Bonds, elements and H20 Oh my!

Macromolecules 201

Macromolecules 101

Name that molecule

Water and Carbon are life

10 10 10 10 10

20 20 20 20 20

30 30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40 40

50 50 50 50 50

1 - 101 - 10Type of bond illustrated…

H

H

H H

H

H

C

O

a 1-10a 1-10

Covalent – sharing of a pair of electrons

H

H

H H

H

H

C

O

1-201-20

These 4 elements make up96% of living organisms

a1-20a1-20

OxygenCarbon

HydrogenNitrogen

1-301-30

•12C normal ( protons, neutrons)•13C ( protons, neutrons)•14C ( protons, neutrons)

•These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called __________________.

a1-30a1-30

•12C normal (6 protons, 6 neutrons)•13C (6 protons, 7 neutrons)•14C (6 protons, 8 neutrons)

•These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called Isotopes

1-401-40

What type of bond is shown between these Water molecules??

+

+

H

H+

+

–

–

– –

Figure 3.2

a1-40a1-40

Hydrogenbonds

+

+

H

H+

+

–

–

–

–

Figure 3.2

1-501-50Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5.

How many times more acidic isBattery acid compared to

Rain water??

Which has a higher proportionOf OH- ions??

a1-50a1-50Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5.

How many times more acidic is

Battery acid compared to Rain water??

10,000

Which has a higher proportion

Of OH- ions??Rain water

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

[H+]

> [

OH

–]

Incr

easi

ngly

Bas

ic[H

+]

< [

OH

–]

Neutral[H+] = [OH–]

Oven cleaner

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

pH Scale

Battery acid

Digestive (stomach) juice, lemon juiceVinegar, beer, wine,colaTomato juice

Black coffee RainwaterUrine

Pure waterHuman blood

Seawater

Milk of magnesia

Household ammonia

Household bleach

Figure 3.8

2-102-10

Figure 3.4

What property of water is illustrated below…

A2-10A2-10

•Surface tension–Is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid–Is related to cohesion

2-202-20Which is more dense liquid

Water or ice?? Why?

Liquid water

Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form

Ice

Hydrogen bonds are stable

Hydrogen bond

Figure 3.5

A2-20A2-20 The hydrogen bonds in iceThe hydrogen bonds in ice

• Are more “ordered” than in liquid water, Are more “ordered” than in liquid water, making ice less densemaking ice less dense

2-302-30

Water can dissolve anything That is ____________.

A2-30A2-30 The different regions of the polar water The different regions of the polar water

molecule can interact with ionic compounds molecule can interact with ionic compounds called solutes and dissolve themcalled solutes and dissolve them

Negative

oxygen regions

of polar water molecules are

attracted to sodium cations

(Na+).+

+

+

+Cl –

–

–

–

–

Na+Positive hydrogen regions

of water molecules cling to chloride anions (Cl–).

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

Na+

Cl–

Figure 3.6

2-402-40

______________ are molecules with the ______________ are molecules with the same molecular formula but different same molecular formula but different structures and propertiesstructures and properties

A2-40A2-40

H H H H HH

H H H H HH

HHH

HH

H

H

H

H

HHH

H

H

H

H

CO2H

CH3

NH2

C

CO2H

HCH3

NH2

X X

X

X

C C C C C

CC

C C C

C C C C

C

(a) Structural isomers

(b) Geometric isomers

(c) Enantiomers

H

Figure 4.7 A-C

IsomersIsomers• Are molecules with the same molecular Are molecules with the same molecular

formula but different structures and formula but different structures and propertiesproperties

2-502-50 Name that functional group…Name that functional group…

OHO

C

OH

N

H

H

O P

O

OH

OH

A2-50A2-50

OHO

C

OH

N

H

H

O P

O

OH

OH

Hydroxyl Carboxyl

Amine Phosphate

3-103-10

HO 1 2 3 H

HO H1 2 3 4

H2O

HHO

HO H1 2 3 HO

HO H1 2 3 4

H

H2O

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Longer polymer

What processes are happening here??

A3-10A3-10

(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer

HO 1 2 3 H

HO H1 2 3 4

H2O

HHO

Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond

Figure 5.2B

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

HO H1 2 3 HO

HO H1 2 3 4

H

H2O

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Longer polymer

Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond

Figure 5.2A

3-203-20

State the empirical formula for a State the empirical formula for a carbohydrate. carbohydrate.

Explain what such a formula means.Explain what such a formula means.

A3-20A3-20

(CH(CH22O)O)nn Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen

3-303-30

H

H

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

O

O

O

OC

C

C CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

CC

CCCC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

O

O

Figure 5.11

Which one of the 4 types of macromolecules is shown below…

A3-30A3-30

t

Lipid – AKA - Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

H

H

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

O

O

O

OC

C

C CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

CC

CCCC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

O

O

3-403-40

What parts make up a Neutral Fat

(Triglycerides or Triacylglyycerols)

A3-40A3-40

(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

HH

H HHH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HHO

H O HC

C

C

H

H OH

OH

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HC

CCC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

Glycerol

Fatty acid(palmitic acid)

H

H

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HO

O

O

O

OC

C

C CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

CC

CCCC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

C

O

O

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat

Ester linkage

Figure 5.11

1 glycerol

3 fatty acid molecules

3-503-50What structure is shown??

What side is hydrophobic?

What side is hydrophilic?

Where in our bodies is this

molecule VERY important?

A3-50A3-50What structure is shown?? Phospholipid

What side is hydrophobic? Fatty Acid tail

What side is hydrophilic? Phosphate head

Where in our bodies is this molecule VERY important? Cell Membrane

CH2

O

PO O

O

CH2CHCH2

OO

C O C O

Phosphate

Glycerol

(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model

Fatty acids

(c) Phospholipid symbol

Hy

dro

ph

ob

ic t

ail

s

Hydrophilichead

Hydrophobictails

–

Hy

dro

ph

ilic

he

ad CH2 Choline

+

Figure 5.13

N(CH3)3

4-104-10

Water “Loving”

Water “Hating”

What terms are given to molecules that have an affinity for or against

water molecules?

A4-10A4-10

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

4-204-20

Name 3 significant uses for proteins

A4-20A4-20

EnzymesEnzymes reactions reactions EnergyEnergy although not preferred although not preferred ImmunityImmunity antibodies antibodies Structure / SupportStructure / Support muscle, tendon, muscle, tendon,

etc.etc. HormonesHormones insulin, epinephrine, insulin, epinephrine,

prolactinprolactin CarriersCarriers hemoglobin carries O hemoglobin carries O22

4-304-30

What structure is shown below?

What are the 2 functional groups that are found in all of these structures?

A4-30A4-30Amino Acid

Amine group (NH2)Carboxyl group (COOH)

4-404-40

Describe the 1st 2 of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein,

and explain what forces are involved at each level.

A4-40A4-40PrimaryPrimary sequence of amino acidssequence of amino acids

• held together by peptide bondsheld together by peptide bonds

SecondarySecondary segments of the polypeptide fold segments of the polypeptide fold and coil in patternsand coil in patterns

• alpha helices alpha helices • beta sheetsbeta sheets

What forces?What forces?• H-BondsH-Bonds

4-504-50

Describe the 3rd level of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein,

and explain what forces are involved in that level.

A4-50A4-50TertiaryTertiary bends and twists cause a three bends and twists cause a three

dimensional shape. dimensional shape. a. nonpolar R groups group together away from the polypeptidea. nonpolar R groups group together away from the polypeptide b. H-bonds can form between polar R groupsb. H-bonds can form between polar R groups c. 2 sulfhydryl groups can form a c. 2 sulfhydryl groups can form a disulfide bridgedisulfide bridge d. charged R groups can attract or repeld. charged R groups can attract or repel

CH2CH

OH

O

CHO

CH2

CH2 NH3+ C-O CH2

O

CH2SSCH2

CH

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waalsinteractions

Polypeptidebackbone

Hyrdogenbond

Ionic bond

CH2

Disulfide bridge

5-105-10

What type of macromolecule is shown??

What 3 monomers make up the macromolecule??

A5-10A5-10 Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid

• 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar• PhosphatePhosphate• Nitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

DNA & RNADNA & RNA

5-205-20

What specific type of macromolecule is shown??

A5-20A5-20

Lipid-

saturated fatty acid

5-305-30What specific type of monomer are shown??

What type of macromolecule would a polymer of these structures produce?

Why might these molecules produce a smelly odor?

A5-30A5-30Monomer – Amino Acid

Polymer – Protein

They contain sulfur

5-405-40

What specific type of structure is shown??

What macromolecule does this structure represent?

A5-40A5-40

What specific type of structure is shown??

Phospholipid

What macromolecule does this structure represent?

Lipid

5-505-50

Where on this molecule is the peptide bond that is holding the 2 amino acids together??

A5-50A5-50

C.