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Spoken English Kit A Complete Set of 24 Books, 6 Cds and 6 DVDs for Learning and Improving

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LIST OF THE BOOKS IN SPOKEN ENGLISH KIT INTRODUCTION TO SPOKEN ENGLISH KIT AND HOW TO USE THE BOOKS AND CDS AND DVDS, OVERVIEW AND GUIDELINES.

1. BOOK- 1 = PARTS OF SPEECH. 2. BOOK- 2 = STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES. 3. BOOK- 3 = WORD POWER AND VOCABULARY. 4. BOOK- 4 = FLUENCY TECHNIQUES. 5. BOOK- 5 = PARTS OF SPEECH IN DETAIL. 6. BOOK- 6 = FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES EXERCISES. 7. BOOK- 7 = VERBS AND TENSES CHART (ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE) 8. BOOK- 8 = SENTENCES OF DAILY USE. 9. BOOK- 9 = BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 10. BOOK-10= CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY AND MOST COMMON WORD OF DAILY USE. 11. BOOK-11= CONVERSATION OF DAILY USE. 12. BOOK-12= WORD POWER AND CORRECT USE OF PARTS OF SPEECH. 13. BOOK-13= READING, COMPREHENSION, UNDERSTANDING, WRITING, LISTENING

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DISCUSSION PRACTICES. 16. BOOK-16= PRONUNCIATION, ACCENT AND PHONETICS. 17. BOOK-17= CONJUGATION OF NOUNS. 18. BOOK-18= CONJUGATION OF PRONOUNS. 19. BOOK-19= CORRECT USE OF ADJECTIVES. 20. BOOK-20= USES OF VERBS IN DETAILS. 21. BOOK-21= USES OF ADVERBS IN DETAILS. 22. BOOK-22= USES OF PREPOSITIONS IN DETAILS. 23. BOOK-23= USES OF CONJUNCTIONS IN DETAILS. 24. BOOK-24- USES OF INTERJECTIONS AND PUNCTUATIONS IN DETAILS.

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Spoken English Kit A Unique Set of 24 Books,

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Text and title of the particular book no. 

VERBS:-

 

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If a noun was the first word you ever spoke (Mama or cookie), a verb probably followed

just as soon as you learned that "Give cookie" got you better results than "Cookie." In a

sentence, the verb expresses what the subject does (She hopes for the job) or what the

subject is (She is confident). All verbs are one of three types:

Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs. Linking / Helping Verbs. Modal Auxiliary Verbs.

Action verbs

In a sentence, an action verb tells what the subject does. Action verbs express physical or

mental actions: think, eat, collide, realize, and dance. Admittedly, some of these seem

more active than others. Nevertheless, realize is still as much a verb as collide:

I finally realized my mistake. The outfielder collided with the second-baseman. She dances every Friday night.

(In the present tense, statements with subjects of he, she, or it, we add an s to the verb: I go downstairs, we go downstairs, and ballplayers godownstairs, but he goes downstairs

and Loren goes downstairs. For more, see the TIP Sheet "Subject-Verb Agreement.")

Linking verbs

Linking verbs are the couch potatoes of verbs, that is, not very active at all. In a sentence,

a linking verb tells what the subject is rather than what it does; linking verbs express a

state of being. For example, all the forms of the verb to be are linking verbs:

1st person (I; we) 2nd person (you) 3rd person (she, he, it; they)

present am; are are is; are

past was; were were was; were

participle [have] been; [had] been

[have] been; [had] been

[has] been; [had] been

These verbs connect a subject, say, Loren, with more information about that

subject: Loren is an athlete, or Loren was glad.

Another set of linking verbs are those pertaining to our five senses--seeing, tasting,

touching, hearing, and smelling--and how we perceive the world: the

 

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verbs appear, seem, look, feel, smell, taste, and sound, for example. When used as linking

verbs, they connect the subject with a word offering more information about that subject:

Loren seems anxious about the test. The well water tastes wonderful. My carpet still feels damp. You sound hoarse. The curtains smell a little smoky.

As linking verbs, these "sense" verbs have about the same meaning as

is.Loren seems anxious is roughly equivalent to Loren is anxious; the curtains smell smoky is about the same as the curtains are smoky. However, these same

"sense" verbs can sometimes be action verbs instead. The real test whether one of these

verbs is or is not a linking verb is whether it draws an equivalence with the subject, almost

like a math equation: Loren = anxious; curtains = smoky. Consider the sentence I can't taste my lunch because I have a cold. Taste here does not draw an equivalence

between I and lunch; rather, here it is an action verb, something the subject does. In the

sentence Can you smell smoke? smell does not describe what the subject is, but what the

subject does; it is an action verb.

Other common linking verbs include become, remain, and grow, when they link the

subject to more information (either a noun or an adjective) about that subject:

You will soon become tired of the monotony. Pha has become a very responsible teenager. I remain hopeful. Daniel grew more and more confident.

Again, these verbs might be action verbs in other sentences, such as in I grew carrots.

Helping verbs...

Verbs often appear with helping verbs that fine-tune their meaning, usually expressing

when something occurred. The complete verb is the main verb plus all its helping verbs.

Verb tense is the name for the characteristic verbs have of expressing time. Simple present

tense verbs express present or habitual action, and simple past tense verbs express actions

that were completed in the past; neither simple present nor simple past tense verbs

require helping verbs. However, most other verb tenses require one or more helping

verbs. Moreover, some helping verbs express more than just time-possibility, obligation,

or permission, for example.

...have, has, had Every verb has three basic forms: present or simple form, past form, and participle form.

All participle forms require a helping verb that fine-tunes the time expression:

 

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Comets have collided with earth many times. Stan had known about the plan for some time.

The table below demonstrates these three forms with their required helping verbs:

present or simple form past form participle form participle + helper

collide collided collided has, have, had collided

is was been has, have, had been

choose chose chosen has, have, had been

know knew known has, have, had been

Participles used as verbs in a sentence must be used with has, have, orhad. Participles used

without helpers become adjectives: The early explorers sailed beyond the known world.

...to be: am, are, is, was, were, been

Verbs with -ing endings require a helper from the to be family of verbs. These progressive

verb tenses express ongoing present action, continuous past action or future planned

action:

They are still working on the contract. Phanat was studying all night. Holly had been reviewing her notes since the day before. We are holding student elections next September.

Verbs with -ing endings must be used with one of the to be helpers; an -ing word without

a helper is ineligible to act as the verb of a sentence. It can, however, be a noun (Hiking is fun) or an adjective (The hiking trail is closed).

...do, does, did The helping verbs do, does, and did may be used optionally to add emphasis: She certainly does like her morning mocha.

While adding emphasis is optional, these helpers must be used when forming

questions: Does Andrea ski every weekend? They must also accompany the verb in

sentences that combine not with an action verb:Don't you want to take the train? Do not wait for me past 4:30.

When do and does are used, they change form to match the subject while the main verb

remains in simple form: instead of She likes coffee, we would say, She sure does like her coffee. Similarly, for questions, we change the form of the helper and leave the main verb

in simple form:Does Andrea ski? The negative is Andrea does not ski, even though the

statement would have been Andrea skis. (In the past tense, with did, the verb never

changes form.)

 

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...will and shall

Future tense verbs require a helper, will or shall, and express intention, expectation, or

action that will happen later.

We shall drive to Santa Barbara in August. Krista will not attend. We will be holding student elections in September.

...would, could, should, can, may, might...

The verb

helpers would, could, should, can, may, might, must, supposedto, ought to, used to,

and have to are examples of modal helpers. (Willand shall are technically modals as well.)

Modal helpers are little different from real verbs because they never change form. They

are easy to use because they always are used with the simple form of the verb:

I may want to change my flight. You can cash your check at the grocery store. Paul must notify his employer soon.

Instead of expressing time, modals help verbs express a variety of other things:

Expresses For example...

past habit I never used to eat breakfast; I would never eatbreakfast.

requests He would like us to clean up; could you clean up?Can you do it?

permission Yes, you can go. You may change the channel. Hecould leave early.

necessity, advisability

You must see that movie! We ought to go soon; we will have to call later.

possibility I might pay with cash; we may write a check. Thatcould be true.

For more information on the various possible meanings of some modals, see the TIP Sheet

"Would, Should, Could." For more on verbs, see the TIP Sheets "Consistent Verb Tense"

and "Two-Word Verbs."

(Grammar geek note: Sometimes, when words like would and couldexpress a statement

of possibility or desire, or when they state something contrary to fact, a special verb form,

the subjunctive, is required. For example, If he had known, he would have come sooner is an expression contrary to fact. So in this example, the subjunctive form causes the helper

to change to have instead of the expected has--for more information, check a grammar

and usage guide for "subjunctive mood.")

A verb expresses action or being.

jump... is... write... become

 

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The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one

or more helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb.) A

verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs

also take different forms to express tense.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

Conjugation of Verbs:-

Letus discuss here what conjugation is.

Conjugation is the variations/changes in the form of a verb in an inflected language such as

Latin, by which the Voice, Number, Gender, Tense, Person, Mood and Aspect etc….

Conjugation definition: Conjugation is the changing of a verb’s form to express a different person, number, tense, aspect, or gender.

What is Conjugation? In order to communicate in more than one tone, verbs must be conjugated. To conjugate something is to change a verb’s form to express a different meaning.

Conjugation Changes to Express: person (subject) number (singular or plural) tense (past, present, future) aspect (the degree to which the action is completed) gender (male or female—in some languages but not in English)

Changing (or conjugating) a verb means taking it out of its infinitive (base) form and making it fit the sentence appropriately.

Verb conjugations have various forms according to the different English verb tenses. Furthermore, English verb conjugation changes with regular and irregular verbs.

How Do You Conjugate a Verb? Let’s look at one example to get an overview of this idea.

Verb (infinitive/base form): to dance

 

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Simple present conjugation:

I dance. You dance. (singular and plural) He/She/It dances. We dance. They dance.

Conjugated Verbs Communicate Many Things

A conjugated verb expresses several different concepts. This is why it is important to use proper conjugation. Improper conjugation is very confusing to an audience.

Some of the concepts that a conjugated verb expresses are detailed below.

For each of the aspects of conjugation, we will use an example in present simple tense.

How Verb Conjugation Affects Person Example infinitive verb: to cook

In English, conjugation for “person” refers to the subject. Even though some languages do not require it, the English language requires that the subject be stated in every sentence (whether the subject is a noun or pronoun). Consequently, conjugation changes depending on the subject.

I cook. You cook. (singular) He/She/It cooks. We cook.

 

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You cook. (plural) They cook.

How Verb Conjugation Affects Number

Conjugation for “number” refers to whether the verb is used with a singular or plural subject. The appropriate conjugation needs to be used depending on the number of the subject.

Singular: I cook. Singular: You cook. Singular: He/She/It cooks. Plural: We cook. Plural: You cook. Plural: They cook.

How Verb Conjugation Affects Tense

Three tenses exist in the English language: past, present, and future. Verbs are conjugated to express in which tense they occur. Simple present: For English verbs, the only change in the present simple tense is that an “-s” is added to the end of the third person singular verb.

I cook. You cook. (singular) He/She/It cooks. We cook. You cook. (plural) They cook.

Simple past: For most English verbs, a “-d” or “-ed” is added to the base form to create the past tense.

I cooked.

 

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You cooked. (singular) He/She/It cooked. We cooked. You cooked. (plural) They cooked.

Simple future: For English verbs, “will” is added between the subject and the base form of the verb to create the simple future tense.

I will cook. You will cook. (singular) He/She/It will cook. We will cook. You will cook. (plural) They will cook.

How Verb Conjugation Affects Aspect The aspect of a verb changes to express the degree to which an action is completed. In English, three aspects exist: simple, progressive, and perfect. Verbs are conjugated accordingly.

Each aspect exists in the past, present, and future tenses. For these examples, the present aspect of simple, progressive, and perfect is used.

Simple: I cook. You cook. (singular) He/She/It cooks. We cook. You cook. (plural) They cook.

Progressive: I am cooking. You are cooking. (singular) He/She/It is cooking. We are cooking. You are cooking. (plural) They are cooking.

Perfect: I have cooked.

 

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You have cooked. (singular) He/She/It has cooked. We have cooked. You have cooked. (plural) They have cooked.

How Verb Conjugation Affects Gender English verbs and conjugation are unaffected by gender (male/female).

He cooks. She cooks.

Regular, Irregular Conjugations Conjugation works differently for regular and irregular verbs.

Regular verbs:

A regular verb is a verb that when conjugated follows a regular pattern.

Regular verbs add “-d,” “-ed,” or “-ied” to form the past tense or past participle.

Examples: to soothe/soothed to jump/jumped to carry/carried

Irregular verbs: An irregular verb is a verb that when conjugated does not follow a regular pattern in the past tense or past participle conjugations.

to sing/sang to bring/brought to go/went

Summary: What is Verb Conjugation?

 

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Define conjugation: the definition of conjugation is the changing of a verb’s form to show voice, mood, number, tense, and person. In summary, conjugation:

is the form a verb takes to express action varies by person, number, tense, aspect, or gender includes regular and irregular verbs

If you’ve ever taken a second language class, you’ve heard a lot about conjugated verbs and verb conjugations. In short, a conjugated verb is a verb that has been altered from its base form; but, as with all things grammar-related, it’s a little more complicated than that. Let’s take a look at how verbs are conjugated and the different things they communicate when they are.

Defining a Conjugated Verb Conjugated verbs are verbs which have been changed to communicate one or more of the following: person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, or voice. Those will be explained in detail in just a moment: but first, here’s an example of the verb “break” conjugated in several different ways.

Present Simple I, You, We, They: break

He, She, It: breaks

Present Continuous (Progressive) I: am breaking

You, We, They: are breaking

He, She, It: is breaking

Present Perfect I, You, We, They: have broken

He, She, It: has broken

Past Simple I, You, We, They, He, She, It: broke

Past Continuous I, He, She, It: was breaking

You, We, They: were breaking

Past Perfect I, You, We, They, He, She, It: had broken

As you can see, each different conjugation changes “break” from its base form to tell us when and by whom the action takes place.

Conjugated Verbs Communicate A verb conjugation can communicate a lot of detail about a verb such as:

 

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Person It’s a bit redundant in English because we almost always state a subject explicitly in our sentences, but still, our conjugated verbs often go with specific subjects. For example, “am” is a present tense conjugation of the verb “be,” and it is the form that goes with the subject “I.” Using “I” (or “we”) also indicates that the speaker is speaking in first person as opposed to second person (“you”) or third person (“he,” “she,” “it,” “they”).

Number It is perhaps clearer in other languages, but conjugated verbs in English can also sometimes tell us something about how many people are participating in the action of the verb. For example, singular subjects (he, she, it) in the present simple tense have an “s” added to them when conjugated:

He sings. She reads. It rains.

Plural subjects (you, we, they) do not have an “s” on the end:

You sing. We read. They play.

English is a little tricky here because “you” can be singular or plural, but in other languages, the differentiation between singular and plural subjects is very clear in the conjugated verb endings.

Gender In some languages, though not English, conjugated verbs can indicate the gender of the subject.

Tense The verb tense indicates the time at which the action of the verb takes place. Past tense verbs, for example, tell us that the action took place in the past. Present tense indicates the action is happening at this very moment, that it happens regularly in the present state of things, or that it is true up to the present moment. Future tense.

 

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Aspect

The aspect of a verb tells us the degree to which it is completed. There are continuous (or progressive) aspects that tell us the action is in progress, there are perfect aspects that tell us the action is complete up to a certain point in time, and there are simple aspects that are just that – simple.

Mood The mood is like the purpose of the sentence in which a verb is used. The stative mood, for example, is used to make a statement. The interrogative mood is for questions. And the conditional mood is for sentences that pose hypothetical scenarios and the outcomes that depend on them.

Voice You’ve probably heard people talk about active and passive voice. In active voice, the verb indicates that the subject of the sentence is the one doing the action. In passive voice, the subject is the recipient of the action done by someone/something else.

A conjugated verb is a well-explained verb.

See the TIP Sheet on "Verbs" for more information.

 

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Verbs and Types of Verbs

What is a verb?

A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English. In fact, you can’t have a sentence or a question without a verb! That’s how important these “action” parts of speech are.

The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs always express activity.

 

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Physical Verbs – Definition and Examples

Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you can create a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb.

Physical Verb Examples

The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Let’s run to the corner and back. I hear the train coming. Call me when you’re finished with class.

Mental Verbs – Definition and Examples

Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.

Mental Verb Examples

The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I know the answer. She recognized me from across the room. Do you believe everything people tell you?

States of Being Verbs – Definition and Examples

Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. These verbs are usually complemented by adjectives.

States of Being Verb Examples

The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I am a student. We are circus performers. Please is quiet.

Types of Verbs

How many types of verbs are there? In addition to the main categories of physical verbs, mental verbs, and state of being verbs, there are several other types of verbs. In fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are grouped by function.

 

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List of all Verb Types

Action Verbs Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to show action or discuss someone doing something.

Transitive Verbs Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. These verbs always have direct objects, meaning someone or something receives the action of the verb.

Intransitive Verbs Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. No direct object follows an intransitive verb.

Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a question or negative.

Stative Verbs Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements.

Modal Verbs Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and obligations.

Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are used together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past participle verbs.

Kinds of Verbs

Usually, a verb is that part of a speech used to indicate the state of being. It is also used to describe an occurrence or an action. In most cases, a verb is well understood by the work it does rather than talking about it or trying to describe it. For instance, the word “rain” can be taken as a verb or a noun; and therefore, what a verb does will clearly bring out the difference. Simply, a verb will move sentences along in many different ways hence, different kinds of verbs.

 

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Kinds of Verbs A verb is an important part of an English question or sentence. Actually, it is likely that all questions and sentences have a verb in it. This highlights how important verbs can be. It signals an occurrence, an action or a state of being in the sentence or question.

Action Verbs

As the names suggest, action verbs primarily express action. For instance, sit, eat, cycle, etc. They describe things and actions that occur rather than the state of something. An action verb is primarily applied in a progressive aspect commonly used for all actions that are in progress. Most of the action verbs are categorized as transitive or intransitive. What this means is that, some verbs are used along with direct objects while others don’t. The object here can be a thing or a person receiving an action of a certain subject.

 

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Definition Sample Verbs Sentence Examples

Transitive Verbs

Verbs that are used together with a direct object. The object can be a thing or a person.

1. Owe

2. Feed

3. Make

4. Drive

5. Lift

1. Richard owes Jimmy some money.

2. He feeds his children while their mother is away.

3. She makes jewelry to sell at the market.

Intransitive Verbs

Verbs that don’t have a direct object for their meaning to be communicated. In most cases, they are followed by an adverb, adjective, verb complement or a preposition.

1. Die

2. Arrive

3. Respond

4. Wait

5. Sit

6. Look

1. His sister diedof Malaria.

2. We arrived at school very late.

3. Mary responded to all questions in the exam.

 

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Auxiliary Verbs & Lexical Verb Among the many kinds of verbs in English, auxiliary verbs and lexical verbs are very useful.

 

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Definition Sample Verbs Sentence Examples

Auxiliary Verbs

Verbs that come before main verbs in a verb phrase

1. Be

2. Shall

3. May

4. Could

1. If all goes well, I will be going home today.

2. We shall meet tomorrow in the afternoon and discuss the matter we left pending.

3. We may go shopping anytime from now because the rains have stopped.

Lexical Verb

All other verbs other than auxiliary verbs. It is a main verb.

1. Come

2. Rest

3. Organize

4. Handle

1. He will be coming home for dinner.

2. He rested in the shadow after a tedious job in the garden.

3. Thomas will be organizing the group before he travels.

 

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Dynamic Verbs & Stative Verbs

Dynamic verbs and stative verbs are among the most common kinds of verbs in English which one should know about.

 

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Definition Sample Verbs Sentence Examples

Dynamic Verbs

A verb basically used to show a process, an action or a sensation rather than a state.

1. Drive

2. Grow

3. Throw

4. Hit

5. Repair

1. He drives carefully down the hill.

2. Mathew is growing old.

3. She threw a stone at me angrily.

Stative Verb

A verb basically used to define a situation or state.

1. Have

2. Seem

3. Know

1. What do you have to say about his behavior nowadays?

2. You seem too tired to continue working today.

3. Do you know anything about verbs?

 

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Finite Verbs & Nonfinite Verbs

There are different kinds of verbs in English, finite verbs and nonfinite verbs are two of them.

Definition Sample Verbs Sentence Examples

Finite Verbs A verb that agrees with a given subject in a sentence. It is usually marked for tense.

1. Appear

2. Promise

3. Enjoy

4. Love

5. Hate

1. He appears sick.

2. Jane promised to change her behavior.

3. Gladys said that she enjoyed learning more about verbs.

Nonfinite Verb

A verb that has no distinction in different tense. It cannot be used unaccompanied as the main verb in a given question or sentence.

1. Expand

2. Leave

3. Smile

1. You can expand your boundary.

2. We may leave after 10.00pm.

3. She had a reason to smile.

Regular Verbs & Irregular Verbs

 

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Definition Sample Verbs Sentence Examples

Regular Verbs

A verb whose past participle and past tense is attained by adding –d or –ed or –t for some. It is sometimes called a weak verb.

1. Accept

2. Arrive

3. Fence

4. Deliver

1. I accepted the offer.

2. He has just arrived.

3. He fenced the area.

Irregular Verb

Also called a strong verb. It does not usually follow the rules for common verb forms. They usually do not have the predictable –ed ending.

1. Get

2. Go

3. Say

4. See

5. Come

6. Take

7. Sleep

1. He got his business running at the right time.

2. We went (go) home early.

3. They came by bus on a Saturday morning.

 

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TYPES OF VERB

DEFINITIN: Verb is the word which is used to tell about the action or movement of person, thing and animal. There are many kinds of verb as follow:

1) Transitive Verb

2) Intransitive Verb

3) Linking Verb

4) Auxiliary Verb

5) Modal Verb

1) TRANSITIVE VERB

Transitive Verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by noun.

These transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find, force, get, give, grab, hit, like, pull , report, shock, take, tell, touch, want, warn…

Formula:

Sub + T.V + Obj

Example:

- She takes a book.

- I need a chair.

- They speak English.

2) INTRANSITIVE VERB

Intransitive Verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs adverbial modifier. These intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall, go, happen, matter, sleep, swim, wait…

Formula:

Sub + I.V + (Adv)

Example:

- He cries.

- They dance well.

- She sings beautifully.

3) LINKING VERB

Linking Verb refers to verb that needs subjective complement rather than object and that subjective complement describes the subject.

These Linking Verbs include:

 

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be, smell, feel, taste, prove, look, become, appear, stay, remain, get, sound, seem, grow, turn, go…

a) Subjective Complement can be “Adjective”

Example:

- Your face grows red.

- He looks tired.

- Her voice sounds pretty.

b) Subjective Complement can be “Noun or Pronoun”

Example:

- He becomes a district governor.

- The robber is you.

4) AUXILIARY VERB

Auxiliary Verbs are used to form question and negative sentence, and they are usually used with main verb to form many different kinds of tenses.

Be is used to form Continuous Tense and Passive Voice.

Example:

- The dog is biting a child.

- A child is bitten by the dog.

Have/Has is used to form Perfect Tense.

Example:

- They have known me for 3 years.

- She has had dinner already.

Do/Does is used to form Question and Negative Sentence in the Present Simple when the sentence doesn’t have a special verb. Moreover, we can also use them to show the emphasis sentence.

Example:

- He doesn’t eat meat.

- Do you love her?

- I do live here. (emphasis form)

Will is used to form Future Tense.

Example:

- People will be difficult to live because of the climate change.

 

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- The environment will become terrible in the a few decades.

5) MODAL VERB

Modal Verbs are the verbs that are used to talk about ability, permission, obligation and necessity, obligation and advice, possibility, probability, request, offer, suggestion, habit and promise. Most Modal Verbs can form question and negative sentence by themselves. There are many Modal Verbs as following.

a) Ability

We use “can, could and be able to” to talk about the ability.

Can: is used in the present.

Example: He can play the guitar.

Could: is used in the past.

Example: My sister could speak when she was 15 years old.

Be able to: can be used both in present and past.

Example: Last year I wasn’t able to speak at all, but now I am able to speak smoothly.

b) Permission

We use “can, could, may and might” to ask to a permission.

Example:

- Can I use your pen for a moment?

-Could I ask you a personal question?

- May I make a suggestion?

c) Obligation and necessity

We use “must and have to/ have got to” to express obligation or necessity.

Example:

- I have got a trouble pain in my back, so I must go to the doctor now.

- We have to drive on the left in Britain.

d) Obligation and Advice

We use “should, ought to, had better, and shall” to talk about the obligation and advice.

Should and Ought to is used talk about the obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice and in general, to say what is right or good.

Example:

- You ought to learn to swim.

- I shouldn’t tell a lie.

 

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Had better: is used to express a strong recommendation in a particular situation.

Example: It’s going to be cold tonight, so I had better turn on the heating.

Shall is used when we want to know someone’s opinion, or when we want advice or instruction.

Example:

- I have missed my last bus. What shall I do?

- I’m not sure what to do. Shall I apply for a job or not?

- How long shall I cook this rice?

e) Possibility

We use “may, might and could” to talk about present or future possibility.

Example:

- There is someone at the door. It may be Sara.

- We aren’t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.

f) Probability

We use “should and ought to” to say that something is probable at the moment of speaking or in the future.

Example:

- Sally should be at work by now. She’s normally there at this time.

- She ought to pass his driving easily. She hasn’t got much to do.

g) Request

We use “can, could, may, will and would” to ask for something, to ask for permission or to ask someone to do something.

Example:

- Can I ask you a pen?

- Could I ask you some questions?

- May I have some more coffee?

h) Offer

We use “will, shall, could and would” when we are willing to do something for someone.

Example:

- I will lend you some money.

- Shall I open the door for you?

- I can write this letter for you.

 

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- I could help you to lift this box.

- Would you like me to help you?

i) Suggestion

We use “shall, can and could” to ask for and make a suggestion.

Example:

- Shall we stay at home?

- We can watch TV if you like.

- We could go to the cinema.

j) Habit

+ We use “used to” to talk about past habit which are now finished.

Example: Robert used to play football when he was young.

+ We use “will and would” to talk about the actions which are repeated again and again, and we use “will” for present habits and “would” for past habits.

Example:

- Every day Jane will come home from school and ring up the friends she’s just been talking to.

- In those days people would make their own entertainment.

k) Promise

We use “will” to express strong intention in promises and threats.

Example:

- I will be careful with the car, I promise.

- Stop making that noise or I will scream!

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Types of Verbs

Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT

all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs,

Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.

Group I Normal Verbs

Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see

somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses.

 

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Normal Verbs

to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.

Examples:

I eat dinner every day.

I am eating dinner now.

Group II Non-Continuous Verbs

The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually

things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses.

They include:

Abstract Verbs

to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...

Possession Verbs

to possess, to own, to belong...

Emotion Verbs

to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...

Examples:

He is needing help now. Not Correct

He needs help now. Correct

He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct

He wants a drink now. Correct

Group III Mixed Verbs

The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than

one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-

Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."

 

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Mixed Verbs

to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh...

List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions:

to appear:

Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb

Donna seems confused.

My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Normal Verb

My favorite singer is giving a performance at the jazz club tonight.

to have:

I have a dollar now. Non-Continuous Verb

I possess a dollar.

I am having fun now. Normal Verb

I am experiencing fun now.

to hear:

She hears the music. Non-Continuous Verb

She hears the music with her ears.

She is hearing voices. Normal Verb

She hears something others cannot hear. She is hearing voices in her mind.

to look:

Nancy looks tired. Non-Continuous Verb

She seems tired.

Farah is looking at the pictures. Normal Verb

She is looking with her eyes.

to miss:

John misses Sally. Non-Continuous Verb

He is sad because she is not there.

Debbie is missing her favorite TV program. Normal Verb

She is not there to see her favorite program.

 

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to see:

I see her. Non-Continuous Verb

I see her with my eyes.

I am seeing the doctor. Normal Verb

I am visiting or consulting with a doctor. (Also used with dentist and lawyer.)

I am seeing her. Normal Verb

I am having a relationship with her.

He is seeing ghosts at night. Normal Verb

He sees something others cannot see. For example ghosts, aura, a vision of the

future, etc.

to smell:

The coffee smells good. Non-Continuous Verb

The coffee has a good smell.

I am smelling the flowers. Normal Verb

I am sniffing the flowers to see what their smell is like.

to taste:

The coffee tastes good. Non-Continuous Verb

The coffee has a good taste.

I am tasting the cake. Normal Verb

I am trying the cake to see what it tastes like.

to think:

He thinks the test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb

He considers the test to be easy.

She is thinking about the question. Normal Verb

She is pondering the question, going over it in her mind.

to weigh:

The table weighs a lot. Non-Continuous Verb

The table is heavy.

She is weighing herself. Normal Verb

She is determining her weight.

 

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Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing:

to be:

Joe is American. Non-Continuous Verb

Joe is an American citizen.

Joe is being very American. Normal Verb

Joe is behaving like a stereotypical American.

Joe is being very rude. Normal Verb

Joe is behaving very rudely. Usually he is not rude.

Joe is being very formal. Normal Verb

Joe is behaving very formally. Usually he is not formal.

NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done

when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when

someone's behavior is noticeably different.

to feel:

The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb

The massage has a pleasing feeling.

I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb

I am a little sick.

I am not feeling well today. Sometimes used as Normal Verb

I am a little sick.

NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in

meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Verbs: types

from English Grammar Today

Main verbs

Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English

are main verbs:

We went home straight after the show.

It snowed a lot that winter.

Several different types of volcano exist.

 

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Linking verbs

Some main verbs are called linking verbs (or copular verbs). These verbs are not

followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by phrases which give extra information

about the subject (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional

phrases). Linking verbs include:

appear feel look seem sound

be get remain smell taste

become

A face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (prepositional phrase)

He’s a cousin of mine. (noun phrase)

This coat feels good. (adjective phrase)

She remained outside while her sister went into the hospital. (adverb phrase)

See also:

Linking verbs

Adjective phrases

Nouns Auxiliary verbs

There are three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. Auxiliary verbs come before

main verbs.

Auxiliary be

Auxiliary be is used to indicate the continuous and the passive voice:

I’m waiting for Sally to come home. (continuous)

Her car was stolen from outside her house. (passive)

See also:

Future continuous (I will be working)

Passive Auxiliary do

Auxiliary do is used in interrogative, negative and emphatic structures:

 

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Does she live locally? (interrogative)

They didn’t know which house it was. (negative)

I do like your new laptop! (emphatic, with spoken stress on do)

See also:

Interrogative clauses

Negation

Do as an auxiliary verb Auxiliary have

Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect:

I’ve lost my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? (present perfect)

She had seen my car outside the shop. (past perfect)

See also:

Present perfect simple (I have worked)

Past perfect simple (I had worked) Auxiliary verb with no main verb

An auxiliary verb can only appear alone when a main verb (or a clause containing a

main verb) is understood in the context:

A:

Does she play the clarinet?

B:

Yes, She does. (Yes, she plays the clarinet.)

A:

It hasn’t snowed at all this year, has it?

B:

No, it hasn’t. (No, it hasn’t snowed.)

Be, do and have as main verbs

Be, do and have can be used as auxiliary verbs or as main verbs.

Compare

 

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as a

main

verb

as an auxiliary verb

be She’s a professional photographer.

He’s thinking of moving to New Zealand.

do I need to do some work this evening.

Do you like Thai food, Jim?

have The children have lunch at twelve o’clock.

We haven’t been to the cinema for ages.

Warning:

Remember, when do and have are main verbs, we must use auxiliary do to make

questions and negatives:

A:

What does Janet do?

B:

She’s a teacher.

Not: What does Janet?

I don’t have a car. I only have a bike.

See also:

Verbs: basic forms Modal verbs

The main modal verbs are:

can may must should would

could might shall will

Modal verbs have meanings connected with degrees of certainty and necessity:

We’ll be there around 7.30. (speaker is quite certain)

A new window could cost around £500. (speaker is less certain)

 

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I must ring the tax office. (speaker considers this very necessary)

Semi-modal verbs have some meanings related to the main modal verbs. The semi-

modal verbs are dare, need, ought to, used to.

See also:

Modality: introduction

Dare

Need

Ought to

Used to State and action verbs

A verb refers to an action, event or state.

Action

We can use the simple or continuous form of action verbs:

I cleaned the room as quickly as possible.

She’s watching television at the moment.

Event

We can use the simple or continuous form of event verbs:

Four people died in the crash.

It’s raining again.

State

We usually use the simple form rather than the continuous form of state verbs:

I don’t know the name of the street.

Who owns this house?

Some verbs can be used to talk about both states and actions, but with different

meanings:

 

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state (usually simple form) action (simple or continuous)

I come from France. (This is where

my home is.)

She is coming from France on Wednesday. He came from Italy yesterday. (travel from)

She is very friendly.(permanent

quality or state)

She is being very unfriendly. (temporary

behaviour)

We have two dogs. (own)

We’re having a meeting to discuss it. (hold a

meeting)

We had mussels for starter and prawns for main course. (eat)

Do you see what I mean?(understand)

Jane is seeing her boss today and she’s going to tell him she’s leaving. I don’t see Rebecca at work any more since I moved office. (meet)

Your dress looks nice.(appear)

What are you looking at? I never look at the price on the menu. (see

with your eyes)

 

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Spoken English:

In very informal speaking you will sometimes hear state verbs used as action verbs when

they refer to actions over short periods. These uses are not usually found in traditional

grammar books.

Compare

I likereading. Like used as a state verb describing a permanent fact

about me.

I’m notliking this book.

Like used as an action verb referring to the book I

am reading but not enjoying at the moment.

Compare

She lovesclassical music.

Love used as a state verb to refer to a permanent

fact about her.

She’s lovingthe CD you gave her.

Love used as an action verb referring to the CD

which she is listening to and liking very much at

the moment.

(“Verbs: types” from English Grammar Today © Cambridge University Press.)

How Many Different Types of Verbs Are There? When we talk about the different kinds of verbs, it generally makes more sense to define them by what they do rather than by what they are. Just as the “same” word (rain or snow, for example) can serve as either a noun or a verb, the same verb can play a number of different roles depending on the context. And verbs can play many different roles. Here are just some of them.

Auxiliary Verbs and Lexical Verbs An auxiliary verb (also know as a helping verb) determines the mood or tense of another verb in a phrase: "It will rain tonight." The primary auxiliaries are be, have, and do. The modal auxiliaries include can, could, may, must, should, will, and would. A lexical verb (also known as a full or main verb) is any verb in English that isn't an auxiliary verb: it conveys a real meaning and doesn't depend on another verb: "It rained all night."

Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbs A dynamic verb indicates an action, process, or sensation: "I bought a new guitar."

 

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A stative verb (such as be, have, know, like, own, and seem) describes a state, situation, or condition: "Now I own a Gibson Explorer."

Finite Verbs and Nonfinite Verbs A finite verb expresses tense and can occur on its own in a main clause: "She walked to school." A nonfinite verb (an infinitive or participle) doesn't show a distinction in tense and can occur on its own only in a dependent phrase or clause: "While walking to school, she spotted a bluejay."

Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs See the answer to question #3.

Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs A transitive verb is followed by a direct object: "She sells seashells." An intransitive verb doesn't take a direct object: "He sat there quietly." (This distinction is especially tricky because many verbs have both a transitive and an intransitive use.) Does that cover everything verbs can do? Far from it. Catenative verbs, for example, join with other verbs to form a chain or series. Causative verbs show that some person or thing helps to make something happen. Copular verbs link the subject of a sentence to its complement. And we haven't even touched on the passive or the subjunctive. Learn more about the different kinds of verbs at the glossary entry for Verb.

1. What are the most common verbs in English? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, these are the 25 most commonly used verbs in English: 1. be, 2. have, 3. do, 4. say, 5. get, 6. make, 7. go, 8. know, 9. take, 10. see, 11. come, 12. think, 13. look, 14. want, 15. give, 16. use, 17. find, 18. tell, 19. ask, 20. work, 21. seem, 22. feel, 23. try, 24. leave, 25. call. The editors at the OED offer these observations: Strikingly, the 25 most frequent verbs are all one-syllable words; the first two-syllable verbs are become (26th) and include (27th). Furthermore, 20 of these 25 are Old English words, and three more, get, seem, and want, entered English from Old Norse in the early medieval period. Only try and use came from Old French. It seems that English prefers terse, ancient words to describe actions or occurrences.

See also: The 100 Most Commonly Used Words in English.

2. What's the difference between a "weak verb" and a "strong verb"? The distinction between a weak verb and a strong verb is based on how the past tense of the verb is formed. Weak verbs (also called regular verbs) form the past tense by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form--or present tense form--of the verb (for example, call, called and walk, walked). Strong verbs (also called irregular verbs) form the past tense or the past participle (or both) in various ways but most often by changing the vowel of the present tense form (for example, give, gave and stick, stuck).

 

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Learn more about Weak Verbs and Strong Verbs.

3. Are there any examples of English verbs that are both regular (weak) and irregular (strong)? One that comes to mind is the verb "to fly." In most cases, "fly" is an irregular verb: fly, flew, flown. But in the jargon of baseball, "fly" is a regular verb: fly, flied, flied. So we say that "Derek Jeter flied out to center to end the inning." If Jeter ever "flew out to center," we'd have quite a different story. See also: The Language of Baseball.

4. What is Verbing? In a single work day, we might head a task force, eye an opportunity, nose around for good ideas,mouth a greeting, elbow an opponent, strong-arm a colleague, shoulder the blame, stomach a loss, and finally hand in our resignation. What we're doing with all those body parts is calledverbing--using nouns (or occasionally other parts of speech) as verbs. Verbing is a time-honored way of coining new words out of old ones, the etymological process ofconversion (or functional shifting). Sometimes it's also a kind of word play (anthimeria), as in Shakespeare's King Richard the Second when the Duke of York says, "Grace me no grace, and uncle me no uncles." Learn more about Verbing.

5. What is the difference between the present progressive and the present participle? A present participle is a verb form with an "-ing" ending (for example, "tapping"). The present progressive aspect is a form of the verb "to be" plus a present participle (for example, "is tapping"). Here is how each one is used:

A present participle by itself can't serve as the main verb of a sentence. This word group, for instance, is incomplete: "Sadie, tapping her cane to the music." Here, "tapping" begins a present participial phrase that modifies the noun "Sadie." One way to make this word group into a sentence is by adding a subject and a predicate: "I remember Sadie, tapping her cane to the music." In contrast, a verb in the present progressive tense may itself serve as the predicate of a sentence: "Sadie is tapping her cane to the music." The present progressive is used for ongoing actions--that is, for actions occurring at the moment of speaking and for actions that take place over a short period of time.

So we could have a sentence that contains both a present participial phrase ("tapping her cane to the music") and a main verb in the present progressive tense ("is singing"). Learn more about The Present Participle and the Present Progressive.

6. What's the difference between passed and past? Passed is both the past and past participle form of the verb pass. Past is a noun (meaning

 

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"a previous time"), an adjective (meaning "ago"), and a preposition (meaning "beyond"). In fact both words are derived from the verb pass, and at one time past was commonly used for the past tense and the past participle. The editors of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (1994) offer several examples:

I did not tell you how I past my time yesterday. (Jonathan Swift, Journal to Stella, 25 Jan. 1711)

. . . he was much offended . . . that he past the latter part of his life in a state of hostility. (Samuel Johnson, Preface to Johnson's edition of Shakespeare, 1765)

I know what has past between you. (Oliver Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, 1773) Nowadays past has lost its status as a verb form (it's busy enough serving as a noun, adjective, adverb, and preposition), leaving passed to fill the role of past tense. But who knows? Perhaps this, too, shall pass. Learn more about Passed and Past.

ALSO SEE: Ten Quick Questions and Answers About Verbs and Verbals in English Related

How Many Types of Verbs Are There in English? What's the Difference?: Find Out How Well You Know Your Verbs The Difference Between Present Participles and Present Progressives What's the Difference Between a 'Weak Verb' and a 'Strong Verb'?

1. What's the difference between passed and past? Passed is both the past and past participle form of the verb pass. Past is a noun (meaning "a previous time"), an adjective (meaning "ago"), and a preposition (meaning "beyond"). In fact both words are derived from the verb pass, and at one time past was commonly used for the past tense and the past participle. The editors of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (1994) offer several examples:

I did not tell you how I past my time yesterday. (Jonathan Swift, Journal to Stella, 25 Jan. 1711)

. . . he was much offended . . . that he past the latter part of his life in a state of hostility. (Samuel Johnson, Preface to Johnson's edition of Shakespeare, 1765)

I know what has past between you. (Oliver Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, 1773) Nowadays past has lost its status as a verb form (it's busy enough serving as a noun, adjective, adverb, and preposition), leaving passed to fill the role of past tense. But who knows? Perhaps this, too, shall pass. Learn more about Passed and Past. ALSO SEE: Ten Quick Questions and Answers About Verbs and Verbals in English

 

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Here is the End of Book-6

 

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کوم ڈاٹ ٠ کٹ انگلش اسپوکن

Spoken English Kit Compiled & Written By:-

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Published By:-

Letus Learn English.Com A Unit of IQRASOFT, Hyderabad, T.S.INDIA.

Phone and Fax: - +91-040-2444 22 11 Mobile: 99 89 66 92 61

 

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