Book Addins

Thermodynamic Functions

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The Thermodynamic add-in contains functions that calculate various thermodynamics properties. The functions are used the same way as other Excel functions:Examples

=function(parameter1,parameter2)=DewPoint(750,0.5)

They are accessed the same way as any other Excel function: by a click of the fx on the toolbar. The

functions will appear under "User Defined Function Category". The functions can also be used as the parameter of another Excel function:Examples

=function2(parameter1,function1)=Volume(46.5,MolecularWeight("CO2"),136, 722)

Cpgas Cpmat CpmeanEnthalpy Temperature BlendTemperatureMass Volume MolecularWeightAtmPressure VelocityPressureVaporPressure Humidity WetDryBulbDewPoint AcidDewPoint VolumeAtNewPTGasViscosity GasDensity ThermalConductivityBlendMolecularWeight Enthalpy_free Enthalpy_rawmixEnthalpy_coal Enthalpy_oil cpmean_zeroBlendTemperature_free MultBlendTemperature SlurryDensitySlurrySolidContent Reynoldsnumber HeatFormationEnthalpyF Frictionfactor HvapWaterBlendEnthalpy Mod_SR

List of available GasesList of available SolidsList of available Liquids

Available functions in SI-Units:

SI_DewPoint SI_VaporPressure SI_GasViscositySI_ThermalConductivity SI_GasDensity SI_CpMeanMassSI_CpMeanVol SI_Mass SI_HvapWaterSI_AtmPressure SI_Volume SI_VelocityPressure

SI_AcidDewPoint SI_Humidity SI_WetDryBulbSI_Enthalpy_free SI_Enthalpy_rawmix SI_Enthalpy_coalSI_Enthalpy_oil SI_CpMeanSmokeMass SI_CpMeanSmokeVol

Modification History:Conversion into SI – Units (H. Schoeffmann;CTEC;2007):Based on the Thermodynamic function Version 3.16 (M. Beaupre, CTS) we have included a set of routines converting the input and the results of the original functions into SI units.Name of the new macro set file: “ThermodynamicSI.xla” V4.0betaAdvantage compatibility to existing programs and routines is guaranteed and new calculation sheets can be created utilizing SI units without constant introduction of conversion factors, making the formulas complicated in an EXCEL sheet.

Enthalpy for coal, oil, rawmix and coefficients for heat capacity (M. Seper;CTEC;2008):Enthalpy-Functions and cp-Values for temperature below 0°C (min. –50 [°C]) are added.Up to now only the following gases are giving value in the negative region, all other substancesreturn 0:

O2N2

CO2H2CONOArAir

CH4C2H6C3H8

Name of the new macro set file: “ThermodynamicSI_ver1_4”which is included in the package.Advantage compatibility to existing programs and routines is guaranteed and new calculation sheets can be created utilizing SI units without constant introduction of conversion factors, making the formulas complicated in an EXCEL sheet.

Attention: Water vapor below 0 [°C] is not existing! There is no special routine to detect this. If water is usedand the temperature is below 0 [°C] the return value is 0. In real life some water will remain in the air (à cooling air) but we except this imprecision as neglectable.

Update 02/2009 (Harald Schöffmann; CTEC):Renaming the thermodynamic file back to “Thermodynamic.xls”/ “Thermodynamic.xla”All functions show an online help text, when used in EXCEL.Update the Description file and renaming it to: “ThermodynamicSupport.htm”.

Update 09/2009 (Harald Schöffmann; ETC):Change of description file and renaming it to: “ThermodynamicSupport.htm” to “ThermodynamicSupport.pdf”(Reduced number of files to distribute).

Attention: By-pass dust contains according to analysis free CaCO3and MgCO3. Interpretation of this result is that the gas exit temperature at the kiln inlet is around 1100 [°C], but the core of the dust particle was not fully heated up, so CaCo3 and MgCO3 is still existing. To be able to calculate in several tools we removed for these two materials the temperature limit and kept from the end of theoretical existence temperature the cp() value constant.(H. Schöffmann/B. Köck; 09/2009)

AcidDewPoint()

Calculates the acid dew point temperature. This is the highest temperature where one of the acids that

are present in the gas will condense. The function considers sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid

(HCl).

Reference

V. Ganapathy, Minimizing acid condensation concerns

http://pages.hotbot.com/books/vganapathy/corros

http://pages.hotbot.com/books/vganapathy/plantcal

Parameters

Input: Water fraction by volume (m³ water/m³ gas or no unit)

SO3 fraction by volume (m³ SO3/m³ gas or no unit)

HCl fraction by volume (m³ HCl/m³ gas or no unit)

Absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg

Output: Acid dew point temperature (ºC)

Note

If the SO2 fraction in the gas stream is known but not the SO3, assume a conversion rate of SO2

to SO3. According to Ganapathy, 2% is a typical conversion rate. This is by mass. To get the

SO3 fraction from the SO2 fraction and the conversion rate, multiply the conversion rate by the SO2

fraction and then by the ratio of molecular weight of SO2 to SO3.

Example

A flue gas at 749 mm Hg contains, by volume, 12% water, 1% hydrochloric acid and 1% SO2.

The conversion rate of SO2 into SO3 is 2%, by mass. Calculate the temperature where acid will

start to condense.

=AcidDewPoint(0.12,0.00016,0.1,749) returns 168.0384

The condensation will start at 168.04ºC.

SI_AcidDewPoint()

Input: Water fraction by volume ([m³ water/m³] gas or no unit)

SO3 fraction by volume ([m³ SO3/m³] gas or no unit)

HCl fraction by volume ([m³ HCl/m³] gas or no unit)

Absolute gas pressure, unit: [mbar]

Output: Acid dew point temperature [ºC]

DewPoint

Overview

AtmPressure()

Calculates the standard atmospheric pressure at the specified altitude

Parameters

Input: Altitude (elevation above sea level), unit: meter

Output: Standard atmospheric pressure, unit: mm Hg

Example

=AtmPressure(150) returns 746.58

The atmospheric pressure at 150 meters above sea level is 746.58 mm Hg.

SI_AtmPressure()

Input: Altitude (elevation above sea level), unit: [m]

Output: Standard atmospheric pressure, unit: [mbar]

Pressure Conversion Factors

Overview

Cpgas()

Calculates the mean heat capacity of a given gas at the specified temperature.

Cpgas is simply calling the Cpmean function. It is there only for compatibility reasons with the old Cpgas

macro used in many spreadsheets. Using Cpgas or Cpmean strictly gives the same result.

Attention: The reference temperature is 0 [°C] and therefore values below 0 [°C] are negative.

Parameters

Input: Gas name, between quotes (" "), no unit

Gas temperature, unit: ºC

Output: Gas mean heat capacity, unit: kcal/kg.ºC

Examples

=Cpgas("O2",125) returns 0.2213

The mean heat capacity of oxygen (O2) at 125ºC is 0.2213 kcal/kg.ºC.

=1250*Cpgas("CO2", 220)*220 returns 60534.266

The heat content of 1250 kg of CO2 at 220ºC is 60534.266 kcal

Note

1 kcal/kg.ºC = 1 btu/lb.ºF

List of available gases

Overview

Cpmean()The mean heat capacity is defined as the heat required, by mass unit, to raise the temperature of a gas a

liquid and solid from -50°C to a specified temperature. It differs from the heat capacity in the sense that it

considers the full integration path to get to that temperature.

The mean heat capacity can be used to calculate the enthalpy of a material (gas, liquid or solid) at a given

temperature.

Since it returns the heat change between -50°C and T, there is only one temperature to specify. The heat

difference between two temperatures, T1 and T2, is obtained by subtracting one enthalpy from the other.

Parameters

Input: Material name, between quotes (" "), no unit

Material temperature, unit: ºC

Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: kcal/kg.ºC

Examples

=Cpmean("O2";125) returns 0,2213

The mean heat capacity of oxygen (O2) at 125ºC is 0.2213 kcal/kg.ºC.

= (Cpmean("SiO2";600)*600-Cpmean("SiO2";150)*150) returns 118.05

The heat required to warm up 1kg silica from 150ºC to 600ºC is 118.05 kcal

Note



List of available liquids

List of available solids

Overview

Cpmean_zero() [à Internal function for values from -50 [°C] to 0 [°C] ]The mean heat capacity is defined as the heat required, by mass unit, to raise the temperature of a gas,

from -50ºC to a specified temperature. It differs from the heat capacity in the sense that it considers the

full integration path to get to that temperature.

The mean heat capacity can be used to calculate the enthalpy of a material (gas, liquid or solid) at a given

temperature:

Since it returns the heat change between -50ºC and T, there is only one temperature to specify. The heat

difference between two temperatures, T1 and T2, is obtained by subtracting one enthalpy from the other:

Parameters




Examples

=Cpmean("O2";-20) returns 0.218The mean heat capacity of oxygen (O2) at -20°C is 0.218 kcal/kg.ºC.

= (Cpmean("O2";-30)*(-30)-Cpmean("O2";-10)*-10) returns 4.34

The specify heat required to warm up 1kg oxygen from -30ºC to -10ºC is 4.34 kcal

Note





Overview

SI_CpMeanMass()

Description see “Cpmean” but units were adapted to SI standard and a differentiation of the cp – value on

mass/volume basis was introduced.

Reference temperature: 0 [°C] / min. Input Temp.: - 50 [°C]

Input:Material name, between quotes (" "), no unitMaterial temperature, unit: ºC

Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: [kJ/kgºC]

SI_CpMeanVol()

Description see “Cpmean” but units were adapted to SI standard and a differentiation of the cp – value on

mass/volume basis was introduced.

Reference temperature: 0 [°C] / min. Input Temp.: - 50 [°C]



Output: Material mean heat capacity, unit: [kJ/Nm3ºC]




Overview

Cpmat()

Calculates the mean heat capacity of a given solid at the specified temperature.

Cpmat is simply calling the Cpmean function. It is there only for compatibility reasons with the old Cpmat

macro used in many spreadsheets. Using Cpmat or Cpmean strictly gives the same result.

Parameters




Examples

= Cpmat("Clinker",920) returns 0.2341

The mean heat capacity of clinker at 920ºC is 0.2341 kcal/kg.ºC.

=500*Cpmat("CaCO3", 300)*300 returns 34824.523

The heat content of 500 kg of CaCO3 at 300ºC is 34824.523 kcal

Note



Overview

Enthalpy()

Returns the enthalpy of a material, either a gas, a liquid or a solid, at the specified temperature. Since the

reference temperature is 0ºC, it is the heat required to raise the temperature of the material from 0ºC to

the specified temperature. The Enthalpy function uses the Cpmean function and applies the temperature

to calculate the enthalpy directly.

Parameters



Output: Material enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg

Examples

=Enthalpy("O2",125) returns 27.6574

The enthalpy of oxygen at 125ºC is 27.6574 kcal/kg.

The heat required to raise oxygen temperature from 0ºC to 125ºC is 27.6574 kcal/kg.

=Enthalpy("C3S",950) returns 221.6072

The enthalpy of C3S at 950ºC is 221.6072 kcal/kg.

The heat required to raise C3S temperature from 0ºC to 950ºC is 221.6072 kcal/kg.

Note

For the inverse calculation, that is the temperature of a material from its enthalpy, use the function

Temperature.




Overview

Enthalpy_free()

Returns the enthalpy of H2O(vapor) without heat of vaporization and other materials at the specified

temperature. Since the reference temperature is 0ºC, it is the heat required to raise the temperature of

the material from 0ºC to the specified temperature. The Enthalpy function uses the Cpmean function and

applies the temperature to calculate the enthalpy directly.

Parameters

Input: H2Ov, between quotes (" "), no unit

H2Ov temperature, unit: ºC

Output: H2Ov enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg

Example

=Enthalpy_free(“H2O”, 125) returns 56,0290 kcal/kg

The enthalpy of H2Ov at 125ºC is 56,0290 kcal/kg.

Note

For the inverse calculation, that is the temperature of a material from its enthalpy, use the function

Temperature.

In case of a negative Temperature, it will be use the positive value!

SI_Enthalpy_free()



Output: Material enthalpy, unit: kJ/kg

In case of H2O the enthalpy is without vaporization




Overview

Enthalpy_rawmix()

Returns the enthalpy of rawmix at the specified temperature and according to composition. Since the

reference temperature is 0ºC, it is the heat required to raise the temperature of the material from 0ºC to

the specified temperature. The Enthalpy_rawmix function uses the Cpmean function and applies the

temperature to calculate the enthalpy directly.

Parameters

Input:

rawmix temperature, unit: ºC

weight percent for the components in order of: SiO2,Fe2O3,Al2O3,CaO,MgO,CO2,K2O,Na2O, SO3

unit: w%

Output: rawmix enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg

Example

=Enthalpy_rawmix(125;31;20;35;5;1;0,5;1,5;0,03;0,1) returns 21,46 The enthalpy of rawmix at 125ºC is 21,46 kcal/kg.

Note

The Sum of weight percent must be 100% !

SI_Enthalpy_rawmix()






Overview

Enthalpy_coal()

Returns the enthalpy of coal at the specified temperature, the volatiles and the humidity.

Parameters

Input:

coal temperature, unit: ºC

weight percent for volatiles and the humidity

unit: %

Output: coal enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg

Example

=Enthalpy_coal(225;26;0) returns 75,29 The enthalpy of coal at 225ºC is 75,29 kcal/kg.

Note

The functions can be used for black coal and brown coal

SI_Enthalpy_coal()






Overview

Enthalpy_oil()

Returns the enthalpy of oil at the specified temperature and according the density.

Parameters

Input:

oil temperature, unit: ºC

density of oil at 25°C

unit: [kg/dm³] of [t/m³]

Output: oil enthalpy, unit: [kcal/kg]

Example

=Enthalpy_oil(225;0.85) returns 196.47The enthalpy of oil at 225ºC is 196.47 kcal/kg.

SI_Enthalpy_oil()


Material temperature, unit: [ºC]

Density of oil at 25°C [kg/dm³] / [t/m³]

Output: Material enthalpy, unit: [kJ/kg]



Overview

GasDensity()

Returns the gas density for a gas at a given temperature and pressure.

Parameters



Absolute gas pressure, unit: atm

Output: Gas density, unit: kg/m³

Example

=GasDensity("Air",125,912) returns 1.0639

The density of air at 125ºC and 912 mm Hg is 1.0639 kg/m³

SI_GasDensity()


Gas temperature, unit: [ºC]

Absolute gas pressure, unit: [mbar/hPa],

Output: Gas density, unit: [kg/m³]



Overview

HvapWater()

Returns the heat of vaporization of water at a given temperature.

Parameters

Input: temperature, unit: ºC

Output: Heat of vaporization of water, unit: kcal/kg

Example

=HvapWater(240) returns 410.61

The heat of vaporization of water at 240ºC is 410.61 kcal/kg

SI_HvapWater()

Input Temperature, unit: [ºC]

Output: Heat of vaporization of water, unit: [kJ/kg]

Overview

Pressure conversion factors

Some conversion factors for pressure:1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg

= 101.325 kPa= 1.01325 bar= 10342.61 mm H2O= 14.69595 psi= 407.1894 in. H2O= 29.92126 in Hg

1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa= 0.53578 in H2O

1 kPa = 0.01 bar= 7.50062 mm Hg= 0.2953 in Hg= 4.01865 in H2O

1 psi = 6.89476 kPa= 51.7149 mm Hg= 2.03602 in Hg= 27.7076 in H2O

Overview

GasViscosity()

Returns the viscosity of a gas at a given temperature.

Parameters



Output: Gas viscosity, unit: cP (centipoise)

Example

=GasViscosity("air",150) returns 0.02316

The viscosity of air at 150ºC is 0.02316 cP

Note

1 P (poise) = 1 g/cm.s

1 cP = 0.01 g/cm.s

SI_GasViscosity()


Gas temperature, [ºC]

Output: Gas viscosity, [Pas]

List of available gasesOverview

Temperature()

Returns the temperature of a single material (solid, liquid or solid) from its enthalpy.

For the temperature of a mixture of two materials, use the BlendTemperature function.

Parameters


Material enthalpy, unit: kcal/kg

Output: Temperature, unit: ºC

Example

=Temperature("Air",149.21) returns 595.06

The temperature of air having an enthalpy of 149.21 kcal/kg is 595.06ºC.

Note

Enthalpy is based on a reference temperature of 0ºC.

Enthalpy




Overview

BlendTemperature()

Returns the temperature of a binary (two component) mixture (solid, liquid or solid) from the heat content

of the mixture. The difference with the Temperature function is that Temperature can only be used with a

single material.

Parameters

Input: Material1: the name of the first material, between quotes (" "), no unit

Material2: the name of the second material, between quotes (" "), no unit

Mass1: the mass of the first material, kg

(it can also be the mass fraction of the first material, no unit)

Mass2: the mass of the second material, kg


Heat: the heat content of the mixture, unit: kcal (or kcal/kg)


Example

A mixture of 1000 kg of SiO2 and 1250 kg of Al2O3 has a heat content of 55000 kcal. What is the

temperature of the mixture?

=BlendTemperature("SiO2","Al2O3",1000,1250,55000) returns 124.37

The temperature of the mixture is 124.37ºC.

Example

Air with an absolute humidity of 0.05 kg water/kg dry air has a heat content of 47.25 kcal/kg wet

air. What is its temperature?

Water mass fraction = 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.04762

Dry air mass fraction = 1 - 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.95238

=BlendTemperature("air","H2Ov",0.95238,0.04762,47.25) returns 75.7687

The temperature of the moist air is 75.7687ºC

Note

Enthalpy is based on a reference temperature of 0ºC.

Enthalpy




Overview

BlendTemperature_free()

Returns the temperature of a binary (two component) mixture (solid, liquid or solid) from the heat content

of the mixture. The difference with the Temperature function is that Temperature can only be used with a

single material.

Parameters

Input: Material1: the name of the first material, between quotes (" "), no unit

Material2: the name of the second material, between quotes (" "), no unit

Mass1: the mass of the first material, kg


Mass2: the mass of the second material, kg


Heat: the heat content of the mixture, unit: kcal (or kcal/kg)


Example

A mixture of 1000 kg of SiO2 and 1250 kg of Al2O3 has a heat content of 55000 kcal. What is the

temperature of the mixture?

=BlendTemperature_free("SiO2","Al2O3",1000,1250,55000) returns 124.37

The temperature of the mixture is 124.37ºC.

Example

Air with an absolute humidity of 0.05 kg water/kg dry air has a heat content of 47.25 kcal/kg wet

air. What is its temperature?

Water mass fraction = 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.04762

Dry air mass fraction = 1 - 0.05 / 1.05 = 0.95238

=BlendTemperature_free("air","H2Ov",0.95238,0.04762,47.25) returns 75.7687

The temperature of the moist air is 75.7687ºC

Enthalpy _free




Overview

ThermalConductivity()

Returns the thermal conductivity of a gas at a given temperature.

Parameters



Output: Gas thermal conductivity, unit: cal/s.m.ºC

Example

=ThermalConductivity("N2",191) returns 0.008726

The thermal conductivity of nitrogen at 191ºC is 0.008726 cal/s.m.ºC

SI_ThermalConductivity()


Gas temperature, [ºC]

Output: Gas thermal conductivity [J/smºC]


Overview

List of available gases for Cpmean (and Cpgas)

The Cpmean and Cpgas functions can be calculated for the following gases:

O2 oxygen

N2 nitrogen

CO2 carbon dioxide

H2 hydrogen

CO carbon monoxide

SO2 sulfur dioxide

NO nitrous oxide

H2Ov water vapor

Ar argon

CH4 methane (273.15 to 1500°K)

C2H6 ethane (273.15 to 1500°K)

C3H8 propane (273.15 to 1500°K)

Air standard air

For all those gases, unless noted otherwise, the allowable temperature range is -50°C to 5727ºC (223.15

to 6000°K). If the specified temperature is outside that range, the function returns a value of -1.

Overview

List of available solids for Cpmean (and Cpmat)

The Cpmean and Cpgas functions can be calculated for the following solids:

Temperature range Temperature range

(ºC) (ºC)

SiO2 0 to 2727 K2SO4 0 to 2727

Al2O3 0 to 3727 Na2SO4 0 to 1727

Fe2O3 0 to 2227 CaSO4 0 to 1127

CaO 0 to 3727 CaSO4.2H2O 0 to 727

MgO 0 to 3727 KCl 0 to 1727

K2O 0 to 1727 NaCl 0 to 2227

Na2O 0 to 3227 CaCl2 0 to 2727

TiO2 0 to 3727 CaF2 0 to 2427

P2O5 0 to 427 C3S 0 to 2327

Mn2O3 0 to 1077 C2S 0 to 2130

CaCO3 0 to 927 C3A 0 to 2227

MgCO3 0 to 727 C4AF 0 to 2227

Clinker 0 to 2727 Coal 0 to 2227

RawMix 0 to 927 Steel 0 to 2227

If the specified temperature is outside the allowable temperature range, the function returns a value of -1.

Overview

List of available liquids for Cpmean

The only liquid available for Cpmean is:

H2OL Liquid water

The allowable range goes from 0ºC to 350ºC .

Overview

Standard Air

The standard composition of the air is:

% volume/%mole % mass

N2 78.09 75.53

O2 20.95 23.15

Ar 0.93 1.28

CO2 0.03 0.04

with a molecular weight of 28.966 g/gmole.

At normal conditions (0ºC, 760 [mm Hg]=1.013,25 [mbar]), the density is 1.2923 kg/Nm³.

Overview

Mass()

Calculates the mass of a gas having a specified molecular weight, at specified temperature and pressure.

Parameters

Input: Gas volume, unit: m³

Molecular weight of the gas, unit: g/gmole



Output: Mass of gas, unit: kg

Example

=Mass(55,18.0154,210,912) returns 29.99126

The mass of 55 m³ of water water (molecular weight: 18.0154), at 210ºC and 912 mm Hg is

29.99126 kg.

=Mass(25148,MolecularWeight("CO2"),450,950) returns 23314.35

The mass of 25148 m³ of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 450ºC and a pressure of 950 mm Hg is

23314.35 kg.

SI_Mass()

Input: Gas volume, unit: [m³]

Molecular weight of the gas, unit: [g/gmole]



Output: Mass of gas, unit: [kg]

MolecularWeight



Overview

Volume()

Calculates the volume of a gas having a specified molecular weight, at specified temperature and

pressure.

Parameters

Input: Mass of gas, unit: kg




Output: Mass of gas, unit: m³

Example

=Volume(120,31.9988,49,699.2) returns 107.75

The volume of 120 kg of oxygen (molecular weight: 31.9988), at 49ºC and 699.2 mm Hg is 107.75

m³.

=Volume(15000,MolecularWeight("Air"),200,950) returns 16084.32

The volume of 15000 kg of air at 200ºC and 950 mm Hg is 16084.32 m³.

Parameters

Input: Mass of gas, unit: kg




Output: Mass of gas, unit: m³

SI_Volume()

Input: Mass of gas [kg]

Molecular weight of the gas, unit: [kg/kmole]



Output: Mass of gas, unit: [m³]

MolecularWeight



Overview

VolumeAtNewP&T()

Calculates the volume of a gas under new conditions of pressure and temperature using the PVT relation:

This function is also usable with SI units: Temperature is identical and pressure factor is relative as

conversion factor is constant.

Parameters

Input:

Initial volume of gas, unit: m³

Initial absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg

New absolute gas pressure, unit: mm Hg

Initial gas temperature, unit: ºC

New gas temperature, unit: ºC

Output:

New volume of gas, unit: m³

Example

=VolumeAtNewPT(1000,950,760,85,25) returns 1040.591

A volume of gas of 1000 m³ at 950 mm Hg and 85ºC becomes 1040.591 m³ at 760 mm Hg and

25ºC.


Overview

DewPoint()

The DewPoint function returns the dew point temperature of a mixture of gas and water. The dew point is

the temperature where water of the mixture starts to condense. It depends on the humidity of the mixture

and the absolute pressure.

Parameters

Input: Absolute pressure of the gas mixture, unit: mm Hg

Humidity of the gas, unit: kg water/kg dry gas

Molecular weight of the gas: g/gmole

Output: Dew point temperature, unit: ºC

Example

=DewPoint(760,0.45,28.966) returns 77.3367

The dew point temperature of a gas/water mixture of 0.45 kg water/kg dry gas, for a gas having a

molecular weight of 28.966 (air) at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg) is 77.3367ºC. It

means that water will not condense until the temperature of the mixture is below 77.3367ºC.

SI_DewPoint()

Input: Absolute pressure of the gas mixture, unit: [mbar]

Humidity of the gas, unit: [kg water/kg dry gas]

Molecular weight of the gas: [g/gmole]

Output: Dew point temperature, unit: [ºC]

MolecularWeight

AcidDewPoint

Overview

VaporPressure()

Returns the vapor pressure of water at a given temperature.

The function is valid from 0 to 374.2ºC. If the temperature is larger 374.2ºC, then the function returns the

value 99999.

Parameters

Input: Water temperature, unit: ºC

Output: Vapor pressure, unit: mm Hg

Example

=VaporPressure(120) returns 1492.18 mm Hg

The vapor pressure of water at 120ºC is 1492.18 mm Hg.

SI_VaporPressure

Input: Water temperature, [ºC ]

Output: Vapor pressure, [mbar]


Overview

MolecularWeight()

This function returns the molecular weight of a substance from the chemical formula of that substance. A

reference to a cell containing the chemical formula of the substance can also be used. One exception: for

air, the word "air" is used instead of the chemical formula.

Parameters


Output: Gas molecular weight, g/gmole or kg/kgmole or lb/lbmole

Examples

=MolecularWeight("O2") returns 31.9988

The molecular weight of oxygen (O2) is 31.9988 g/gmole.

With the value of CO2 (no quotes) in the cell A31:

=MolecularWeight(A31) returns 44.0098

The molecular weight of CO2 is 44.0098 g/gmole.

List of available substances

Overview

BlendMolecularWeight()This function returns the molecular weight of a mix of available Materials.of a substance from the chemical

formula of that substance. A reference to a cell containing the chemical formula of the substance can also

be used. One exception: for air, the word "air" is used instead of the chemical formula.

Parameters

Input: Material names and mole/volume fractions.

Output: Molecular weight of mix, g/gmole or kg/kgmole or lb/lbmole

Example

CaCO3 0.3MgCO3 0.2Al2O3 0.2Fe O2 3 .0 3

Molecularweight of blend 115.19

Formula Call in Cell “B8”:

=BlendMolecularWeight(A2:A5;B2:B5)

List of available substances

Overview

List of available substances for MolecularWeight / BlendMolecularWeight

The MolecularWeight function can be used for the following gases:

Gases Solids

O2 SiO2 C3S

H2 Al2O3 C2S

H2O Fe2O3 C3A

CO CaO C4AF

CO2 MgO CaCO3

SO2 K2O MgCO3

SO3 Na2O CaCl2

N2 TiO2 CaSO4

NO P2O5 Ca(OH)2

NO2 NaCl Na2SO4

NH3 KCl K2SO4

Ar FeS2

Air (standard air)

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

Overview

VelocityPressure()

Calculates the velocity pressure of a gas with a given density and a given velocity.

Parameters

Input: Gas density: kg/m³

Gas velocity: m/s

Output: Velocity pressure: mm H2O

Examples

=VelocityPressure(1.1973,2.5) returns 0.3819

The velocity pressure of a gas having a density of 1.1973 kg/m³ and a gas velocity of 2.5 m/s is

0.3819 mm H2O.

=VelocityPressure(GasDensity("air",185,779),1.89) returns 0.1440

The velocity pressure of air at 185ºC and a pressure of 779 mm Hg with a velocity of 1.89 m/s is

0.1440 mm H2O.

SI_VelocityPressure()

Input: Gas density, [kg/m³]

Gas velocity: [m/s]

Output: Velocity pressure: [mbar]


GasDensity


WetDryBulb()

Calculates the absolute humidity of a air / water vapor mixture from wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.

Reference: Moran, M.J. and Shapiro, H.N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley 1988,

p. 586-589.

Parameters

Input: WBTemp: wet bulb temperature (ºC)

DBTemp: dry bulb temperature (ºC)

Pressure: absolute pressure of gas (mm Hg)

Output: WetDryBulb: absolute humidity (kg water / kg dry air)

Example

=WetDryBulb(55,125,760) returns 0.0815

The absolute humidity of a wet air when the wet bulb temperature is 55ºC, the dry bulb

temperature is 125ºC and the absolute pressure 760 mm Hg, is 0.0815 kg water/kg dry air.

SI_WetDryBulb()

Input: WBTemp: wet bulb temperature [ºC]

DBTemp: dry bulb temperature [ºC]

Pressure: absolute pressure of gas [mbar]

Output: WetDryBulb: absolute humidity [kg water / kg dry air]

DewPoint


Overview

Humidity()

Calculates the absolute humidity of a air / water vapor mixture from the relative humidity of the mixture, its

absolute pressure and temperature.

Parameters

Input: RelativeHumidity: relative humidity of mixture [fraction]à cell formatted as [%]

Pressure: absolute pressure of mixture (mm Hg)

Temperature: temperature of gas (ºC)

Output: Humidity: absolute humidity (kg water / kg dry air)

Example

=Humidity(0.70,760,40)returns 3.4213

The absolute humidity when the relative humidity is 70%, the atmospheric pressure 760 mm Hg

and the temperature 40ºC is 0.034213 kg water/kg dry air

SI_Humidity

Input: RelativeHumidity: relative humidity of mixture [fraction] à cell formatted as [%]

Pressure: absolute pressure of mixture [mbar]

Temperature: temperature of gas [ºC]

Output: Humidity: absolute humidity [kg water / kg dry air]

Overview

SlurryDensity()

Special function for wet kilns calculating the density of kiln feed slurry in [g/cm³]/[kg/l]

Parameters:

Input: SlurryDensityDry: density of dry solids in the slurry (g/cm³)

Default value: 2.7 g/cm³ (kg/l)

Moisture: the moisture content proportion in the slurry

Output: Density of slurry

Reference: Peray, Kurt E., Cement Manufacturer's Handbook, Chemical

Publishing, 1979, pp. 31-35

Overview

SlurrySolidContent()Calculates the solid content of a raw mix slurry [g/cm³] or [kg/l] of wet slurry on dry basis

Not to confuse with density of the dry material.

Comment: 1 [m³] of wet slurry has 1.01 [t] solids

Parameters:

Input: SlurryDensityDry: density of dry solids in the slurry (g/cm³)

Default value: 2.7 g/cm³ (kg/l)

Moisture: the moisture content proportion in the slurry

Output: Solid content of slurry

Reference: Peray, Kurt E., Cement Manufacturer's Handbook, Chemical

Publishing, 1979, pp. 31-35

Overview

Reynoldsnumber()Calculates the Reynolds number in a duct with circular section of given Diameter.

Parameters:

Input:

Flowrate [Nm³/h]

Temperature [°C]

Pressure [mmHg]

Diameter(duct) [m]

Output:

νDV *

Re = [-]

Overview

HeatFormation()Returns the Heat of Formation of a Material at 25ºC. Using this function separately requires

that the result must be corrected to the reference temperature of 0 [°C].

(EnthalpyF() is doing this automatically.)

Parameters

Input:

Materialname [-]

Output:

Heat of formation [kcal/kg]

Overview

EnthalpyF()Returns the Enthalpy (kcal/kg) of a Material at a specified Temperature (ºC) that includes

the Heat of Formation of that Material at that Temperature

The EnthalpyF is adjusted for a reference temperature at 0ºC to be compatible with the other

Enthalpy function

Parameters

Input:

Materialname [-]

Temperature [°C]

Output:

Enthalpy + heat of formation [kcal/kg]

Overview

Frictionfactor()Calculates the friction factor in a duct according to the Moody diagram, used to calculate the pressure

drop.

Based on the Churchill method (Churchill, S.W.: "Friction factor equation spans

all fluid flow regimes", Chemical Engineering, Vol. 84 (1977) ) and described in

Industrial Ventilation, 23rd Edition, p. 1-8.

Parameters:

Input:

Reynolds: Reynolds number [-]

Roughness: surface roughness of the duct ([ft] or [m], same unit as Diameter)

Diameter: duct diameter ([ft] or [m])

Output:

Friction factor[x] for pressure drop calculation: δp=ρ2∗v2∗

ld∗ξ

Overview

MultBlendTemperatur()Returns the temperature [ºC] of a the mixture of Materials, each having a

Proportion, for a given Enthalpy [kcal/kg) of the Blend.

Parameters:

Input:

Materialnames: [-]

Mass proportions: [-]

spec. Enthalpie: [kcal/kg]

Example:

Input:CaCO3 .0 3 spec. Enthalpy 10 [kcal/kg]MgCO3 0.2Al2O3 0.2Fe2O3 0.3

Output:Temperatur of(mix): 53.79 [°C]

Output:

Temperature [°C]

Overview

BlendEnthalpy()

Returns the Enthalpy of a mixture of N materials. Input of the materials can be in mass fractions(Example 1) or in absolute mass amounts (Example 2).

Parameters:

Input:Materialname: [-]Temperature: [°C]Mass: Fraction [-] / absolute [kg]

Example 1: with mass fraction [-]

Input:CaCO3 0.3 Temperature 100 [°C]MgCO3 0.2Al2O3 0.2Fe2O3 0.3

Output:Enthalpy of(mix): 19.48 [kcal/kg]

Example 2: with absolute amounts [kg]

Input:CaCO3 300 Temperature 100 [°C]MgCO3 200Al2O3 200Fe2O3 300

Output:Enthalpy of(mix): 19.48 [kcal/kg]

Output:

Enthalpy: [kcal/kg]

Overview

Mod_SR()

Returns the Silica ratio, see Vademecum, “Quality”, Page 3.1

SR=S

AF

Parameters:

Input:S (SiO2), A (Al2O3) and F (Fe2O3) in mass-fraction [-] or mass percentage [%]

Overview

SI_CpMeanSmokeMass()

Calculation of Cp() mean of a gas/smoke in cement industry with the following 5 components:CO2 -> CarbondioxidH2O -> Water vaporO2 -> OxygeneN2 -> NitrogeneAr --> Argon (for all friends of the "edelgas"

Parameters:

Input:Temperature [°C]Mass fraction [-](all constituents)

Output:Cp ()mean in [kJ/kg]

Overview

SI_CpMeanSmokeVol()

Calculation of Cp() mean of a gas/smoke in cement industry with the following 5 components:CO2 -> CarbondioxidH2O -> Water vaporO2 -> OxygeneN2 -> NitrogeneAr --> Argon (for all friends of the "Edelgas")

Parameters:

Input:Temperature [°C]Volume fraction [-](all constituents)

Output:Cp ()mean in [kJ/Nm³]

Overview

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