Status of Hadith_ Chapter 2 by G A Parwez published by idara Tulu-e-islam
Bones of the lower limb Dr Idara. Pelvic girdle Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral...
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Transcript of Bones of the lower limb Dr Idara. Pelvic girdle Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral...
Bones of the lower limb
Dr Idara
Pelvic girdle
• Attaches lower limbs to the spine• Supports visceral organs• Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong
ligaments • Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head
of the femur
Pelvic girdle
• Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)• Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other• Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
Pelvic girdle
Hip bones
• Consist of three separate bones in childhood– Ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Bones fuse but retain separate names to describe parts of the hipbone.
• Acetabulum– A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic
surface
ilium
• The ilium is a large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxae. It consists of a body and superior wing like portion called the ala
• The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface
• The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
• Major markings include the iliac crests, four spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line .
Lateral view
Medial View
Ischium
• Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone• Anteriorly – joins the pubis • Ischial tuberosities– Are the strongest part of the hip bone
Pubis
• Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone• An angulated bone• Lies horizontally in anatomical position• Pubic symphysis (fribrocartilage)
Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone
True and False Pelves
• Bony pelvis is divided into two regions– False (greater) pelvis – bounded by alae of the
iliac bones– True (lesser) pelvis – inferior to pelvic brim• Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
True and False Pelves
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
• Female pelvis• –Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing• –True pelvis defines birth canal• –Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow,
and has greater capacity
• Male pelvis• –Tilted less forward• –Adapted for support of heavier male build
and stronger muscles• –Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
Thigh
• The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
• Femur – the single bone of the thigh– Longest and strongest bone of the body– Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum
Structures of the Femur
Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone• Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles• Protects the knee anteriorly• Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across
the knee
Leg• Refers to the region of the lower limb
between the knee and the ankle• The leg is fixed in permanent pronation• Composed of the tibia and fibula– Tibia – more massive medial bone of the leg• Receives weight of the body from the femur
– Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg• Interosseous membrane- Connects the tibia
and fibula
tibia• Has 2 condyles- medial and lateral• Intercondylar eminence• Shaft has 3 surfaces- medial, lateral and
posterior• Anterior border is most prominent and also
called the shin or shin bone• Extends distally to form the medial malleolus• Posterior surface has a soleal line• Nutrient foramen
fibula
• Lies posteriolateral• Leg is fixed in permanent pronation• Distal end ends in lateral malleolus• Shaft has 3 borders (anterior, posterior and
interosseous) and 3 surfaces (medial, posterior and lateral)
Structures of the Tibia and Fibula
Anterior view
posterior view
The Foot
• Foot is composed of– Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
• Important functions– Supports body weight– Acts as a lever to propel body forward when
walking– Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to
uneven ground
Tarsus
• Makes up the posterior half of the foot• Contains seven (7)bones called tarsals• Talus, calcaneous, cuboid, navicular, 3
cuneiforms• Only the talus articulates with the leg bones.• Body weight is primarily borne by the talus
and calcaneus
Metatarsals
• Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe)
• First metatarsal supports body weight
Phalanges of the Toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes– Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers– Structure and arrangement are similar to
phalanges of fingers– Except for the great toe, each toe has three
phalanges• Proximal, middle, and distal
Bones of the Foot
Bones of the Foot
Bones of the Foot
fractures of the femur• Mostly age and sex related (elderly females <60) due
osteoporosis• Most common site is the neck• Proximal femoral fractures
– Transcervical fracture-femoral neck (avascular necrosis occurs due to retinacular arteries that are cut off from the medial circumflex femoral artery)
– Inter trochanteric fracture• Femoral shaft fracture
– spiral fracture (leads to foreshortening)• Distal femoral fractures
– Fracture of femoral condyles- popliteal artery runs on the posterior surface
Fractures of tibia and fibula
Stress fracture of tibia
Fibula neck fractureDirect trauma as nerve passes superficially around neck of fibula footdrop and loss of eversion
May cause sensory loss over lateral leg and dorsum of foot
Fracture of Lateral malleolus
Fibular malleolar fracture effect-excessive inversion of footCommon in soccer and football players