growth (plant height), productivity (harvest fresh weight, number of fruits, plant biomass dry matter) and quality (diameter, length, fruit dry matter).

According to the results, significant differences existed in the effect of fertilizers on the percen-tage of steam dry matter and fruit diameter, for example the top treatment was Biol with 33%and 30.91mm respectively. Generally fertilizers were higher than the control in the remaining va-riables. The average yield performance of treatments without the control was 7999 kg/ha; the treatments like Biol (9086 kg/ha) and Alopes forte (8915 kg/ha) performed better over the control (6853 kg/ha). The number of fruits obtained by fertilizers were higher than the control (230417 fruits/ha). In general, the plants dry matter of treatments were higher above the control (mainly in the steam), producing healthier and well performed plants. These results could be affected by the bio-stimulating effects and nutrient source. The contribution of organic N (amino acids) could increase production of proteins by saving energy, motivating other processes such as flowering, expansion of photosynthetic area, fruit set and fruit production.

The effect of treatments on yield components was partial; however despite there were no signi-ficance, fertilizers performed better than the control. The foliar fertilizers are important in the small and medium agriculture, which can be easily produced, like Biol. These can be a source of nutrients and bio-stimulants, getting productive and healthy plants.



102

Integrated Production system: Toward a Rational Fertilization.The Case of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) -12

Constanza Jana* and Victor [email protected]

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA Intihuasi. Colina San Joaquín s/n, La Serena, Chile

One of the major problems that horticulture is currently facing in the Region of Coquimbo - just as the rest of the country - is the excessive use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium based fer-tilizers (NPK) applied on agricultural soils. Despite the importance of the presence of these ma-cronutrients in crops development, excessive use of these types of fertilizers can produce several negative effects on plants and human health; being its application sometimes unjustified to obtain better results. In order to reduce the use of these products, it has been proposed to introduce a rational fertilization system consisting in the application of nutrients depending of both the plant requirements and soil contribution. This fertilization system is part of the integrated agricultural production system, characterized by prioritizing ecologically safer methods.

In order to evaluate the rational fertilization system in an integrated production system versus the traditional fertilization system, California Wonder capsicum variety, was analyzed at the INIA experimental center located in the Region of Coquimbo (30oS). Eight treatments were included: 4 rational fertilization treatments and 4 traditional fertilization treatments using different com-binations of commercial organic acids and humic acids in 4 repetitions. Thirteen variables were evaluated: a) productive parameters: production by weight (t/ha), number (units/ha), and amount of waste (t/ha); b) fruit quality: polar and equatorial diameter (mm), resistance to pressure in three parts of the fruit (lb/pul2) and seed color; c) recovering after a short post-harvest period: diseases and plagues (presence and level of severity); d) and dry matter (percentage). According to the results, it is possible to obtain similar production results using a rational fertilization system and, in addition to this, fruit health has better response in post-harvest condition.

Acknowledgements: Integrated Production Project for vegetables. Funded by INNOVA CORFO


103

Evaluation of Six Formulations Using Organic Fertilizers and Guano de Islas in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) var. 'Cherry' -81

C. Navarro, R. Ugás and M. Velá[email protected]

[email protected]

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Lima. Perú

Due to the increasing interest of native crops, the steady growth of organic agriculture and Peruvian gastronomy, and the urgent inclusion of small producers into productive chains, different formu-lations of organic fertilizers using cattle manure, compost, MO-STD (fermented cattle manure + rumen + sanguaza) and "guano de islas" (seabird droppings) were tested to evaluate the response of chili ('cherry'). This local variety is from the northern coast of Peru and is cultivated only by smallholders. Great production opportunities seem to be available in native Capsicum genetic resources, but they are not fully researched yet, because investigation has been mainly focused on commercial chili. The experiment was conducted at Programa de Hortalizas, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in a late season to evaluate its performance. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The application of organic fertilizers was made in two stages, one as basal fertilization prior to transplanting and one as supplementary fertilization, 25 and 55 days after transplanting were performed. The present investigation was also carried out to study the effect of organic basal fertilizers with and without supplementary addition of an immediate source of nutrients such us organic fertilizer "guano de islas". Measurements of growth and development, yield components (including an estimation on mineral N), and horticultural characteristics were also evaluated. There were statistically significant differences for the num-ber of leaves, number of fruits/plant, and fruit characteristics (weight, length, diameter and flesh thickness). An early flowering (49 X) compared to other chili was observed. Total yield differences were large and highly significant with the application of MO-STD (13,161 kg/ha, 67%>control) as basal and supplementary fertilizer, however highest profitability (77%) and estimated mineral N was obtained with the combination of cattle manure and "guano de islas". Additionally it was noted that control root dry weight was 5% higher than fertilized plants, this may be explained by nutrient-seeking elongation in the absence of fertilization. Lastly, the following descriptors of harvested plants were determined: Plant architecture, flower position and fruit type.

The good performance in the experiment and its estimated economic benefit show an interesting productive opportunity for agriculture. In conclusion, further research is needed to standardize and develop this local variety in order to take benefit from its culinary potential and industrialization.



104

Effect of Four Levels of K on Yield and Quality of Paprika Pepper (Capsicum annuum) cv. ´PapriKing' -11

.A. Casas1*, D. Leon2, R. Ortega3, D. Felles3

[email protected]

1Univ. Nac. Agr. La Molina, 2Molinos &Cía. S.A., 3Univ. Nac. José Faustino Sánchez Carrión

This study was carried out in the Pativilca Valley, 200 km north of Lima. Four levels of potassium were evaluated, 216, 270, 324 and 378 kg K2O ha-1. N and P2O5 levels were the same for all the experiment with 250 and 160 kg ha-1, respectively. There were no differences for fresh fruit yield (15.8 - 18.6 t/ha). The highest dry fruit yield superior statistically was achieved using 270 kg K2O ha-1 (6.4 t/ha). No differences were observed for number of fruits per kg among treatments. The highest ASTA record was found using 378 kg K2O ha-1 (137.2) followed by 324 kg K2O ha-1 (109.3), both statistically superior to the ASTA observed in fruits from the other two K levels evaluated.


105

ABA Induces Growth Modulation in Pepper Transplants-37

Daniel I. Leskovar* and Shinsuke [email protected]

Texas AgriLife Research, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA

Commercial pepper growers prefer the use of compact transplants with a balanced root to shoot ratio, able to tolerate handling and shipping during transport and reduce transplant shock after field establishment. To achieve this goal, controlling plant height is an important nursery strategy for containerized pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants. High quality (compact) pepper trans-plants may also have a prolonged marketability period in the nursery. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces stress-adaptive responses, including inhibition of stem elongation and leaf expansion. The goal of this project was to explore the potential of ABA in producing high quality pepper transplants through growth modulation and physiological adaptation responses.

The first experiment examined the age-dependent sensitivity, from the cotyledon stage to the 3-leaf stage, of various growth variables to foliar applications of ABA in bell pepper 'Excursion II' and jalapeño pepper 'Colima' seedlings. The second follow up experiment evaluated whether ABA (3.8 mM) can prolong the marketability period of bell pepper transplants after being sprayed 7, 5, 3, or 1 day before they reached the commercial size. The last experiment explored pepper transplant growth changes to ABA application rates.

Regardless of the ABA spray timing (cotyledon to 3-leaf stage), only bell pepper maintained significantly shorter plant height until the transplanting stage, ranging from 80% to 88% of the control. By contrast, leaf area was significantly reduced by ABA applied at the cotyledon stage. These results suggest that ABA was effective in height control for bell pepper 'Excursion II', and that it should be applied at least one week after the emergence of the first true leaf to minimize the negative side effects on the leaf photosynthetic capacity. The second experiment showed that height suppression by ABA was reversible when measured 7 days after transplants reached the commercial size for shipping. Although ABA inhibited shoot dry matter accumulation, the mag-nitude of the biomass reductions was moderate (9% to 12%) and reversible, suggesting that ABA is an effective growth holding agent. The third experiment demonstrated that growth inhibition by ABA was proportional to the application rate. Importantly, based on these studies, it can be concluded that the growth modulation by ABA was only transient with no negative impact on marketable yield and fruit quality.

Acknowledgements: Valent BioSciences, Rio Grande Basin Initiative Program (USDA), Speedling Inc., Juan Esquivel and Ezequiel Cardona.


106

Role of CaGLK2 in Controlling Fruit Development in Pepper -38

Arnon Brand1, Yelena Borovsky1, Theresa Hill2, Khalis Afnan Abdul Rahman2, Aharon Bellalou1, Noam Monsonego1, Allen Van Deynze2, Ilan Paran1*

[email protected]

1Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel. 2Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

Fruit color is a major quality trait of pepper. Large natural variation in pigment profile and content in immature and ripe fruits exists in this species and has been exploited for breeding. While gene models and biochemical pathways have been proposed for qualitative aspects of fruit color, the genetic control of quantitative pigment content is largely unknown which hampers its utilization for plant improvement. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in pepper allowed identification of two major QTLs for chlorophyll content, pc8 and pc10. GLK2, a GOLDEN2-like transcription factor that regulates chloroplast biogenesis has been identified recently as controlling fruit deve-lopment in tomato. Based on comparative genetic mapping and phenotypic similarity with tomato of fruit color mutants, we hypothesized that the pepper ortholog of GLK2, CaGLK2, corresponds to pc10. Segregation, sequencing and expression analyses in a panel of lines exhibiting variation in fruit color supported our hypothesis that pepper CaGLK2 controls natural variation in chlo-roplast development and chlorophyll content in pepper. CaGLK2 exerts its effect on chloroplast compartment size predominantly during immature fruit development. Dark green fruits with high expression level of CaGLK2 have higher content of total soluble solids and carotenoids compared to light green fruits but these differences did not persist at the ripe fruit stage. The positive effect on fruit quality predominantly at the immature stage conferred by CaGLK2 can be utilized to breed green pepper varieties with improved nutritional values and taste.


107

Association of capsaicin and oleoresin on seed quality traits in hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) -39

K.S. Nagaraju1*, K. P. Rama Prasanna2 and A. Mohan Rao3

[email protected]

1Ph.D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed Science & Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2Professor of Seed Science and Technology and former Dean, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3Professor, Department of Genetics and plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Ban-galore, Karnataka, India.

Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is highly valued as a vegetable and spice, as well as com-mercial crop and becoming increasingly important in terms of production and consumption. In India hot pepper (dried) is cultivated under an area of 0.805 million hectares with production of 1.276 million tonnes during 2011-12. Among the major spices dried chilli ranked first rank both in area and production. In India 4617 germplasm accession comprising of 4014 improved lines and 531 gene bank accessions are reported by AVRDC, Taiwan. Among these many are under cultivation for domestic market as well as export purpose. Pungency or "heat" found in Capsicum fruit results from the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloid compounds known as capsaicinoids in the dissepiments, placental tissue adjacent to the seeds. The two chemical groups of greatest interest are the capsaicinoids and the carotenoids. Fruit capsaicin content has an International commercial prime rate. Capsaicin is a unique alkaloid of the plant kingdom restricted to the genus Capsicum. The pungency factor is a bioactive molecule of food and of medicinal importance. However, reported literature on effect of capsaicin on seed quality traits (viz., Dormancy, Germination, Seedling Length and Seedling Vigour) is scanty in hot pepper.

Forty five (45) genotypes of hot pepper belonging to three species of Capsicum annuum var longum, C. chinense and C. frutescens were collected from various hot pepper growing regions of India. They were raised with Completely Randomized Design at University of Agricultural Sciences farm Bangalore, Karnataka, India during summer 2009. Further, 12 genotypes based on results obtained by evaluation of genotypes two genotypes each of low medium and high capsaicin and low medium and high oleoresin contents respectively (Aparna, Assam Bhut Jolokia, Byadagi Dadda, Byadagi Orange Selection, G 4, LCA 206, Majjige Menasu-1, Panth C-1, Paprika, Rona, Sankeshwara and Shivani) were raised in field during June-July 2010. These selected genotypes were subjected to inter specific hybridization. Under this premise the effect of capsaicin on seed quality traits in inter specific cross between a very low pungent, non dormant seed parent Paprika from C. annuum was hybridized to highly pungent with seed dormancy parent Assam Bhut Jolokia from C. Chinense (World Hottest Pepper) was investigated. The combined numbers of seedlings per family (574, 450, 500, 90, 90, and 60 for F2, BCP2, BCP1, P1, P2, and F1, res-pectively) were grown in pot-tray nursery for 50 days in poly house and (272, 330, 330, 90, 90, and 60 for F2, BCP2, BCP1, P1, P2, and F1, respectively) were transplanted to main field during 2012-13. Capsaicin was quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Total


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oleoresin was extracted by solvent extraction method by cold acetone percolation of finely powdered sample of dried hot pepper powder and subsequent removal of solvent by evapora-tion over water bath at 70o C and expressed in percentage. Seed quality traits viz., germination (%), abnormal seedlings, fresh ungerminated seeds and seedling length (cm) in 10 randomly selected seedlings, seedling vigour index-I was computed as germination percentage multiplied by seedling length (ISTA 2006). The -amylase assay was qualitatively estimated by agar plate with one per cent starch. Seeds were incubated for known duration with and without seed coat. Subsequently, seeds were removed and iodine was added to plates. The amylases released form geminating seeds thus utilize the starch in the medium and observed for hollow zone to arrive at presence of -amylase activity.

The increased content of capsaicin and oleoresin were found to be negatively and positively correlated with seed quality respectively. Per cent seed germination ranged from 98-100, 30-45 and 99-100 for P1, P2 and F1 respectively. Whereas, number of dormant seeds ranged from 55-70 in P2, while, P1 and F1 seeds recorded nil. Indicating increased content of capsaicin inducing non uniformity of germination. The seedling length (cm) ranged from 3.7-5.1, 0.5-2.2 and 4.3-6.3 with P1, P2 and F1 respectively. The distribution of individuals in F2 indicated quantitative nature of seedling length and seedling emergence. The estimates of generation components revealed that higher seedling length and the higher seedling emergence were predominantly under the control of genes with dominance effect and the dominance effect were unidirectional as evidenced by higher magnitudes of dominance gene effects and opposite signs of dominance and dominance X dominance epistatic gene effects. Seeds harvested from F2 (130 individuals), B1 and B2 (54 and 100 families respectively) were evaluated for seed quality parameters. The -amylase activity by qualitative starch agar plate method revealed Paprika (P1) and derived back cross family B1 is having higher activity and whereas, Assam Bhut Jolokia seeds (P2) and derived back cross family B2 has nil to less activiy. Thus, genotypes having high capsaicin content reported decreased seed germination and increased dormancy.

Results revealed that increased capsaicin content is associated with decreased seed quality para-meters by inhibiting Alfa amylase activity the first enzyme synthesised during seed germination process mediated by GA3. Future experiments are underway to validate molecular markers linked to pungency and to associate them with seed quality traits to arrive at optimum capsaicin content in genotypes for enhanced seed quality.

Acknowledgement: The research work was supported by fellowship grants from Kirkhouse Trust (UK).

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Development of Methodologies to Improve Germination Rate on Bolivian Wild Hot-Peppers -82

Teresa Avila, Ximena Reyes*, Janett Céspedes, Ariel Choque and Tito [email protected]

Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani, Cochabamba, Bolivia

Bolivia as center of origin of Capsicum species shows wide genetic diversity. Fruits from these wild species, commonly named "ulupicas" and "aribibis", are harvested directly from plants growing at the mountains or from plants growing around farmers` houses. All of them are sold in the local mar-kets. Also, they are processed as pickles or home-made sauces. This way to collect fruits generates erosion of the genetic resources. Also, the harvesters don't follow any cultivation methodology or replace the plants when their productive cycle ends. The Pairumani's Phytoecogenetical Research Center (CIFP), in Cochabamba-Bolivia, has a working collection of cultivated and wild Capsicum species of: C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. baccatum var. baccatum, C. caballeroi, C. cardenasii, C. ceratocalyx, C. chacoense, C. eximiumy and C. minuti-florum. Accessions of this collection have been morphologically, molecularly and biochemically characterized, by studying capsaicin content, colorants and antioxidants. In the same way, the agronomic attributes have been also evaluated. This study identified several accessions with high potential for cultivation and processing. However, the majority of these accessions show several problems for cultivation, such as: low seed germination rate, long time required for fruit-bearing and in some cases, poor fruit-bearing. Other problems are seed dormancy, and the seeds' viability that also decreases according to the conservation time; being high at the beginning of the storage and then quickly decreasing when the seeds get old. For this reason, the CIFP had performed several germination tests and experiments in order to overcome these limiting factors.

Germination trials were done, at first in a germination chamber at a constant temperature of 22oC with a relative humidity of 80% and without additional treatments. The germination delayed between 10 to 60 days from the moment the samples were introduced. The results observed va-ried between 0 to 60% of germination rate. Also, there was a test performed in the tissue-culture laboratory under in vitro conditions, where embryos were obtained from seeds and were com-pared with whole seeds. There was observed a higher germination rate (76%) for the cultivated embryos compared with the cultivated whole-seeds. In order to look for possible solutions for the low germination rate and to reduce the time needed for the germination of the wild hot-peppers' accessions, there were done some tests with giberelic acid and warm water. These tests were done in vitro conditions as well as under greenhouse conditions. Seeds embedded for 24 hours in giberelic acid [5ppm] germinated more quickly and the germination rate increased too, either at the in vitro conditions as in the greenhouse. By other hand, in the greenhouse tests, there were also the utilization of biological inputs (Tricobal of Biotop) added to the substrate, which increased the germination rate and the plant development. Even that it is true that this allowed an increase in the germination rate, but these seeds took long time to germinate too. Actually, plants obtained in all the tests, were transplanted to the field and are under monitoring.


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Action of Paclobutrazol in Potted Hot Peppers Plants - 96

Wellington Souto Ribeiro1, Clebson dos Santos Carneiro1, Lucas Cavalcante da Costa, Fernando Luiz Finger1*

[email protected]

1Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brasil

Phenotypical variability of Capsicum species comprises great diversity on habit of growth and plant size. In principle, any variety of pepper can be used as ornamental potted plant. But, there are only a few commercial cultivars adapted to such purpose. Since most of the plants are rela-tively large because the cultivars were selected field crop, they are not adapted as potted plant. The height of plants can be reduced by the use of growth inhibitors. Paclobrutazol (PBZ) is widely used as growth regulator, reducing the height of citrus, sunflower and other cultivated plants. Nevertheless, the response and efficiency of PBZ on the growth of peppers is not known yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PBZ on the growth and quality of nine accessions of peppers from the Horticulture Germplasm Bank (BGH) from Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse in a completely randomized design, where the treatments were arranged in a 9 x 4 factorial; comprising nine genotypes and three doses (25, 50 mg and 75 mg L-1 PBZ) plus the control plants. PBZ was applied by submerging the root/substrate at transplanting to the pots, comprising a total of three replicates of one plant per each treatment. When the plants reached the commercial stage of sale (30% of ripe fruits) they were evaluated for plant canopy height, height of the first bifurcation, main stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf size (length/width), number of ripe fruits per plant, length of mature fruit and diameter of the ripe fruit. For the accesses BGH 1032 and BGH 1039 the use of PBZ at the concentration of 25 mg L-1 was the most suitable to obtain plants with ornamental characteristics. PBZ at con-centrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1 improved the ornamental characteristics of the accesses BGH 4285, BGH 6371 and BGH 7073, reducing plant height and resulting in plants with more compact and harmonic tops for potting. Therefore, considering the cost:benefit, the dose of 25 mg L-1 PBZ is indicated for the above accesses. PBZ reduced the height of BGH 4199, but without providing a good required ornamental size. Regardless the concentration, PBZ was ineffective in affecting BGH 4371 plant morphological traits.

Acknowledgements: To CNPq, FAPEMIG and CAPES.


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Does Sucrose Affect the Photochemical Efficiency in Capsicum baccatum Seedlings Grown in vitro? -97

Rafael Walter1*, Virginia Silva Carvallho2, Luciene Souza Ferreira3, Jefferson Rangel da Silva4, Andressa Leal Generoso5 e Eliemar Campostrini6

*[email protected]

1Master Student in Genetics and Plant Breeding Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Brazil. 2U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 3U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 4U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 5U.Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil. 6Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal U. Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil

The Capsicum peppers have great economic importance in the world, being used in fresh vegetables market, condiments and ornamentation. The genetic breeding programs of the genus find problems that can be solved with the embryos culture. The photosynthetic capacity related studies are of great importance to optimizing the cultivation of seedlings in vitro. The objective was to verify the effect of sucrose on germination of cotyledonary embryos (advanced) of Capsicum baccatum and photosynthetic capacity in vitro. Mature seeds of C. baccatum var. pendulum (UENF 1624), of the germplasm bank of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, were sterilized in 70% alcohol for one minute later in NaClO 0.7% + Tween 20 for 15 minutes and rinsed three times in deionized autoclaved water and soaked for 12 hours. In the germination experiment, embryos were isolated and placed in Petri dishes containing ½MS medium with different sucrose concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g L-1) with four replications and five explants in each dish, and evaluated by 15 days. For the experiment of seedling growth, the embryos were isolated and germinated in Petri dishes containing ½MS medium without sucrose. After 15 days the seedlings were transferred to flasks containing ½MS medium with the same sucrose concentrations above, with four replicates and five explants in each dish. The evaluations of the photochemical efficiency (chlorophyll fluo-rescence, SPAD reading and potential photosynthesis) were made after 30 days. In the evaluation of potential photosynthesis, were used 8 intensities of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR): 0; 71; 143; 214; 286; 357; 429 e 500 µmol m-2 s-1, with measurement time of three minutes each intensity. All treatments presented 100% germination of embryos. The values of chlorophyll a fluorescence emission showed no statistical difference. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) presented averages between 0.75 and 0.85 for all treatments. This indicates that PSII was in proper activity. In relation to the photosynthetic index (PI), there was no difference in treatments with the highest concentrations of sucrose (20, 30 and 40 g L-1), with values of 1.5, 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, with higher photochemical efficiency when compared with the other treatments. For the SPAD reading, the treatment without sucrose did not differ statistically from the other treatments, with values ran-ging from 21.3 to 32.0. In conclusion, in PAR values around 400-500 µmol m-2 s-1, the presence of sucrose in the culture medium optimized the efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex in the PSII, with maximum release of 24.9 and 24.7 µmol O2 m-2 s-1 at the concentrations of 30 and 40 g L-1, respectively. While in 0 g L-1 sucrose in the culture medium, the quantum yield () was higher with value 0.0083 µmol O2 µmol fóton-1. The presence of sucrose in the culture medium did not compromise the photochemical efficiency of leaves of seedlings of C. baccatum in vitro. Acknowledgements: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF); Coordenação de Aper-feiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

mailto:*[email protected]

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Activity of Native Bumblebees Bombus dahlbomii (Guér) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Greenhouse Pepper Increased Seed Yield -14

Patricia Estay P*. and Nancy Vitta [email protected]

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Platina Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314

The native bumblebee Bombus dahlbomii (Guér) was assessed as a pollinating agent in cultivated pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cv SZZ for seed production under greenhouse conditions. This study was done in the Pomaire locality, Santiago de Chile (33o 64' S lat, 71o 15' W long). The bumblebees were obtained from hives rearing in the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA La Platina (Santiago Chile), which developed and patented the B. dahlbomii rearing protocol. The objectives of this study were to determine the native bumblebee activity and the pollination effectiveness of B. dahlbomii in greenhouse peppers based on the number of seed per fruit, seed weight and germination rate.

A total 700 plants in every greenhouse were covered with a mosquito net to restrict the movement of bumblebees to other plots in the same greenhouse. One colony with 53 workers was introdu-ced into de greenhouse. The data for colony traffic and foraging activity were recorded from first week of January to the last week of January. A similar greenhouse with hand pollination peppers was maintained as a control treatment. Twenty fruits from each plot were randomly selected to record number of seeds for fruit, mass of seeds and percentage of germination.

Under greenhouse conditions, the results showed that one bumblebee (B. dahlbomii) worker visits 180 flowers in one hour. Seed yield of bumblebee pollinated pepper increased in 65.5%, being significantly higher than hand pollinated pepper (p<0.005). Data for seed weight per fruit show 2.0 g for bumblebees pollinated pepper, which was statistically higher than without bumblebees pollinated that shows 0.83g. No significant differences were observed in seed germination rates between bumblebee pollinated peppers and hand pollinated peppers.

These results show the high potential of native bumblebee (B. dahlbomii) to be utilized as polli-nating agent in greenhouse peppers.


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Capsicum Rootstock- Scion Compatibility in Term of Plant Biomass, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Fruit Setting -83

Carlos Gatica1,2 , Ricardo Pertuze2, Maria-Teresa Pino1*, Francisco Alvarez1

[email protected]

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Undergraduate-student Agronomy Universidad de Chile. 3Facultad de Agronomía-Universidad de Chile.*Corresponding-author: [email protected]

The main goal of this research was to evaluate the rootstock compatibility in terms of root deve-lopment plant biomass, leaf gas exchange, and fruit setting. Three Capsicum accessions (1841, 1835, 162) with different level of Phytopthora capsici resistance and drought tolerance were evaluated as rootstocks on California Wonder (1823) as scion; a total of six rootstock-scion com-bination (PRCW5, PCWR6, PPCW7, PCWP8, PHCW9, PCWH10) were evaluated in conjunction with ungrafted plants control and grafted control plants. Root length, root diameter, root volume and total root area were analyzed in the end of experiment by using the WinRhizo-Pro image analysis system (Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada). Plant biomass was also evaluated at the end of experiments in terms of total fresh weight (TFW) and total dry weight (TDW). In leaf gas exchange photosynthetic rates (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), and internal CO2 (Ci) was measured. Also flowering dates and fruit set date were also registered weekly. The results showed significant differences between root volume and root length, with concomitant variations in foliar plant biomass. The rootstock did not affected significantly the scion gas exchange and flowering or fruit set, PRCW5 and PPCW7 rootstock-scion combinations were the most promising in term of plant biomass development.




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Influence of capsaicin oleoresin permeation on seed quality of selected vegetables -87

P. J. Devaraju1*, N. Mangalagowri2, K. S. Nagaraju3

[email protected]

1Professor of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, NSP, GKVK Ban-galore, Karnataka, India. 2Ph. D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3Senior Research Fellow, Department of Genetics and plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Capsaicin oleoresin is the phenolic principle of the Capsicum species, and has shown a wide range of pharmacological properties. On basis of these properties, the vegetable seeds viz., amaranthus, carrot, chilli, onion, radish and watermelon permeated with capsaicin-oleoresin via organic solvents and water were tested for their seed quality parameters. High quality seeds responded negatively (10-40% reduction in germination) to the Capsaicin Oleoresin permeation. Among the source of capsaicin oleoresin extracts Capsicum frutescens with high capsaicin was profound negative effect compared to that Capsaicin Oleoresin from C. annuum. However, among solvents used acetone permeated seeds recorded highest reduction in seed germination in most of the crops viz., amaranthus, chilli and onion to the extent of 15-40 per cent and dichloromethane was found effective for carrot and watermelon seeds with reduction in germination of 20-30% compared to control. Increase in FUG was noticed upon capsaicin oleoresin permeation than compared to control in all the crops tested. However, with increase in the concentration of capsaicin oleoresin there was decrease in seed infection percentage among all the crops tested. Capsaicinoids have aroused great interest lately owing to their biological and therapeutic importance. Capsaicinoids are alkaloids specific for Capsicum spp.

In the present study, the effect of capsaicin oleoresin on seed germination and seed infection percentage was determined. The germination percentage recorded was more in case of Capsicum frutescence permeated seeds in most of crops like viz., carrot (39%), and watermelon (50%) than compared to that of Capsicum annuum permeated seeds, it was found highest in chilli (87.67%) and onion (61.67%). However, the germination decreased with capsaicin oleoresin permeation compared to that of non permeated seeds to an extent 35.5 percent in carrot, 4 per cent in chilli and 32.7 per cent in onion and 6.3 per cent in watermelon. However, non permeated amaranthus recorded 55 per cent, when infused with capsaicin-oleoresin at 1 per cent with DCM recorded 70 per cent. High quality seeds responded negatively (10-40% reduction in germination) to the Capsaicin Oleoresin permeation and among them Capsicum frutescens with high capsaicin were profound negative effect compared to that Capsaicin Oleoresin from C. annuum. This is mainly


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due to the increased capsaicin content in C. frutescens (98%) than compared to that of C. annuum (77%). Similarly the germination percentage of alfalfa, cress, lettuce, crabgrass, thimothy and ryegrass were inhibited by 50 per cent at different concentration of capsaicin treatment. Among organic solvents used for dry permeation of Capsaicin-Oleoresin, acetone and Di-chloromethane found effective in carrying the Capsaicin-Oleoresin as evident with decrease in seed germina-tion of all the crops permeated expect radish as compared to other solvents. However, among these two solvents acetone permeated seeds recorded highest reduction in seed germination in most of the crops viz., amaranthus, chilli and onion to the extent of 15-40 per cent than that of untreated seeds. This may be attributed to higher solubility of capsaicin-oleoresin in acetone as well as low surface tension of acetone which aided in penetration of capsaicin-oleoresin into the surface irregularities and crevices on the seed coat and into the testa. Similarly, Tao and Khan also reported acetone was found superior to carry chemicals through seed coat into the embryo. However, dichloromethane was found effective for capsaicin-oleoresin of carrot and watermelon seeds. As a result of which reduction in germination of 20-30 % was noticed compared to that of control. Similarly, superiority of DCM facilitating fungicide movement into the seed coat was also reported by Dhingra and Muchovej (1980). Considerable increase in Fresh Ungerminated Seeds (FUG) was also recorded compared to that of non permeated seeds. In amaranthus C. frutescence (C2) infused with Acetone recorded highest FUG (92.33%) Capsicum annuum (C1) infused with DCM (O2) recorded highest FUG (97.33%). While, In Carrot Capsicum annuum infused with DCM (O2) recorded highest FUG (70.00%) and C. frutescence (C2) (C1) infused with ethylether (O3) recorded highest FUG (60.08%). Whereas, for Onion, Capsicum annuum (C1) infused with Acetone (O1) recorded highest FUG (30%) C. frutescence (C2) infused with ethylether (O3) re-corded highest FUG (35.33%). In Watermelon Capsicum annuum (C1) infused with Acetone (O1) recorded highest FUG (20.33%) C. frutescence (C2) infused with ethylether (O3) recorded highest FUG (16.33%). The Fresh Ungerminated Seeds in Chilli permeated with Capsicum annuum (C1) through DCM (O2) recorded highest FUG (3.67%). While, with C. frutescence (C2) infused with ethylether (O3) recorded highest FUG (5.00%). The seed infection percentage recorded less in case of C. frutescence permeated seeds of amaranthus (1.46%) and carrot (21.92%) but in case of chilli (16.75%) onion (17.42%) and watermelon (32.85%) it was found less with C. annuum permeation. In all the crops the seed infection percentage decreases with increase in concentra-tion of treatments compared to control which was about 6.6 per cent for amaranthus, 60 per cent for carrot, 32 per cent for chilli, 28 per cent for onion and 60 per cent for watermelon. Whereas, seed infection percentage decreased with the Capsaicin-Oleoresin permeation but there was no complete eradication of infection.

The study revealed that, Capsaicin-Oleoresin permeation through organic solvents resulted in increased Fresh Ungerminated Seeds (FUG). Indicating delayed radical emergence contributing to the reduction in seed germination and higher values for speed of emergence. Further, resulted in reduced seed infection percentage with increased concentration.

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Influence of Maturity Stages and Post-Harvest Ripening on Seed Quality In Capsicum spp. -24

P. J. Devaraju1*, Nagaraj Hullur2, K. S. Nagaraju3

[email protected]

1Professor of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, NSP, GKVK Ban-galore, Karnataka, India. 2Ph. D Scholar and Kirkhouse Trust Fellow (UK), Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3Ph. D Scholar, Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

The present study was conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology, UAS, GKVK, Ban-galore during 2011-12 to reveal the influence of maturity stages and post-harvest ripening on seed quality among ten (Bhut Jolokia, Merkera Local, Sweet Baccatum, Gandhari, Biligiri Local, Majjige Menasu, Chinense Habanero, Hot Cherry, Cherry pepper and Shivani) chilli genotypes belonging to Capsicum chinense, C. frutescence and C. annuum. The results revealed that among maturity stages, fruits harvested at red ripe stage and subjected for 20 days post-harvest ripening (M4) has recorded higher seed quality parameters viz., 1000 Seed Dry Weight (6.95g), Seed Germination (66.0%), Seedling Length (9.9cm), Seedling Dry Weight (1.50mg), Seedling Vigour Index-1 (748), Total Dehydrogenase activity (1.314), -Amylase activity (34.9 µg maltose ml-1min-1) and Field emergence (56.0%). Also minimum Electrical Conductivity (1.743dSm-1) and Moisture content of fresh seed (10.93%) was noticed. The genus Capsicum belongs to family Solanaceae. It has 90 genera and 2000 species and it is mainly grown for its fruit. Chilli has pleasant aromatic flavour, pungency and high colouring substances (Oleoresin). Chilli can be used both in ripe and green fruit stage and is a condiment for imparting pungency. The pungency in chilli is due to an active principle compound 'Capsaicin'. Chilli is a source of various minerals and also contains vitamins viz., A, B and C. In food and beverage industries, chilli has got a great importance because of 'Oleoresin' which gives colour and flavor to the food. The indeterminate flowering and differential fruit maturity in chilli necessitates the harvest of fruits at different stages. The seeds extracted from the fruits of different harvesting stages are more likely to vary with differential supply of metabolites by mother plant, thereby likely to get altered in seed quality in terms of germination and vigour. The seed quality depends mainly on the stage at which seeds are harvested. It's a well established fact that; seeds harvested at physiological maturity will have maximum germination and vigour.

A laboratory experiment was carried out at department of Seed Science and Technology, Uni-versity of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. Ten chilli genotypes were selected for the study viz., Bhut Jolokia, Merkera Local, Sweet Baccatum, Gandhari, Biligiri Local, Majjige Menasu, Chinense Habanero, Hot Cherry, Cherry pepper and Shivani. The fruits from each genotype were


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harvested at three stages viz.,M1 (Green stage), M2 (Colour break stage), M3 (Red ripe stage) and M4 fruits harvested at red ripe stage and kept for post harvest ripening for 20 days. The seeds were extracted manually from each stage and genotype were dried to 6-7 per cent moisture level and tested for the seed quality parameters such as seed germination, moisture content, seedling length, seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity, total dehydrogenase activity and -amylase activity was carried out as per ISTA rules.

Genotype performance: The genotype Shivani has recorded better seed quality in comparison with the other genotypes. It has recorded high (72%) germination, total dehydrogenase activity (1.511), -amylase activity (36.8 µg maltose ml-1 min-1) and field emergence (58%). The genotype Hot cherry recorded high dry weight of seed per fruit (0.91 g), seedling length (12.6 cm), seedling dry weight (1.44 mg) and seedling vigour index (757). Merkera Local recorded highest fresh seed moisture content (52.79 %).Chinense Habanero recorded higher 1000 seed dry weight (7.14 g) and Whereas low seed quality was recorded in Cherry Pepper1000 seed weight (1.79 g), seed germi-nation (10%), seedling length (5.6cm), seedling dry weight (0.93 mg), seedling vigour index-1 (66), total dehydrogenase activity (0.426). The rest of the genotypes are on par with each other. These results revealed the genetic background of the genotypes determines the variation in seed quality.

Effect of maturity stages: Significant variations were observed in all genotypes with respect to stages of maturity. The seeds extracted from the fruits harvested at red ripe stage and kept for post-harvest ripening for 20 days (M4) has given maximum seed quality parameters such as dry weight of seed per fruit (0.70 g), 1000 seed weight of dry seeds (6.95 g), seed germination (66%), Seedling length (9.9 cm), seedling dry weight (1.50 mg), seedling vigour index-1 (748), total de-hydrogenase activity (1.374),-amylase activity (34.9 µg maltose ml-1min-1) and low electrical conductivity (1.743 dSm-11), Compared to fruits harvested at green stage, colour break stage and red ripe stage. Eight per cent increase in germination was noticed in seeds harvested at red ripe stage kept for 20 days of post-harvest ripening (M4) over the fruits of red ripe stage (M3) similar results were also reported in egg plant. This might be due to attainment of physiological maturi-ty of seeds where the maximum accumulation of food reserves, amino acid, phosphorus active substances, dry matter, sugar, water soluble proteins, acids and necotonic acid levels in seeds. On the contrary, all seed quality parameters were low in early harvested fruits (green and colour breaker stage), it may be due to the presence of large number of immature and under developed seeds with lesser food reserves and nutrients in the seeds in chilli. It was clearly evident that the chilli fruits may physiologically mature when they attain red ripe stage and harvesting of such fruits will results in better seed quality.

The finding of the study revealed that among the selected genotypes, fruits harvested at red ripe stage and kept for 20 days of post-harvest ripening (M4) gives higher quality seeds compared to the fruits harvested at dark green, colour break and red ripe stage.

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Internal Fruit Rot and Premature Seed Germination of Field Grown Colored Peppers -102

Wesley L. Kline1 and C. Andrew Wyenandt2

[email protected]

1Cumberland County Agricultural Agent, Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 291 Morton Avenue, Millville, NJ 08332. 2Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 121 Northville Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302

Colored peppers are difficult to grow in the Mid-Atlantic region where high humidity is preva-lent throughout the production season. In a preliminary two-year study, seventeen cultivars were evaluated for yield and fruit quality. Each year 5-10 random fruit samples by replication were selected twice each year from the large and extra-large fruit to evaluate external and internal cha-racteristics. When fruit was dissected for internal evaluations, two abnormalities were observed, fungal growth and premature seed germination. There were no apparent symptoms on the fruit exterior. Cultivars Aristotle, Paladin, Festos, Hunter, King Arthur, Revolution and Red Bull have no internal rot in 2011. However, all cultivars had some rot in 2012 with Hunter (5%) having the least. All other cultivars ranged from 15-55% with Alliance and Crusader having the most. Inter-nal seed germination is a concern among pepper breeders. Cultivars that exhibit this abnormality are discarded prior to release. Crusader and Festos were the only cultivars not to have internal sprouting in 2011. All Cultivars sprouted in 2012 with Festos sprouting least with 10%. Cultivars Crusader, Hunter, Classic, King Arthur and Touchdown had over 90% internal sprouting. Why these abnormalities occur is not well understood.

A replicated trial was planted in 2013 to further explore the two defects. Twenty-eight cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruits with at least 50% color (red or yellow) were harvested weekly for nine harvests. At harvest, all fruit was weig-hed, graded between marketable and unmarketable and cut horizontality to determine internal defects. There were no significant yield differences between marketable and unmarketable fruit with percent marketable ranging from 92% to 99%. When fruits were dissected for internal eva-luations, two abnormalities were observed, fungal growth and premature seed germination. There were no apparent symptoms on the fruit exterior. Internal fruit rot ranged from 1% to 16%. The cultivars Red Knight, Vanguard and Early Sunsation had significantly more internal mold than the other cultivars. Red Start had the least amount of internal mold (1%), but did not differ significantly from thirteen other cultivars. The mold was tentatively identified as Fusarium lactis which has been reported in Canada and Belgium. Most of the internal mold was observed in the first four harvests which coincided with heavy rainfall periods. Internal growth was observed in between 3% and 47% of the fruit with the cultivar Revolution exhibiting 47%. The cultivars Touchdown, Patriot, Intrepid and Enterprise did not differ from Revolution. Lantern and Red Start had 3% in-ternal growth which did not significantly differ from Yellow Gourmet, 6947B, Red Bull, Festos or Classic. The internal growth was distributed over the full season for all cultivars.


119

Fruit Industrial Traits and Physiological Responses in Five Capsicum annum Genotypes to Deficit Irrigation -35

Matías Candia1,2, Carolina Salazar1, Paulina Villagra1, Paulina Romero1,2, María-Teresa Pino1*

[email protected]

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Undergraduate-student Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chile. 3Graduate-student Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Chile.*Corresponding-author [email protected]

Capsicum species (Sweet pepper and Hot pepper) are very susceptible to water deficit because their high aerial biomass, shallow root system and because the majority of Capsicum species grow and fructify in summer when evaporative demand is high and rainfall is scarce. For high fruit-yield in pepper, an adequate water supply is required during the total growing period, but in particular during fruit formation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of drought stress on physiological parameters and yield of five Capsicum annum genotypes (583, 656, 658, 664, and 1775).

All plants were grown in pots under greenhouse conditions, and the following watering treatments were applied during ripening: (T1) well-watered, 100% irrigation of the field capacity, (T2) 80% irrigation of the field capacity, (T3) 60% irrigation of the field capacity. The volumetric soil water content (), photosynthetic rates (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), electron transport rate (ETR), and photosystem II efficiency (PSII) were evaluated weekly throughout the water-deficit assay in completely expanded leaves. Also, relative water content (%), fruit yield, and fruit industrial traits. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCB) in three replications. Each block had four plants per cultivar and per watering treatment. In the majority of Capsicum accession, significant differences were observed in leaf gas exchange (AN and gs), transport rate (ETR) and photosystem II efficiency (PSII) after 4 weeks under 60% irrigation of the field capacity. At the end of the experiment also significant differences were observed in the relative water content (%) and fruit yield with 60% irrigation of the field capacity. No significant differences were observed with 80% of deficit irrigation in term of yield and fruit industrial quality. Significant differences in term of physiological parameters were also observed among Capsicum genotypes (P<0.005), being the genotype 583 (Yellow) the most susceptible to watering restriction during the ripening stage in terms of physiological and fruit yield parameters.




120

Genetics of Morpho-Physiological Traits Related to Drought Tolerance in Capsicum -36

Naresh, P., Madhavi Reddy, K. and Bhatt, R.M. [email protected]

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India.

As drought tolerance is a complex trait, its genetic basis has received little attention. And to our knowledge this is the first study in Capsicum sps and there are no reports pertaining to genetic inheritance studies so far. So the genetic information on drought tolerance related traits is prac-tically very important for drought tolerance breeding in Capsicum. An investigation was carried out to understand the genetics and inheritance of characters associated with drought tolerance. Forty five hybrids obtained by crossing 10 inbred lines in half diallel fashion along with parents were evaluated for drought tolerance related traits by growing large polybags. The gene effects under stress for the all the traits except for plant height, root length, root volume, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were significant for dominance components and for other traits it is controlled by both additive and dominance components. Whereas under stress both additive and non additive were significant for all the traits except for root to shoot ratio, RWC, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and other gas exchange parameters. Drought susceptibility index is controlled by dominance gene effect. Yield per plant is under the control of dominance gene effect under stress in the Capsicum sps. The mean degree of dominance is more than unity for all the traits in stress and no stress indicating the overdomi-nance, suggesting superiority of heterozygotes over homozygotes and warrants the development of hybrids for drought prone areas. The parameter H2/4H1 is deviated from the value 0.25 for all the traits under stress and no stress suggesting asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative dominant genes in parents. High broad sense heritability were reported for all the traits indicating the efficiency of selection as it is highly related to estimates of broad sense heritability. The narrow sense heritability values were very low to moderate particularly very low for the physiological traits indicating several minor genes involved in the controlling these traits. The proportion of dominant and recessive genes in the parents varied for the traits studied under stress and non stress indicating that differential gene expression in different environments. The number of group of genes which control the trait and exhibit dominance (h2/H2) was less than unity for all the traits except for yield per plant under stress, such results are possible when the effects due to dominance of all genes concerned are not equal in size or distribution or due to correlated distribution or it also possible due to involvement of complementary gene action in controlling the traits. The E component of variation was significant only for fewer traits such as root dry weight, root length in no stress, root to shoot ratio in stress, RWC in both, chlorophyll content in non stress, PN in non stress, GS in non stress and AE in non stress. The E component variance is lesser than the genetic components variance indicating the potentiality of role of breeder in genetic manipulation for drought tolerance in Capsicum sps. All the traits predominantly under the control of dominance gene effects, which hinders the selection process in early generations as it goes on segregating and reduces the value by 50%, hence postponing the selection to later generations by single seed descent method is best strategy for breeding for drought tolerance in Capsicum spp. Acknowledgements: authors acknowledge Director, IIHR for providing necessary facilities.


121

METABOLOMICS, FUNCTIONAL USE, POST-HARVEST ISSUES AND INDUSTRY

122

The Nutritional and Health Science of Chiles, Vegetables, Fruits, and Other Wellness Information -18

Dr. Benigno Villalón, Professor [email protected]

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Texas

Forty years of Plant Science Research and exercise has transformed me from a Plant Pathologist/Virologist/Pepper Breeder to a student of the science of food for health and human disease pre-vention information gatherer. The USA wastes over 200 billion dollars trying to keep its sick ci-tizens from dying, but they still die too soon. The obesity and diabetes rates in our country have reached tsunamic proportions. A weak immune system results in many human diseases (heart, hypertension, high blood sugar, diabetes, pancreas, liver, kidney failures, dementia and cancers). This metabolic syndrome is the result of high triglycerides, low HDL, high LDL and fructose over-dose. These are inflammatory factors. Abundant scientific evidence shows that we can maintain a healthy longevity by following simple lifestyle rules. Food is the most important medicine in the world. Conversely, food is the most important poison in the world. Two main sources of food are animals and plants. Animal food provides saturated fats, proteins, fiber and some carbohydrates. Plant food provides unsaturated fats, proteins, fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and mainly low glycemic index carbohydrates. Food is digested down to three main macromolecules: proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. A perfectly balanced meal must contain the right proportions of these macromolecules in a block. These are 7 gms protein, 9 gms carbohydrate, and 1.5 gms fat for every meals. The average number of blocks may be three to four per meal. Important vegetables, fruits, and low fat animal products are available, these are: peppers, tomatoes, onions, garlic, avocadoes, potatoes, rice, legumes, nuts, spices, coconut and olive oil, etc. Both food sources provide sufficient essential nutrients but require a dramatic life style change including daily exer-cise to reduce the metabolic syndrome by at least 80%. So, eat food, mainly vegetables, fruits, exercise and live healthy ever after. Acknowledgements: Dr. Berry Sears, Dr. David L. Katz, Dr. Aubrey de Grey, Dr. Ronald A. De Pin-ho, Dr. Robert L. Lustig, and many international renowned medical doctors and research scientists dedicated to the prevention of human diseases.


123

Current Status of Perceived Benefits of Pepper Health Benefits: Challenges and Opportunities to Increase Consumption

of Pepper Using Health and Nutritional Benefits -21

Bhimanagouda S [email protected]

Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, 1500 Research Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-2119

Peppers are good source of essential nutrients such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, vitamins and are also rich in natural colors with good aroma compounds. Capsaicinoids are the pungent components characteristic to peppers while capsinoids are non-pungent compounds present only in sweet peppers. Certain compounds from peppers demonstrated to reduce risk from certain types of cancer and help in reducing weight. It has been reported that capsaicin or dihydrocapsaicin inhibits obesity by enhancing energy expenditure and reducing body fat accumulation in animals as well as clinical studies. In addition, capsaicinoids also displayed the benefits on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal system as well as pharmacological properties to manage obesity and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, capsaicin is used as key ingredient in certain drugs and oral pain reliever creams. Similar to capsicinoids, capsiate is also reported to accelerate the energy expenditure and raise the core temperature. Interestingly, many weight loss products of capsiate are marketed in US and Japan. Recent studies demonstrated that degree of pungency depends on the cultivar and environmental conditions during plant growth and fruit development/maturation. Presentation will also discuss factors affecting levels of capsaicinoids such as developmental stage of the fruit and the environmental growth conditions.


124

Development of a Natural Antioxidant for Use in Foods from Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum -84

Daniela Barros de Oliveira1, Maria Lucy Vieira de Assis1, Silvia Menezes de Faria Pereira1, Pakizza Sherma da Silva Leite2, Rosana Rodrigues2

[email protected]; [email protected]

1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias - Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos (UENF/CCCTA/LTA), 2Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético (UENF/CCTA/LTA)

The sausages food products are highly appreciated for its spicy and pungent flavor, but a relevant factor that should be taken into consideration is that these food sources are rich in lipids, and they constantly suffer oxidation, which causes chemical and enzymatic reactions in product, and the products formed consequently alter the sensory attributes thereof. On the other hand, there is a great controversy about the sanity of said synthetic antioxidants, since scientific investigations have concluded that they can cause diseases such as cancer. For this reason, the natural antioxi-dants are increasingly exploited as its benefits as an additive in foodstuffs, or to increase the shelf life of food products, taking into account that one of the mechanisms is that they have property to inhibit lipid oxidation and investigated another important point are the beneficial effects on the human body. The development a natural antioxidant from plant species Capsicum baccatum (Solanaceae), through a detailed investigation of 27 accessions of this plant source, for use of the extracts of pepper in sausage meat of sheep. The antioxidant activity will be verified through sequestration of free radicals (DPPH - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl); the total phenolic content is quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The development of any product or process agri-cultural and food requires the application of scientific knowledge, therefore, antioxidant potential was observed at concentrations of 1000 and 100 g / ml, and the results were more expressive in the highest concentration. Stood out the BRS, 1490, 1495, 1611, 1613, 1629, 1630, 1633, 1639, 1642, 1643rd, 1732, 1738 and 1797 accessions, which showed 100% activity. The latter being considered the most effective action as free radical scavengers against DPPH. The results of the quantification of total phenols were expressed according to the Scott Knott test, and found that the BRS access, showed the highest content of total phenolics, followed by hits 1643b, 1611, 1417, 1494, 1613 to 1584, which also stood out in this analysis.

Acknowledgements: UENF, CAPES, FAPERJ e CNPq.

mailto:[email protected];


125

Novel Formation of Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Capsicum Fruit Walls Explains Super-hot Chile Peppers - 85

Danise Coon* and Paul W. [email protected]

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.

Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are one of the first crops domesticated in the Western Hemisphere about 10,000 ybp (Perry et al. 2007). The capsaicinoids have the ability to elicit the sensation of a burning pain in humans, and are only found in the Capsicum genus. The Scoville Organoleptic Heat test, invented by Scoville in 1912, is a subjective measure of chile pepper heat (Scoville, 1912). Today, the most reliable, rapid, and efficient method to identify and quantify capsaicinoids is high-performance liquid chromatography, then converted to Scoville Heat Units (SHU) (Collins et al., 1995). In 2006, Bosland and Baral (2007) reported that "Bhut Jolokia", a natural interspecific hybrid between Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens grown in India, surpassed the one million Scoville Heat Units. Later in 2012, a chile pepper from Trinidad had a heat level greater than 2 million Scoville Heat Units (Bosland et al., 2012). Chile peppers with a heat level greater than 1 million SHUs are now known in the vernacular as "super-hots." The quantitative aspect of heat level is based on the concentration of capsaicinoids that accumulate in the vesicles on the placental walls (Suzuki, et al., 1980). Our current understanding is that capsaicinoids are only synthesized in the epidermal cells of the interlocular septum (placenta) and are stored in vesicles only on the surface of the placental tissue in a Capsicum fruit (Ancona-Escalante et al., 2013)

The objective was to determine the existence of vesicles on the pericarp to explain the high Scoville Heat Units of the super-hot chile peppers. Pods of each super-hot variety were carefully dissected. The pericarps were carefully removed from the placenta tissue, being cautious not to disturb the placental tissue. The pericarps and placental tissue were then separated from one another for drying. After samples were dried they were ground. Capsaicinoids were quantified with HPLC according to the method reported by Collins et al. (1995). The content of capsaicinoids was converted from parts per million (ppm) to SHU by multiplying the parts per million by 16. 3 pods of each variety were carefully dissected and the placental tissue and pericarps were observed under an electron microscope for the presence or absence of vesicles.

The results showed that each of the superhot varieties tested had significant amounts of capsaicin in the pericarp samples of the pods resulting in a SHU rating for pericarp tests. Each of the superhot varieties observed under the electron microscope revealed vesicles on the pericarpal tissue. In conclusion, It was determined by HPLC and electron microscope photography that Bhut Jolokia, Trinidad Scorpion and Trinidad Moruga Scorpion all produce vesicles containing capsaicin on the pericarp.


126

Effect of Capsinoids in Human Energy Metabolism -20

Jose E. [email protected]

Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo; UDA-Ciencias de la Salud, Nutrición y Dietética. Escuela de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

The prevalence of obesity continues to increase in most developed and developing countries. In fact, about one half of the population has some degree of overweight or frank obesity. At present, energy restriction and increased physical activity are advocated in most weight control programs; however, sustained changes in diet and physical activity are difficult to achieve. Thus, a number of alternative strategies have been proposed to dampen positive energy balance and resulting weight gain. Among them, so called thermogenic agents have been administered over decades to obese individuals to boost metabolic rate and induce a negative energy balance expected to lead to weight loss. Currently, there is interest in finding natural substances or extracts having thermogenic properties. Capsaicin is present in chili peppers and can increase energy expenditure probably via an enhancement in the activity of the sympathetic tone or cathecolamine secretion. However, given its strong pungency, not all individuals feel comfortable upon capsaicin consumption. In turn, capsinoids are much less pungent and have shown to increase metabolic rate in mice.

In humans, we observed no effect of single doses of encapsulated capsinoids (1 to 12 mg) on res-ting metabolic rate. In contrast, other studies have reported thermogenic properties after chronic consumption of encapsulated capsinoids, which suggests that a prolonged consumption may im-prove its thermogenic potency. Dihydrocapsiate, one of the compounds from the capsinoids family, has been synthesized and approved for human consumption. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that dihydrocapsiate shares similar potency compared to other capsinoids. By conducting a double-blind randomized clinical trial, we investigated the chronic effect of placebo vs. 3 and 9 mg of dihydrocapsiate per day for 28 days on resting metabolic rate. In general, no effect was noticed after consumption of 3 or 9 mg of dihydrocapsiate vs. placebo. However, after combining findings from both experimental groups, a small but significant thermic effect of dihydrocapsiate was detected (~50 kcal/d). An additional study about the role of capsinoids on metabolic rate found that capsinoid´s thermogenic effect lies on the presence of brown adipose tissue, a highly sympathetically innervated and thermogenic tissue. Indeed, capsinoids did enhance resting me-tabolic rate only in individuals being positive for brown fat tissue, a fat depot mainly detected in lean, young, male individuals. In any case, the thermogenic effect of capsinoids on metabolic rate is small and around 50 kcal/d. Such value is within the day-to-day variation in human resting metabolic rate; therefore, the eventual influence of capsinoids ingestion on body weight and body composition remains elusive.


127

Effect of Temperature and Drying Kinetics of Hot Air on the Quality of Rehydrated Pepper (var. Lamuyo) -100

Vega-Gálvez A.1, Lemus-Mondaca R.1, Marín D.1, López J.1, Zura L.1, Uribe E.1*[email protected]

1Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena. Chile

The red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) variety Lamuyo is in high commercial demand by the global food industry, based on its aromatic, colorings and flavoring, and can be regularly consumed as a raw and cooked vegetable in pastes, pickles and sauces, also in dried powder, hot spice, or as a condiment. Is one of the main agricultural products of the regions of Almeria, Murcia, and Alicante (Spain) that can successfully undergo dehydration processes by means of hot-air drying, due mainly to a reasonable resistance to heat variations, within a given range of temperature. The objective was to study the effect of temperature air-drying on drying kinetics quality characteristics and microstructural properties of dried red pepper rehydrated variety Lamuyo. The experiment was carried out at four temperatures from 50 to 80oC and rehydrated in water at 30oC for 24 h. Sample were pretreated were submerged for 10 min at 25oC in an aqueous solution of 20% (w/w) NaCl, 1.0% (w/w) CaCl2 and 0.3% (w/w) Na2S2O5. Rehydrated samples were measured several quality parameters such as: rehydration ratio, water retention capacity, color, firmness, vitamin C and microstructure. The modelling of drying kinetics of the red bell pepper at four temperatures with an air velocity of 2,5 ms-1 was studied. All drying curves showed a clear exponential trend, which was modeled by Fick's second law obtaining itself an effective diffusivity between 3.2 x 10-9 and 11.9 x 10-9 m2s-1 within the range of temperature studied. And an activation energy (Ea) of 39.70 kJ mol-1 described by the Arrhenius equation. In addition, Newton, Henderson - Pabis, Page, and Page modified empirical models were used for modeling the drying kinetics, being the model Page Modified that provides a better fit for experimental data, which represents an excellent tool for estimating the drying time. The WHC decreased as the air-drying temperature increased, the RR and WHC values for the pretreated samples were 6.10 ± 0.22 g absorbed water/g d.m. and 0.64 ± 0.04 g retained water/g water, respectively. In relation the color the pretreated samples showed an increase of 13.1, 24.7 and 32.6% in L*, a* and b*, respectively; while non-pretreated samples, in comparison with the initial color of fresh pepper, showed an increase (average of the five drying temperatures) of 3.7 % for L*, 16.9% for a* and 25.8% for b*. Microscopic examina-tion of the rehydrated pepper samples suggested that damage to cellular structure was minimized by pretreatment of samples; the resulting rehydrated peppers displayed comparatively improved vitamin C retention, colour, and firmness.

The results showed that the best quality product was obtained when samples were pretreated before drying.


128

Evaluation of Drying and Rehydration Kinetics of Capsicum annuum L. -101

Zura L.1, Vega-Gálvez A.1, Lemus R.1, Marín D.1, Moraga N.2, Puente L.3, Discala K.4

[email protected] 1Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena. 2Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de La Serena. 3Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Chile. 4Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. 4CONICET Mar del Plata. One of the main ways of processing the fruits of Capsicum annuum L. is through processes of dehydration (open sun and drying tunnels) in order to have a stable product that can be used as an ingredient in dehydrated soups, ready meals, sauces, snacks, etc. Moreover, a way to evaluate the effects of the conditions during a drying process is when dried products are rehydrated, when immersed in water or some other means and with this information proceed to optimize the pro-cesses of dehydration. This work consisted of conducting dehydration experiments using pepper slabs of 4.0 cm long using a temperature of 6oC and an air velocity of 2.0 m/s until to reach an equilibrium condition. Rehydration experiments were conducted using 100 g of dehydrated peppers and distilled water in a ratio of 1:50 at temperatures of 20, 40 and 60oC for a time of 600 minutes, also the water retention capacity and rehydration rate were studied. For the study of the mass transfer phenome-na in rehydration experiments ,diffusion coefficient based on the equations derived from Fick's second law was determined, besides customary empirical equations for the study of phenomena of rehydration (Peleg were employed Weibull, exponential and first-order kinetics). Additionally, firmness was measured as a quality parameter by using a universal testing machine with a punch test device 3 mm in diameter by determining the maximum force. Regarding the development of the drying curve, a characteristic exponential decay for most fresh food moisture reaching the end of the process 0.23 ± 0.11 g water / g dry solid was observed, which represents the initial moisture rehydration process. In the rehydration curve, the importance of temperature was observed, especially in the first two hours where the liquid quickly fills the pores available in the food matrix. The greater amount of retained water is introduced into the rehydration treatment at 40oC 38.6 ± 0.2 grams water / 100 grams of sample. Finally the maximum decrease of texture introduced at 60oC due to excessive softening of the sample. Acknowledgements: The authors of this work thank to DIULS for economical support with PRO-YECT PMU13.


129

Differential Carotenoid accumulation and Beta-ciclasa (LCYb), Capsantina/ Capsorubina Sintasa gene expression in

Capsicum genotypes differing in fruit color-19

Darío Estay1*, Francisca Aguayo1, Olga Zamora1,2, Carolina Pabon3, Ana Mabel Muñoz1, María-Teresa Pino1

1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Santiago, Chile. CP: 8831314, 2Undergraduate-student Biochemistry-Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. 3Escuela Politécnica del Ejército Quito Ecuador. E-mail: corresponding autor [email protected]

During the last decade, the demand for peppers and pepper-based products has increased signifi-cantly. This higher demand is explained in part because of enhanced functional properties and the associated health benefits (beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin C, and Capsaicin). The remarkable variety of fruit color in Capsicum species is explained in part because the chlorophyll degradation and beta-carotenes synthesis during fruit ripening process among others, which is under genetic and environmental regulation. The color expression in Capsicum fruits and those genes associated to its control is still unlocked. During this study we studied the fruit chlorophyll degradation and some carotenoid pigments accumulation such as capsorubin, capsanthin and zeaxanthin by HPLC in red-fruits (A-571, A-1777, A-664), yellow fruits (A-580, A-583) and dark-brown fruits (A-612, A-658). Also, Lycopene-b-cyclase (-LCY) gene and Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) gene were amplified, and then sequenced for further gene expression studies. The gene expression was followed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Differences were observed in chlorophyll content and beta-carotenes according to the fruit color; while in dark-drown fruit less chlorophyll degradation was detected in conjunction with higher CCS gene expression, in Yellow fruits chlorophyll degradation was almost complete and CCS expression null. Yellow fruits showed Zeaxanthin accumulation but not Capsorubin or Capsanthin accumulation. The studied gene sequences in the seven Capsicum accessions were highly conserved in relation to the previous reported sequences, supporting that CCS expression fails in the Yellow accessions (A-580 and A-583).



130

In vitro Biosynthesis of Capsaicin in Suspension Cultures of Naga King Chili -22

Mechuselie Kehie1*, Suman Kumaria2, and Pramod Tandon2

[email protected]

1Post Graduate Department of Environmental Science, Patkai Christian College (Autonomous), Chumukedima, Seithekema, Dimapur 797103, India, Phone: 03862-240449, 240601, Fax: 03862-240811. 2Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India. Fax +91-364-255150, Phone: +91-9862654355

Cell suspension cultures were initiated from hypocotyl derived callus to induce capsaicin biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Naga King Chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Efficient capsaicin production with high Growth Index was obtained by exposing cells to salicylic acid (SA) and calcium channel modulators in suspension cultures. The time course of capsaicin formation is related to the cell growth profile in a batch culture. Cells cultivated in the standard medium (SM) initially showed low level of capsaicin yield during active growth. When the cells approached stationary phase, cell growth and cell viability decreased whereas capsaicin production increased continuously. In the fed-batch cultures, the highest capsaicin yield (567.4±8.1 µgg1fresh weight) (f.wt) was obtained by feeding the cells with 1 mM salicylic acid. However, salicylic acid feeding during cultivation repressed the cell growth. Enhanced cell growth (3.1±0.1 Growth index/culture) and capsaicin yield (534±7.8 µgg-1f.wt) were obtained when the cells were fed with calcium ionophore A23187 (0.5 mM) on day 25 as compared to the control. Addition of the calcium channel blocker verapamil hydrochloride (100 mM) inhibited cell growth and capsaicin production in Naga King Chili suspension cell cultures.

Acknowledgement: Mechuselie Kehie would like to acknowledge the University Grant Commission (UGC) for awarding him Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship.


131

Volatile Compounds and Capsaicinoid Content of Some Organically Grown Peruvian Chili Peppers -86

Kirti Patel, Candy Ruiz, Rosario Rojas*[email protected]

Unidad de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Laboratorios de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Av. Honorio Delgado 430. SMP. Phone: 51-1-3190000 anexo 2705 Perú has a large number of local Capsicum varieties, each with specific phytochemical charac-teristics. The company Agro Export Topará S.A.C. is known to organically grow several varieties of Capsicum in Topará valley at Chincha province in the Ica region. One of the requirements to the introduction of these Capsicum varieties to the market is the understanding of their chemical composition. Volatile components of fresh chillies were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 300 com-pounds were detected and marked difference in volatile patterns were found between different varieties. D-Limonene, 2-Bromo dodecane, 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, 4-methyl-2-Undecene, hexyl ester Hexanoic acid and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-Octatriene were found to be the major volatile constituents. The capsaicinoids content was determined by the analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in the seven oven dried chilli pepper to calculate their pungency in Scoville heat units (SHU). Rever-sed phase-HPLC separation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in seven Peruvian chilli varieties was achieved using photodiode array (PDA) detector. Solvent extractions using methanol for both compounds were conducted by magnetic stirring extraction method. Total content of capsaicinoids were found in the range of 7-24 mg/g DW with their corresponding SHU of 104825-354843. The ratio of capsaicin to dihydrocapsaicin was 3 to 1.

The results of this study contribute to the characterization of Peruvian Capsicum varieties for potentially commercial traits. The biochemical descriptions can be used to identify, in a parti-cipatory approach with small-scale farmers and local entrepreneurs, promising material for the development of high-value products and to start market specialization. The determination of these analytical data may provide efficient tools for the differentiation of peppers, establishing criteria for improvement of quality, prevention of frauds and guaranteeing their origin. The results can also be a starting point for further breeding activities. The study results thus add value to Peruvian Capsicum diversity and provide incentive to conserve local Capsicum varieties.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Stefan Bederski of Agro Export Topará S.A.C. (http://to-paraorganico.com) for providing the Capsicum varieties for this study. Thanks are also due to FONDECYT-CONCYTEC (Contract 206-2013-CONCYTEC-P) and FINCyT (Contract 128-FINCyT-IA-2013) for their financial support for this project.


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132

Obtaining an Excipient from Seeds and Veins of Yellow Chili Pepper (Capsicum baccatum) after Removing Capsaicinoids -107

Acuña, F. and Morales, E*[email protected]

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú

The seeds and veins constitute 20 % (w/w) of yellow chilies and they are a by-product in the formulation of different types of sauces. This waste that contains 30,65 % (dry basis) of insoluble dietary fiber is discarded because it has a high pungency of 648 µg of capsaicinoids per gram of decline, which significantly changes the flavor profile of the product where they are introduced. These alkaloids responsible of pungency in chili were extracted to take advantage of by-product processed as an excipient in the formulation of a dressing. In laboratory conditions, the capsaicin content was minimized to 5,75 µg gram of yellow chilli seeds and veins flour with a yield of 5,65 % using a 0,1 % aqueous solution of a commercial surfactant (Cognis Glucopon 600 marks) with the following parameters: 95oC, 200 rpm of radial agitation , 40 µm of particle size, with a ratio of aqueous / raw material of 4,8/1, for 7 stages of 6 minutes each one. The cake obtained was dried at 60oC for 30 hours and after this process, it had 43,62% (dry basis) of insoluble dietary fiber; 4,18 ml/g swelling capacity; 482,33% of capacity water retention; 418.33% of capacity to absorb organic molecules and the final product was able to replace up to 39% of the yellow chili paste of a dressing, without burning 90 seconds more (180 seconds in total) than dressing without substitution at 180oC in an oil-output ratio of 1-2.

Acknowledgements: ALICORP, Food Industry Faculty (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina).


133

Tolerance to Stress Conditions during Shipping in Ornamental Pepper -99

Rithiely Paschoa Queiroz Cavatte, Paulo Cezar Cavatte, Julien Lima, Tania Pires da Silva*, Fábio Murilo da Matta, Fernando Luiz Finger

[email protected]

Universidade Federal de Viçosa

Stress conditions usually occur during shipping of ornamental pepper plants limiting their shelf life afterwards. The role of anthocyanins on photo protection of plants has attracted a lot of atten-tion by researchers working with oxidative stresses. The objective of this work was to investigate the behavior of two varieties of C. annuum ornamental peppers with different leaf pigmentation color and to characterize the main physiological strategies involved in the tolerance to stress conditions during shipping. For this, we used two varieties of ornamental peppers the BGH 1039 with green leaves and a purple leaf variety Roxa in response to heat stress (35oC) under light and room indoor temperature (25oC). The lower activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system and reduced concentration of anthocyanins presented by the plants BGH 1039 may be responsible for the low photo protective capacity, allowing greater occurrence of oxidative damage, which might promoted higher rate of leaf abscission during the transport simulation. These results indicate that biochemical limitations present on the variety BGH 1039 is mainly due to an inefficient antioxi-dant mechanism system and by the inability dissipate the energy due to lower concentration of anthocyanins present in the leaves.

Acknowledgements: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais - Fapemig; Con-selho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq.


134

Effect of Ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene and Silver Thiosulfate on the Post-Production of Ornamental Peppers (Capsicum annuum) -40

Paula Cristina Carvalho Lima1, Wellington Souto Ribeiro2, Milena Maria Tomaz de Oliveira1, Lucas Cavalcante da Costa2, Fernando Luiz Finger2*

[email protected]

1Department of Plant Biology of Federal University of Viçosa, 2Department of Plant Science of Federal University of Viçosa

Species from Capsicum genus are being used for different purposes, with excellent potential for commercialization as ornamental potted plant. However, there are only a few studies on the fac-tors affecting the post-production shelf life. The presence of ethylene induces various responses on potted peppers, reducing the shelf life of sensitive cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ethylene and the inhibitors of ethylene action, methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the shelf life of potted 'Calypso' and 'MG 302'. The plants were selected for marketing when 30% the fruits were ripe. The experiment was conducted in a indoor environment with 8-10 µmol s-1 m-2 white fluorescent light. The treatments were composed by the control, exposure to 10 µL L-1 of ethylene for 48 hours, fumigation with 1 µl L-1 1-MCP for 6 hours, fumi-gation with 1 µl L-1 1-MCP for 6 hours followed by exposure to 10 µL L-1 ethylene for 48 hours, spraying with 2 mmol L-1 STS and spraying of 2 mmol L-1 STS followed by exposure to 10 µL L-1 ethylene for 48 hours. The cultivar 'MG 302' showed intermediate sensitivity to ethylene action (about 38% of leaf abscission), while the cultivar 'Calypso' showed complete abscission of leaves when exposed to ethylene. For both cultivars, the treatments with 1-MCP, 1-MCP + Ethylene, STS and STS + Ethylene slowed leaf abscission similar to control plants. The plants treated with STS showed longer durability when compared to the other treatments, about 6 days for the 'Calypso' and 15 days for 'MG 302'. Nevertheless, plants treated with 1-MCP also exhibited good shelf life, about 6 days for 'Calypso' and 10 days for the 'MG 302'. Treatment with STS although was more efficient did not completely block the action of ethylene and exhibited some phytotoxicity, while the treatment with 1-MCP had good efficiency without inducing any toxicity.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG.


135

MARKETING & EXTENSION

136

Merken: a Ground Smoked Hot Pepper of Ancestral Origin and High Gourmet Value from the Araucanía Region of Chile to the World -9

Leonelli, G1. And E. Kehr2*[email protected]. *[email protected]

1U. Católica de Temuco, Chile, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chile Carillanca

In "La Araucanía region" in the southern of Chile (37o35'-39o37' SL), 7.9 hectares are cultivated every year with a local hot pepper genotype (Capsicum annuum L. var Longum) named "Cacho de Cabra". This local genotype is cultivated in home orchards, hand harvested and processing to produce Merken by the indigenous Mapuche families, mainly females. "Cacho de Cabra" hot pepper is cultivated between spring and summer season (august-march), by seeding and transplant in field, and sometimes under greenhouses. The fruits are hand-harvested at the maturity stage (red color), then are dried naturally under the sun, then are smoked and finally toasted. Once the post-harvest processing is finished, the fruits are grinded on a mill and mixed with salt and dres-sings like coriander seeds to obtain the "Merken", name derivate from the word medkeñ belong the mapuche dialect "Mapudungun". This product is commercialized under several formats like in jars, plastic or paper bags. According to the Nutrition Institute and Food Technology of Chile (INTA) analysis, the Merken is composed by 31% crude fiber, 29.5% sugar, 14.5% ashes and other compounds like lipids and proteins. Given the highly heterogeneous farming community, and non-standardized cultivation method among them, different raw materials are commonly obtained, causing variation in terms of color, flavor and aroma. Because of this issue, the Catholic University of Temuco has been working with the Mapuche farmers in order to organize them, and to standardize "Cacho de Cabra" cultivation and Merken elaboration process. The results suggest also that a marketing strategy is needed, given the increasing importance of Merken at national and international level. Because Merken is a product with ancestral origin, the Mapuche people are doing effort with the Catholic University in order to get PDO (protected designation of origin), and to protect the "Mapuche Merken" and also add value. Last years, the market for Merken has been increasing, from being a product exclusively sold in local market and always cultivated close to the processing areas, to a very well-known product in Chile. Now, Merken has already entered to Europe market and other areas.

mailto:[email protected].

mailto:*[email protected]

137

Capsicum Working Group: a Collaborative Multidisciplinary Effort to Improve Sweet and Chili Pepper -10

Rosana Rodrigues1, Cláudia P. Sudré1,Cíntia dos S. Bento1, Samy Pimenta1, Artur M. Medeiros1, Monique M. Moulin2, Leandro S. A. Gonçalves3,

Maura da Cunha4, Leonarda G. Neves5,Valdirene M. Gomes6

[email protected]

1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF); 2Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES); 3Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL); 4Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Teci-dual - LBCT/UENF; 5Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso (UNEMAT); 6Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos - LFBM/UENF.

A collaborative interdisciplinary network is bringing together researchers from different major fields embracing Brazilian institutions to unveil basic and applied aspects related with Capsicum genetics, breeding and genomics. The major goals of this research network are: a) genebank con-servation, characterization and evaluation; b) breeding for disease resistance and agronomic traits; c) genetic mapping, and d) disease resistance mechanisms investigation. A genebank collection with 486 accessions, mainly consisting in landraces of different Capsicum species from distinct Brazilian areas are being maintained, characterized and evaluated. Accessions characterization is carried out considering morphological, agronomic, chemical and molecular aspects. The ac-cessions evaluations are mostly focused in disease resistance reaction such as bacterial spot (BS), Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and anthracnose. The breeding program is dedicated to develop hybrids and pure lines with potential to be used for farmers, especially the ones located in Rio de Janeiro state. The cultivars are being developed using different classical approaches such as pedigree and single seed descent (SSD) breeding methods and also applying marker-assisted selection. Genetic mapping effort is focusing in C. baccatum var. pendulum, a still underexploited species within the genus. PepYMV resistance mechanisms are being investigated considering the role of the pathogenesis related proteins in plant-pathogen interaction. Three hundred thirty-five accessions are characterized for multiple traits; two accessions, one from C. annuum var. annuum and another from C. baccatum, were identified as resistance source for BS; nine accessions, being seven from C. chinense and two from C. baccatum were resistant to PepYMV and other two C. baccatum for anthracnose. These accessions are being used in our breeding program reinforcing the importance of this germplasm collection. Two pure lines (C. annuum var. annuum) resistant to BS and three C. baccatum var. pendulum are in final trials before releasing as new commercial genotypes. Moreover, using pedigree and SSD, 19 C. baccatum var. pendulum recombinant inbred lines were found to be resistant to PepYMV. The first genetic map for C.baccatum var. pendulum was constructed with 183 molecular markers (SSR, RAPD and ISSR) covering 2547,5cM of the plant genome. Also in C. baccatum var. pendulum, it was observed that peroxidase has an important role in the PepYMV resistance reaction. Capsicum species are an intriguing and a challenging target in many research fields, stimulating researchers to devote their effort and work in collaboration toward a better comprehension of these plants.



138

Students Involved in Capsicum Research and Extension in Mala Valley, Peru -77

A. Quispe and R. Ugá[email protected] ; [email protected]

La Molina - National Agrarian University, Lima. Perú

Colectivo Ayni is a group of students from different UNALM faculties formed in 2009, who are aimed to encourage the participation of students to solve principal problems of Peru through workshops, projects and festivals. Among the group's projects is the "Agroecological Project Re-fuge" in Mala valley. The link with farmers of Mala arises with the VLIR project, which is a result of the alliance between the UNALM and Belgian universities whose promote the strengthening of value chains on native products such as chili pepper and quinoa. The Department of Horticulture of UNALM motivated students to develop theses in Capsicum in that valley. Two students from Colectivo Ayni are conducting a research in a part of the productive area of "El Refugio" farm. Owing to agricultural practice is environmentally healthy without affect human health, they deci-ded to share their experiences and stories in events related to small- agriculture and agroecology.

Mala is a valley of the Peruvian coast, located 85 km south of Lima, with approximately 6000 ha, where 16 ha chili pepper is produced and less than 1 ha of peppers are under organic ma-nagement. Mala is an agricultural valley mainly, with small farmers whose produce fruit (apple, quince, passionflower) and vegetables (native chili peppers, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, watermelon, and lettuce) for the local market.

In the last two years native chili peppers (mochero, cerezo, arnaucho, charapita, ayuyo chili pepper) are covering big importance in the domestic market due to gastronomy and promotion by well-known Peruvian chefs; this is evidenced by the increase in performance and price per kilo of these chili peppers. That is why research in irrigation techniques, application of own organic foliar fertilizers and adaptability of native chili peppers are being made in "El Refugio" also aims to demonstrate to farmer from Mala that native chili peppers production is profitable. Finally, Colectivo Ayni is presented as responsible of making "Fundo El Refugio" a center for or-ganic production, with sufficient funds, to disseminate and perform research where visitors learn to appreciate agriculture and create networks among farmers, and college students. Fieldwork involves technical knowledge and exchange of experiences.



139

New Mexico State University - Chile Pepper Institute Educating the World about Chile Peppers -79

Erica Trevino* and Paul W. Bosland

[email protected] Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, USA

The New Mexico State University (NMSU) Chile Pepper Institute is the only worldwide non-profit institute devoted to first-class education, research, and archiving information related to Capsicum. Established in 1992, the Chile Pepper Institute builds on the research of chile peppers started by the famous horticulturalist Fabian Garcia, the father of the U.S. chile pepper industry. He began to standardize chile pepper varieties, which culminated in the New Mexican pod type.

The Chile Pepper Institute provides education to students, researchers, growers, producers and many others in our community, the state, the nation, and the world. It provides a chile pepper science undergraduate research program, anual conference, visiting scientist program, a question and answer service, a teaching garden, an online website, a media venue, research reports, and a visitors center where books, posters, plants, seeds, chile sauces, and publications are available. The Chile Pepper Institute works closely with the NMSU Chile Breeding and Genetics Program to provide the latest information on chile pepper research that is conducted at NMSU. To ensure chile pepper research continues to be a fixture at NMSU, the Institute is creating partnerships around the world to raise funds for a chile pepper endowed chair. By becoming a member you assist in these efforts. New Chile Pepper Institute members receive a one-year subscription to our newsletter, a Chile Pepper Institute decal, a unique seed packet, discounts at our shop located in Las Cruces, NM, and discounts on admission to the annual New Mexico Chile Conference. Small Business, Industry, and Corporate members are highlighted through links on the Institute website and company profiles in the newsletter.

NMSU President Carruthers alongside the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences and the Chile Pepper Institute are working on an exciting new project. We have begun raising funds and will establish a top-of-the-line agricultural experience for all NMSU visitors. The Chile Pepper Institute shop, greenhouse, and chile gardens will be featured at the NMSU Heritage Garden with public access and tours available throughout the year. To learn more and become involved please contact Erica Trevino at [email protected] or 575-646-3028.

Please visit our newly improved website at www.chilepepperinstitute.org for the latest informa-tion and updates on all of the current Chile Pepper Institute projects, and don't forget to click on those social media icons to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest where you will find daily updates.



http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org

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