Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a)...

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Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL

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Page 1: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Bones Of The Axial Skeleton

THE SKULL

Page 2: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.1a

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)

(a) Anterior view

Facial bonesCranium

Sacrum

Vertebralcolumn

ClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaCarpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella

TibiaFibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

Page 3: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.4a

Parietal bone

Squamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic bone

MaxillaMandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

(a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis

Frontal bone

GlabellaFrontonasal suture

Supraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha

Inferior nasal conchaVomer

Optic canal

Perpendicularplate

Ethmoidbone

Page 4: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

The Skull• Two sets of bones

1. Cranial bones• Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity

– Cranial vault (calvaria) – Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

• Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles2. Facial bones

• Framework of face• Cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell• Openings for air and food passage• Sties of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression

Page 5: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.2a

Bones of cranium (cranial vault)

Lambdoidsuture

Facialbones

Squamoussuture

(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Coronalsuture

Page 6: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.2b

Anterior cranialfossa

Middle cranialfossa

Posterior cranialfossa

(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae

Page 7: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Cranial Bones

• Frontal bone• Parietal bones (2)• Occipital bone• Temporal bones (2)• Sphenoid bone• Ethmoid bone

Page 8: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Zygomaticbone

Maxilla

Alveolarmargins

MandibleMental foramen

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

SquamoussutureOccipitalbone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid process

Mandibular condyleMandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull

Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Zygomaticprocess

Temporal bone

Figure 7.5a

Page 9: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Notable Features of Cranial BonesFrontal Bone•Anterior portion of cranium•Most of anterior cranial fossa•Superior wall of orbits•Contains air-filled frontal sinusesParietal Bones•Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault•Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:

1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone 2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones 3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone 4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and

temporal bones on each side of skull

Page 10: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.4b

Lambdoidsuture

Occipital bone

Superior nuchal line

Externaloccipitalprotuberance

Sutural bone (tiny irregular bones within sutures)

Occipitomastoidsuture

(b) Posterior view

Occipitalcondyle

Externaloccipitalcrest

Inferiornuchalline

Mastoidprocess

Parietalbone

Sagittal suture

Page 11: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.6a

Incisive fossa

Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramenMaxilla

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerumCarotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Stylomastoidforamen

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Foramen spinosum

Maxilla(palatine process)

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Mandibularfossa

Vomer

Styloid process

External occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance

(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid process

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bone

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)

Page 12: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.8

Mastoidregion

Externalacousticmeatus

Mastoidprocess

Styloid process

Tympanic region

Mandibular fossa

Zygomatic process

Squamousregion

Page 13: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Notable Features of Cranial BonesOccipital Bone•Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa•Articulates with 1st vertebra•Sites of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles

Temporal Bones•Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor•Four major regions

– Squamous– Tympanic– Mastoid– Petrous

Page 14: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.9a

Greaterwing

Hypophysealfossa ofsella turcica

ForamenrotundumForamenovaleForamenspinosumBody of sphenoid

Superiororbital fissure

(a) Superior view of Sphenoid bone

Optic canalLesser wing

Page 15: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.9b

Body of sphenoid

Greaterwing

Superiororbitalfissure

Lesserwing

Pterygoidprocess

(b) Posterior view

Sphenoid Bone•Complex, bat-shaped bone•Keystone bone

- Articulates with all other cranial bones•Three pairs of processes

Greater wingsLesser wingsPterygoid processes

Page 16: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Ethmoid Bone

Orbitalplate

Ethmoidalair cells

Perpendicularplate Middle nasal concha

Cribriformplate

Olfactoryforamina

Crista galli

Left lateral mass

• Deepest skull bone• Superior part of nasal septum,

roof of nasal cavities• Contributes to medial wall of

orbits

Page 17: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica

Middle cranialfossa

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Posteriorcranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

Frontal bone

Olfactory foramina

Optic canal

Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen lacerum

Internal acousticmeatus

Cribriform plateEthmoidbone Crista galli

Sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Lesser wingGreater wing

View

Page 18: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.4a

Parietal bone

Squamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic bone

MaxillaMandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

(a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis

Frontal bone

GlabellaFrontonasal suture

Supraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha

Inferior nasal conchaVomer

Optic canal

Perpendicularplate

Ethmoidbone

Page 19: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Facial Bones

• Mandible• Maxillary bones

(maxillae) (2)• Zygomatic bones (2)• Nasal bones (2)

• Lacrimal bones (2)• Palatine bones (2)• Vomer• Inferior nasal conchae (2)

Page 20: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.4a

Parietal bone

Squamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic bone

MaxillaMandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

(a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis

Frontal bone

GlabellaFrontonasal suture

Supraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha

Inferior nasal conchaVomer

Optic canal

Perpendicularplate

Ethmoidbone

Page 21: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Figure 7.6a

Incisive fossa

Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramenMaxilla

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerumCarotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Stylomastoidforamen

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Foramen spinosum

Maxilla(palatine process)

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Mandibularfossa

Vomer

Styloid process

External occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance

(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid process

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bone

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)

Page 22: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Frontal process

Articulates withfrontal bone

Anterior nasalspine

Infraorbitalforamen

Alveolarmargin

(b) Maxilla, right lateral view

Orbitalsurface Zygomaticprocess(cut)

Maxillary Bones•Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton•Keystone bones

– Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible

Page 23: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Coronoidprocess

Mandibular foramen

Mentalforamen

Mandibularangle

Ramusofmandible

Mandibularcondyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular fossaof temporal bone

Body of mandible

Alveolarmargin

(a) Mandible, right lateral view

Temporomandibularjoint

• Lower jaw

• Largest, strongest bone of face

• Temporomandibular joint: only freely movable joint in skull

Page 24: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Facial BonesZygomatic Bones•Cheekbones•Inferolateral margins of orbitsNasal Bones And Lacrimal Bones• Nasal bones

– Form bridge of nose•Lacrimal bones

– In medial walls of orbits– Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal

sacPalatine bones

– Posterior one-third of hard palate

– Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity

– Small part of the orbits

Vomer– Plow shaped – Lower part of nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae• Form part of lateral walls of nasal

cavityOrbits•Encase eyes and lacrimal glands•Sites of attachment for eye muscles•Formed by parts of seven bones

Page 25: Bones Of The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL. Figure 7.1a Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) (a) Anterior view Facial bones Cranium Sacrum Vertebral column.

Frontalsinus

Ethmoidalair cells(sinus)

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoidsinus

Frontalsinus

Ethmoidalair cells

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoidsinus

(a) Anterior aspect (b) Medial aspect

• Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces • Lighten the skull • Enhance resonance of voice• Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Paranasal Sinuses


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