Book #2

AT STAKE

WATER

Luanda is strongly affected by its clanging seasons.

With a variation from months without any rain, the city is not prepared for the amounts of water coming in only short time in the wet season. The sudden rain leads to huge problems within the city core of Luanda

Rainfall in Luanda (323 mm)

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

40

100

20

25 mm

36 mm

76 mm

116 mm

0

80

60

120

13 mm

0 mm3 mm

0 mm

5 mm

0 mm

28 mm

20 mm

mm

Dry Season Wet Season

RAINFALL & SEASONS

Water is everywhere before it is somewhere. It is rain before it is rivers, it soaks before it flows, it spreads

before it gathers, it blurs before it clarifies. Water at these moments in the hydrological cycle is not easy to picture in maps or contain within lines. It is however to these waters that people are increasingly turning to find innovative solutions to the myriad water-related crises that catalyze politics, dynamics, and fears. Is it not time to re-invent our relationship with water — see water as not within, adjoining, serving, or threatening settlement, but the ground of settlement? Could this be the basis of a new vocabulary of place, history and ecology? And can the field of design, by virtue of its ability to articulate and re-visualize, lead in the constructing this new vocabulary?

Water sensitive urban design emphasises the benefit of stormwater and waterways as a resource and an asset, rather than the conventional view of stormwater merely as a nuisance. It provides many opportunities to integrate water features in urban design and to enhance the social and environmental amenity of urban development.

Water Sensitive Urban Design

Erosion causing damage to intrastructure

Open, polluted waters are source of deseases. Luanda is one of the few cities in the world suffering from urban polio. In 2006, the worst African cholera epidemic in a decade devastated the musseques, killing 1600, spread by contaminated drinking water as well as contact with sewage.

Water affected og flooded roads causes huge traffic jams after every rainfall.

Electrically charged water causes many deaths, especially in the informal areas, where electrical solutions are not always adequately secured.

Drainage problems causes mix of different hygienic environments, promoting spread of diseases.

HEAVY RAIN 18.00-20.00

INFILTRATION

ACCUMULATION

EROSION

LUNADA’S CHALLENGES OF INSUFFICIENT DRAINAGE

“5 people died yesterday night due to rain. And it only rained for about two hours. The most common way of dying when there is heavy rain is from electric shock as the are so many open electric conduits that easily come in contact with water when it floods. Some also get washed into drainage canals eighter due to erosion or they fall into the closed canals as the drainage lids sometimes moves due to the pressure from the water underneath.”

JOAO HANDANGA GILAdministration Manager, DOF Subsea Angola

Still waters are comfort zones for mosquitoes, and hereby promote the spread of malaria.

Erosion causing damage to building mass.

The informal settlement close to the edge of the coastal platau are extremely vulnerable to ground erosion.

Concidering Luanda’s extensive need of water, it’s

a contradiction that the big amount of water today

is only seen as a problem. How can the sudden water be turned from a problem to a resource?

“This happens every year when the rains come and it proves the government is not prepared,”

Luisete AraújoPolitical secretary for the Partidos de Oposição Civil (Civil Opposition Parties)

HERMENEGILDO NUNDA

Master of Economy, Connector

Despite regulations, green spaces are disappearing as the private sectors buy land through corruption. This

increases the problem of drainage.

EUROPE196 l/ person/ day

US380 l/ person/ day

SUB-SAHARA4,9 l /person /day

A MORE SUSTAINABLE RELATION TO WATERLimited access to clean water results in more efficient usage of the resource. The mucceque dwellers have a high consciousness related to water consumption, and uses it without hardly any spill. The water is a visible element playing an active role in the urban life, where the resource is carried and kept in containers instead of hidden in tubes. Water is valuable and is treated sophisticatedly.

These are values easily lost in a tubed society.

How to offer access to water, yet maintain the awareness and the sustainable way of using it?

CONSUMPTION

Can sufficient water be captured within the informal structure itself?

Shouldn’t clean water be seen not as a public good -but as a public right?

Luanda, one of the fastest growing cities in the world, is desperately short of clean water. Most of the inhabitants of the musseques (the informal areas that constitute the majority of Luanda’s land area) are dependent on contaminated water brought by trucks from rivers hours north and south of the city. The price of water in the musseques can be very high.

The formal water supply comes mainly from the Kwanzo and Bengo Rivers. The state of Luanda’s water supply system is in very poor condition, with the operating company, Empresa Provincial de Agua de Luanda, unable to carry out normal functions such as maintenance, billing and maintaining accounts. Luanda’s two water production and treatment plants distributes water to about 25% of the residents. The majority of the population, and virtually all low-income communities, depend on private truck-distributed water that is frequently untreated and are also very difficult to afford.

People in the mussiques uses a lot of time, effort and money in order to access (at best) clean water. Releasing this time and effort means to release huge resources!

ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER

Water plays an active urban role in the musseques

25% 75%

1 500 000 liters -500 tank trucks of water driven to Luanda each day

The tank water supplying the poorer population is several times more expensive than the tap water from tubes.

clea

n w

ater

tub

esWater destillation plantsoutside Luanda

LUANDA WATER SUPPLY

“Poor urban residents identified water supply and better sanitation facilities as problems for which they require assistance (...) Housing and constructions, however, were not identified by the poor urban resident as problems for which they needed assistance.”

Considering this -what is our role as architects in such a context?

ALLAN CAIN, Head of Deveolopment Workshop, Luanda

TRANSPORTATIONAT STAKE

We find ourselves stuck in the traffic jam. It is moving slowly, when moving at all, and Mauricio takes the opportunity to buy a newpaper out the window.

“It’s a good time to read the newspaper.“INFRASTRUCTURE HAS NOT KEPT PACE WITH THE URBAN GROWTH

By train, the stretch from Luanda centre to Viana takes approximately half an hour. When no traffic or rain, the same stretch can be driven on 20 minutes . Yet, this is seldom the case. The same stretch could also take up towards 3 hours.

THE RELIABLE TRAIN

10min 20min 30min 40min 50min 1h 1h10min 1h20min 1h30min 1h40min 1h50min 2h 2h10min 2h20min 2h30min 2h40min 2h50min 3h

by train by car (incl. rainfall)

TIME SPENT ON TRAVEL

LUANDA CENTRE

VIAN

A

to Malanje

ROAD vs RAIL

THE BUS RAPID TRANSIT (BRT)

Bus rapid transit (BRT) was first implemented by Jaime Lerner in Brazil, and is a term applied to a variety of public transportation systems using buses to provide faster, more efficient service than an ordinary bus line. Often this is achieved by making improvements to existing infrastructure, vehicles and scheduling. The goal of these systems is to approach the service quality of rail transit while still enjoying the cost savings and flexibility of bus transit

The BRT a high-capacity urban public-transit system with its own right-of-way, multiple-car trains at short headways, and longer stop spacing than traditional streetcars and buses. BRT, however, uses buses on a wide variety of rights-of-way, including mixed traffic, dedicated lanes on surface streets, and busways completely separated from traffic.

The RBT provides improved riding quality as well as a specific image with a brand name marking stops and stations as well as the buses. The system’s brand identity contributes to its attractiveness as an alternative to driving cars.

THE INFORMAL CHAPA BUS

Can the existing chapa culture, inspired

by Lerner’s BRT system, form the

backbone of a rapid transit supporting

the rail?

BENEFIT THE BEST PUBLIC TRANSPORT ON THE ROAD

PAINT.

SIMPLE WAY TO FORMALIZE AND BENEFIT THE EXISTING CHAPA CULTURE

The Chapa is an informal minibus system in Luanda, serving mainly the people in the musseques. The system is flexible, cheap and user friendly. In Viana the Chapas count roughly one third of the cars on the road, each able to hold at least twelwe passengers.

INTER-AFRICA AT STAKE

ON THE RIGHT TRACK

ON THE RIGHT TRACK

Thousands of passengers will utilize the trains Luanda-Malanje, and the trains will decrease transport times of locally grown agricultural products and cattle to Luanda; overcoming current problems that still exist regarding the storage and conservation of fresh products.

The stations, all in two floors, have an administrative area, restaurant, medical clinic, offices, residents for offices, area of lines control and rooms with a capasity of 200-500 passengers.

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

CFL Railline (Caminho de Ferro) between Luanda and Malanje inargurated in 1909.423 km of track

2005: Rehabilitation of the line started. Reported to cost 350 milll dollars.Railline and stations constructed by the China Railway Construction Company

Reopening of the CFL Railway

Railway shut down due to war damages

60-70s: The railway played an important role in portugese trade and transport

With credit lines from China, in 2004 a US$4 billion project

was launched to rebuild and modernise the three corridors.

87 04 05 09

Train Conductor Carolino Da Sousa Manuel starts working at CFL

77 0275

PORTUGESE COLONY

09

2002 Peace declearance

CIVIL WAR

1975 Independence

CAROLINO DA SOUSA MANUELCommercial Inspector CFL(Train Conductor)

“The Government has a plan of constructing one more track so the trains can operate more effecticely and they can expand the timetables.”

CFL RAILWAY HISTORY

The re-opening of the railway has started a new optimism. Many people see the rail development as key to gain more democratic access to urban facilities. THE RAILWAY LINE FROM LUANDA CITY CORE WILL STRENGTHEN THE ATTRACTION OF

THE AREAS CONNECTED TO THE RAIL. THE TRAIN IS RELIABLE, AND BY FAR THE CHEAPEST WAY TO

TRAVEL IN LUANDA.

Also on a bigger scale - to tie together the wide land as well as the whole continent, the railway development is

considered key.

Spending one month in Luanda, it became clear that infrastructure is one of the greatest challenges of the city. Not only the obvious traffic problems, enhanced by heavy rains and the lack of proper drainage systems. In Luanda 80% of the urban population do not have access to basic urban facilities.

THE JOINING RAILWAYThe inter-African rail-development

CONTINENTAL AFRICARAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL ANGOLARAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

CITY-SCALE LUANDARAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Colonial railways of Angola

Luanda

Agricultural production

highly a�ected

a�ected

normal

no information

Vegetation

Broadleaf evergreen forest

Undi�erentiated woodland and grassland

Grassland

Deciduous forest and grass

Savanna

Desert

Brush

Huambo

MalanjeNdalalando

Benguela

Lobito

LubangoLubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Rain

> 1800 mm

1400 A 1600 mm

1000 A 1200 mm

1200 A 1400 mm

800 A 1000 mm

400 A 600 mm

< 600 mm

600 A 800 mm

P C

M

M

C

C

X

I

IP

P

P

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Resources

Agricultural Scheme

Cotton

Oil Re�nery

Textiles

Livestock

Fishing Explosives Plant

Hydroelectric StationElectric Power

Oil�eld Cement Plant

Diamond Mining

Marble

Iron Mining

Sisal

Co�ee

Export Timber

Wood Processing

Iron/Steel Processing

Oil Re�nery

The CFL Rail

The Benguela Rail

The Lubango Rail

Luanda


highly a�ected

a�ected

normal

no information

Vegetation



Grassland


Savanna

Desert

Brush

Huambo

MalanjeNdalalando

Benguela

Lobito

LubangoLubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Rain

> 1800 mm

1400 A 1600 mm

1000 A 1200 mm

1200 A 1400 mm

800 A 1000 mm

400 A 600 mm

< 600 mm

600 A 800 mm

P C

M

M

C

C

X

I

IP

P

P

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Resources

Agricultural Scheme

Cotton

Oil Re�nery

Textiles

Livestock




Diamond Mining

Marble

Iron Mining

Sisal

Co�ee

Export Timber

Wood Processing


Oil Re�nery

Luanda


highly a�ected

a�ected

normal

no information

Vegetation



Grassland


Savanna

Desert

Brush

Huambo

MalanjeNdalalando

Benguela

Lobito

LubangoLubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Rain

> 1800 mm

1400 A 1600 mm

1000 A 1200 mm

1200 A 1400 mm

800 A 1000 mm

400 A 600 mm

< 600 mm

600 A 800 mm

P C

M

M

C

C

X

I

IP

P

P

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Resources

Agricultural Scheme

Cotton

Oil Re�nery

Textiles

Livestock




Diamond Mining

Marble

Iron Mining

Sisal

Co�ee

Export Timber

Wood Processing


Oil Re�nery

Resources

Today’s railways Proposed railways

The railway system of the continent mirrors the colonial mission to bring out the resources within each colony, as exports to western markets.

Through extensive survey and research, the UN Habitat argue that adequate infrastructure and access to public transport is the second most effective way of reducing poverty, after access to health services. African Union work on several levels with trans-continental initiatives “Towards Greater Unity and Integration Through Shared Values”. The rehabilitation of the continental railways is a part of this program, allowing for better connections and cooperation on an iter-continental level.

The three colonial railways of Angola were build only in the purpose of transporting resources from the inlands towards the coast in order of export.

Today the continental markets are growing, and the rail will regain their importance -this time inwards, and with broader purposes.

“Towards Greater Unity and Integration Through Shared Values”

(A.U.)

1909: CFL Railline opens 1987: CFL Railline closed down due to war damage

2009: Ringroad and re-opening of the CFL-line To be continued

CA

CU

SO

MA

LAN

JE

LOM

BE

N’D

ALA

TAN

DO LU

CA

LA

KIZ

ENG

A

CA

MBU

ZEC

ATET

E

ZEN

ZA

DO

ITO

MBE C

AN

HO

CA

LUIN

HA

LUA

ND

A T

EXTA

NG

LUA

ND

A M

UC

IQU

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VIA

NA

N’D

ALA

HU

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BAIA

BAR

AKA

km

time 11.03 11.33

8

05.10

31 45 65 135 190 209 241 425

state of the rail local traindestroyed CFL railway, reconstructed CFL railway, reconstructed

New, improved stretch with less curves?

continuationCFL railway, reconstructed

15.00

P C

M

M

C

C

X

I

IP

P

P

CIP

Luanda


highly a�ected

a�ected

normal

no information

Vegetation



Grassland


Savanna

Desert

Brush

Huambo

MalanjeNdalalando

Benguela

Lobito

LubangoLubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

Malanje

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Lubango

HuamboBenguela

Lobito

Luanda

MalanjeNdalalando

Rain

> 1800 mm

1400 A 1600 mm

1000 A 1200 mm

1200 A 1400 mm

800 A 1000 mm

400 A 600 mm

< 600 mm

600 A 800 mm

Resources

Agricultural Scheme

Cotton

Oil Re�nery

Textiles

Livestock




Diamond Mining

Marble

Iron Mining

Sisal

Co�ee

Export Timber

Wood Processing


Oil Re�nery

CIPLuanda

MalanjeNdalalando

800-1000 mm 1000-1200 mm 1200-1400 mm 1000-1200 mm 1000-1200 mm 1000-1200 mm

Broadleaf evergreen forest Deciduous forest and grassSavannaUndifferentiated woodland and grasslandVEGETATION

RAINFALL 400-600 mm 600-800 mm

12.21 14.0208.24

07.18

10.53

12.42 14.13

LUANDA- MALANJETravveling to what is today the end station of the BRT Railline; Malanje.

There: 25.03.11, First ClassBack: 27.03.11, Third Class

To understand the country, it’s dimensions, landscapes, prides and huge contrasts of living.

The landscapes are stunningly beautiful and green -oppisite from what one would probably expect. And everybody seem so proud of their country in here. These are landscapes people really feel attached to.

Most people in the city grew up in these landscapes and many still consider their home.

“Along the CFL rail line you will find houses made by sand bricks and thatched straw, instead of cement bricks and corregated steel. Building with bricks was a technique introduced by the Portuguese, and was common in rural areas. Small-scale farmers settled along the rail line are called aldeias. They mainly produced food for survival, but also did some selling of surplus along the rail. These small rural societies are about to disappear, because the young people prefer to move to the cities.”

HERMENEGILDO NUNDAMaster of Economy

“Angola has 100 000 hectares of wood land, but only 30 000 of these are in use for production. The country has more potential when it comes to this production. But it’s an expensive investment, and there is not much wood consumption internally in Angola, so almost everything has to be exported.”

JORGE LORENCO CONCEICAOMotor Claims Assessor

Book #2

Technology

Transcript of Book #2