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A Study of Physical Properties

BONDiTTM

B-45TH

Epoxy

adhesives, sealants & coatings for harsh environments RELTEK

2

A Study of the Physical Properties of BONDiTTM B-45TH Epoxy

Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 3 Table 1. Summary of experiments performed on B-45TH epoxy. ..................................................... 4

2. Glass Transition by TMA Method ................................................................... 5 Figure1. Glass transition profiles ...................................................................................................... 5

3. Outgassing .................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. Uncured B-45TH Outgassing ........................................................................................... 6

Table 2. Percent weight loss as a function of curing method .......................................................... 7

Figure 3. Graph of epoxy outgassing profiles .................................................................................. 7

Figure 4. Isothermal Cure Weight Loss ............................................................................................. 8

4. Degree of Cure ............................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. DSC Uncured B-45TH ....................................................................................................... 9

Figure 6. DSC Cured B-45TH ......................................................................................................... 10

Figure 7. Extent of completion of curing as a function of cure method ....................................... 11

Table 3. Specific heats of cured epoxy and uncured epoxy ............................................................ 11

5. Environmental Test ....................................................................................... 12

Figure 8. Weight lost for test runs after 4 days in an 85/85 chamber ............................................ 12

Table 4. Percent weight loss of three curing methods after a 85/85 humidity test ....................... 12

6. Moisture Absorption .................................................................................... 13

Figure 9. Moisture Absoprtion ....................................................................................................... 13

7. Oil Absorption ............................................................................................. 14

Figure 10. Oil Absoprtion .............................................................................................................. 14

8. Contribution of Solids Content .................................................................... 15

Figure 11. Pyrolization profiles of the resin, hardener, and epoxy .................................................. 15

Table 5. Percent weight loss of epoxy materials and epoxy heated to 500°C for ½-hour .............. 15

9. Surface Energy of Cured Material ................................................................. 16

Figure 12. plot of the contact angle water on B-45TH ................................................................. 16

10. Mechanical Properties ................................................................................ 17

Figure 13. Joint strength of 20 samples of static and hand mixed epoxy ..................................... 17

Table 6. Tensile Strength ................................................................................................................. 18

Table 7. Static Fatigue and Tear Strength ....................................................................................... 19

Table 8. Velocity of Sound, Density, Thermal Conductivit, Coefficicient of Thermal Expansion ..... 19

Table 9. Lapshear Test per ASTM D3163 Lapshear test: ASTM D3163; all values mean. .............. 20

Table 10. Peel Test per ASTM D638 ................................................................................................ 21

11. Bead Length from 50 ml Dual Cartiridge Through Static Mixer ................. 22

Figure 14. Bead Lengths from 50 ml Cartridges of B-45TH Through Six Inch Static Mixer ........... 22

Figure 15. Bead Lengths from 50 ml Cartridges of B-45TH Through Six Inch Static Mixer ........... 22

October 20, 2004 / Rev A


3

1. Introduction A study of the physical and mechanical properties of B-45TH and B-45

was carried out in order to better understand potential applications of

the two-part epoxy system.

TMA, TGA and DSC were used to study the effect of curing method

and mixing technique on several important physical property

characteristics. Table 1 summarizes the experiments that were

performed.

Analysis of the physical properties of B-45TH included for the resin

mixed with a static mixer1 and by hand mix2:

• Comparing the glass transition temperature of a hand mixed Vs a static mixed sample,

• The outgassing behavior of the epoxy using three curing methods and outgassing under elevated operational temperatures,

• The extent of curing reaction as a function of curing method,

• Environmental test of 85RH / 85°C with three curing methods,

• Moisture absorption, (hand mix)

• Oil absorption, (hand mix)

• Percent solid of hand mix epoxy compared to a static mix,

• Contact angle relative to static mix and hand mix,

• Joint strength relative to static mix and hand mix.

Other tests included:

• Tensile strength, (hand mix)

• Static fatigue strength, (hand mix)

• Tear strength, (hand mix)

• Velocity of sound, (hand mix)

• Thermal conductivity, (hand mix)

• Coefficient of thermal expansion, (hand mix)

• Lap shear tests on various substrates, (static mix)

• Peel tests on various substrates, (static mix)

• Bead length Vs bead width for B-45TH dispensed from a static

mixer.

1. Static mix = parts A & B measured 2:1 by a double-barreled cartridge dispensed

with a plunger in a hand actuated gun through a 6" helical 21 element static mixer

tube having a 1/16" exit nozzle.

2 Hand mix = parts A & B measured in 2:1 ratio by weight and mixed by hand.

4

A Study of the Physical Properties of BONDiTTM B-45TH Epoxy Table 1. Summary of experiments performed on B-45TH epoxy to examine some key physical

properties.

Test# Curing method Experiment Thermal Analysis Cycle Comments

Glass Transition Temperature determine if there is a All runs

difference in Tg

TgDSC1 cure for 68 hrs @ RT by using different mixing 25-300°C, 10°C/min mix with static mixer

methods

TgDSC2 cure for 68 hrs @ RT mix by hand

CteTMA1 cure for 72 hrs second attempt to determine All runs mix with static mixer

CteTMA2 cure for 72 hrs Tg 25-200°C, 2.°C/min mix by hand

Outgassing check for outgassing of All runs

volatiles and water as a

function of curing method

OgTGA1 cure for 24 hrs @ RT 25-300°C, 10°C/min cure set 95%

OgTGA2 cure for 30 min @ RT cure set 98%

then 4 hrs at 65C

OgTGA3 cure for 30 min @ RT cure set 98%

then 2 hrs at 93C

Curing Tests measure extent of completion all runs

of curing reaction for the

three curing methods

CtDSC1 cure for 24 hrs @ RT 25-300°C, 10°C/min cure set 95%

CtDSC2 cure for 30 min @ RT cure set 98%

then 4 hrs at 65C

CtDSC3 cure for 30 min @ RT cure set 98%

then 2 hrs at 93C

CtDSC4 freshly mixed, no cure

Environmental Study determine the amount of water all runs

(humidity) absorption of the epoxy cured

using the three recommended

methods

EsTGA4 cure for 24 hrs @ RT 25-300°C, 10°C/min cure set 95%

EsTGA5 cure for 30 min @ RT cure set 98%

then 4 hrs at 65C

EsTGA6 cure for 30 min @ RT cure set 98%

then 2 hrs at 93C

Mixing Effects check solids content of epoxy all runs

MeTGA1 wet hardener components and epoxy 550°C, 30 min hold, 10°C/min ash hardener (wet)

MeTGA2 wet resin ash resin (wet)

MeTGA3 freshly mixed, no cure ash mixture (static mixer)

Me TGA4 freshly mixed, no cure ash mixture (hand mix)

Contact Angle determine the difference all runs: no thermal analysis

in surface was performedThe contact

angle geoniometer was used

for measuring the contact

angle for the epoxy

Series cured for 96 hrs @ RT energy of static and hand mixed 20 samples

Cas1,2 mixed epoxy was performed

Series cured for 96 hrs @ RT also, difference between hand mixed

Cah1,2 epoxy side exposed to air 20 samples

during curing vs unexposed side

Joint Strength determine if the joint strength all runs: no thermal analysis

from a static mixed vs a hand was performed A Chatillon

mixed sample population are joint strength machine was used

comparable

Series cured for72 hrs @ RT static mixed

Jss1,2 20 samples

Series cured for 72 hrs @ RT hand mixed

Jsh1,2 20 samples


5

The glass transition temperature was not apparent in either the epoxy

that was hand mixed or sample that was mixed using a static mixer by

analyzing with the DSC. The TMA was then used to determine the Tg

for the two samples.

Theoretically the glass transition temperature should be approximately

60°C. Expanding the graphs from 40°C to 80°C did reveal that the Tg

for the static mixed sample is 64.93°C and the Tg for the hand mixed

sample is 65.02°C. These values are in agreement with the theoretical

Tg. The difference in Tg between the two samples is negligible.

Figure1. Glass transition profiles

2. Glass Transition

by TMA Method

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Temp [ºC]

% TMA DrTMA

um/min

LOAD gr

CteTMa1,2

TMA Load DrTMA

Tg 65.02ºC Hand Mix

TMA Load

Tg 64.93ºC Static Mix

0.00

-5.00

-10.00

-2.00

2.00

4.00

0.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

6


Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used for the outgassing study.

The initial outgassing study was performed on un-cured material from room

temperature to 300°C at a rate of 10°C/min. This scan determines the amount

of outgassing during cure as a function of weight loss. At 60°C, the weight

loss due to outgassing is only 0.149%. Up to 220°C, were curing appears to

end and before degradation, the total weight loss is 7.225%.

Figure 2. Uncured B-45TH Outgassing

3. Outgassing

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Temp [°C]

85.00

90.00

95.00

100.00 %

TGA

Weight Loss: -0.970 mg -7.225 %

TGA data: BONDiT B-45TH Un-Cured

TGA

Weight Loss: -0.471 mg -3.508 %

Weight Loss: -1.461 mg -10.883 %

Weight Loss: -0.020 mg -0.149 %


7

Table 2. Percent weight loss as a function of curing method

From the results, it is possible to conclude that when cured under lower

temperatures there is more free water and volatile material in the epoxy.

There also is a significant difference between the onset of outgassing

temperature for the heat-cured methods and the sample cured at

ambient temperature.

Further testing by TGA indicates a correlation between weight lost

during the thermal cycle and curing technique. In Figure 3 and Table 2

the results are summarized.

Figure 3. Graph of epoxy outgassing profiles

Onset of

Test # Curing Method Outgassing % wt. loss

OgTGA1 RT= 23.5 hrs 80°C 9.047

OgTGA2 65°C for 4 hrs 140°C 7.093

OgTGA3 93°C for 2 hrs 120°C 6.93

Mid Point 192.37°C Onset 283.15°C Weight Loss -7.093°C

-0.345 mg

20 40 60 80 100 120

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Temp [°C]

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

% TG OgTGA1,2,3

OgTGA3

OgTGA2

Og TGA1

8


In order to know the amount of outgassing at regular operating tem-

peratures, an isothermal scan at 60°C for four hours was performed and

only 2.624% weight loss was measured. This relates to 0.66% outgas

weight loss per hour.

Figure 4. Isothermal Cure Weight Loss

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Time [Minutes]

80.00

90.00

100.00

110.00

% TGA

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Temp °C

-0.410 mg -2.624

Weight Loss

TGA data: BONDiT B-45TH Isothermal at 60°C for 4 hours

Temp TGA


9

4. Degree of Cure

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

-1.00

0.00

DSC mW

Heat 1.41 J 156.25 J/g

DSC Data: BONDiT B-45TH Un-Cured

DSC

Temp °C

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used for the cure study.

The adhesive was cured at typical (uncontrolled 16°C - 22°C) room

temperature (RT) for 24 hours. It was observed in that period the surface

remained somewhat tacky and the bulk of the material is very flexible.

An incomplete cure was suspected. To determine the cure schedule a

DSC was performed on un-cured material from room temperature to

300°C at a rate of 5°C/min. Curing began at 30°C, peaked at about

90°C and ended at about 170°C. Degradation occurred at temperatures

greater than 170°C. Normalized with respect to the sample amount,

the heat of reaction during cure was measured to be 156.25J/g, the area

under bell curve.

Figure 5. DSC Uncured B-45TH

10


20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Temp °C

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

mW/mg DSC

Heat 58.04 mJ 3.60 J/g

DSC Data: BONDiT B-45TH Cured at RT for 24h

DSC

A DSC scan was performed on a sample cured at room temperature

(controlled 21°C) for 24 hours to measure the amount of cure. Normalized

to sample weight yielded a heat of reaction of 3.60J/g thus making the

sample 97.7% cured, meaning that a 24-hour, 21°C room temperature

cure is sufficient for many applications. It is to be expected that a three

(3) day cure or longer will produce further cure and improvement in

physical properties for ambient cure applications.

156.25J/g - 3.60J/g X 100 = 97.7% cure

156.25J/g

Figure 6. DSC Cured B-45TH


11

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Temp [°C]

-0.40

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

DSC mW/mg

CtDSC1,2,3,4'

CtDSC4 CtDSC3 CtDSC2 CtDSC1

93°C/2h

65°C/4hNo cure

RT/24h

The extent of completion of the curing reaction can be easily

evaluated by looking at the heat released when the epoxy is put

through a thermal cycle. Figure 7 shows the profiles of the exothermic

curing reaction for several curing methods. Table 3 lists the specific

heat for three curing methods and an uncured sample.

Table 3. Specific heats of cured epoxy and uncured epoxy

Test # Curing Specific Heat of Curing reaction

CtDSC1 RT>24hrs 18.99 J/g (uncontrolled RT / 88.5%

cure ref to CtDSC4 sample)

CtDSC2 65°C for 4 hrs 1.32 J/g

CtDSC3 93°C for 2 hrs 1.81 J/g

CtDSC4 no cure 165.25 J/g

From the specific heat data, it can be seen that optimized curing is

correlate with curing temperature. For instance, at ambient

temperature the material will never fully cure, yet be sufficient for the

application. Further studies by tensile strength tests indicate optimal

operational cure is approximately 100°C for three (3) hours.

Figure 7 Extent of completion of curing as a function of cure method

Figure 7. Extent of completion of curing as a function of cure

method

12


The three curing recommended curing methods were subjected to an

environmental test. The test was an 85RH / 85°C for duration of

approximately four days. Figure 8 shows the weight loss of the tests

processed using the three curing methods. Table 4 lists the percent

weight loss of each of the tests.

5. Environmental

Test

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Temp [°C]

80.00

90.00

100.00

110.00

120.00

TGA %

EsTGA1,2,3

EsTGA3 EsTGA2 EsTGA1

Figure 8. Weight lost for test runs after 4 days in an 85/85

chamber

Table 4. Percent weight loss of three curing methods after a 85/

85 humidity test

Test # Curing % wt.

at 100°C Loss

EsTGA1 24 hrs at RT (uncontrolled) .343

EsTGA2 4 hrs at 65°C 1.176

EsTGA3 2 hr at 93°C .286

The percent weight loss by EsTGA2 is the most significant. The weight

lost by EsTGA1 and EsTGA3 are very similar. This result was not

expected because of their very different curing methods. However, the

RT was uncontrolled and over all the difference between the samples is

relatively small. A larger statistical sampling would clarify the

differences, if any.


13

Figure 9. Moisture Absoprtion

Moisture Absorption ASTM D570

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

DI Water Exposure at ambient temperature [Days]

Weight Gain [%]

A moisture absorption test in DI water was conducted according to ASTM

D570, showing an ultimate absorption of under 1% in equilibrium state after

51 days at uncontrolled lab room temperature (68-72°F days, 60-65°F nights).

6. Moisture

Absorption

14


Hand mixed samples were for oil absorption per ASTM D570 were also

tested using Shell Oil Isopar M, resulting in an ultimate equilibrium of

0.73% in 60 days exposure.

Isopar M Oil Absorption, BONDiT B-45

ASTM D-570

0.11% 0.18%

0.39%

0.63%

0.73%

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

0.50%

0.60%

0.70%

0.80%

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Time [Days]

Weight Gain [%]

7. Oil Absorption

Figure 10. Oil Absoprtion


15

The total solids content contribution from the resin and the hardener

is very comparable. Figure 11 shows the graphs of the total mass lost

by each of the tests. A direct comparison of the total solids content in

the epoxy mixture, the resin and the hardener can be made by

regarding Table 5.

8. Contribution of

Solids Content

% Weight

Test # Material Loss

MeTGA1 hardener 96.272

MeTGA2 resin 93.39

MeTGA3 static mixed 96.413

Me TGA4 hand mixed 95.309

There is not a lot of filler in the B-45TH epoxy system. It is interesting to

note that there seems to be no appreciable difference between the

solids content of the hand mixed and the static mixed epoxy.

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520

Temp [°C]

0.00

50.00

100.00

TGA %

MeTGA1,2,3,4

MeTGA4 MeTGA3 MeTGA2 MeTGA1

Mid Point 407.47 °C Onset 361.13 °C Endset 472.69 °C Weight Loss -96.27 %

-3.409 mg

Figure 11. Pyrolization profiles of the resin, hardener, and epoxy

Table 5. Percent weight loss of epoxy materials and epoxy

heated to 500°C for ½-hour

16


The surface energy of B-45TH prepared by using a static mixer and by

hand was looked at. The surface energy of the epoxy side exposed to

air while curing and the side that was on the Teflon surface were

compared. The data for the contact angle is shown in Figure 12.

The static mixed epoxy exposed to air while curing had an erratic

contact angle profile. The standard deviation of the contact angle for

the static, air set was approximately 14°. The backside of the epoxy had

a much lower standard deviation of only 3°. In general, the backside

that was not exposed to air during curing (static and hand mixed) had

much higher contact angle values.

9. Surface Energy of

Cured Material

Contact Angle Between B-45TH Epoxy and Water

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sample #

Static mixed [e

St[e

xposed to air]

atic mixed, no air xposed to Teflon]

Hand mixed [exposed to air]

Hand mixed, no air [exposed to Teflon]

t = 0 min t = ~10 min

-5.00

Standard Deviation: StatiStatiHand,Hand,

c, air = 14 c, Teflon = 3

air = 7 Teflon = 4

Figure 12. plot of the contact angle water on B-45TH


17

Joint Strength

The data collected from the joint strength testing did not reveal any

great disparity in strength between epoxy that is static mixed and

hand mixed. Figure 13 shows the joint strength for 20 samples of the

static mixed epoxy and the hand mixed epoxy.

Note the hand mixed sample had a higher standard deviation of .83

Kg compared to static mix of .64 Kg.

Figure 13. Joint strength of 20 samples of static and hand mixed

epoxy

10. Mechanical

Properties

Joint Strength of Static and Hand Mixed B-45TH Epoxy

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sample #

Kg

static mixed hand mixed

Standard deviation Static: 0.64 Kg Hand: 0.83 Kg

18


Table 6. Tensile Strength

B-45TH, 2 hrs set time, post Cured 2 hrs @ 100C ASTM D638

Sample Peak Break Break Yield Yield Tangent

Stress Stress Elongation Stress Elongation Modulus

PSI PSI % PSI % PSI

Mean 1324.4 1264.8 103 1321.4

104.1 11932

Min 1262.1 1144.9 85.7 1262.1 84.7 10583

Max 1437.5 1422.1 130.4 1437.5 130 13510

Stdv 71.1 108.1 17 71.1 17.5 1133

%Cov 5.4 8.5 16.1 5.4 16.8 9

Medn 1293.7 1236 99.9 1293.7 97.4 11804

Figure 14.


19

Table 7. Static Fatigue and Tear Strength

Table 8. Velocity of Sound, Density, Thermal Conductivit,

Coefficicient of Thermal Expansion

Fatigue and Tear Tests

Fatigue tests Static Load Ultimate Tension Elongation

Lbs PSI %

150°F cure 46 835 215

Ambient 48 757 205

Tear Strength Static Load Ultimate Tension Tear Strength

Tear Die B Lbs PSI lbs/in

150°F cure 28 310 121

Ambient 29 290 113

Velocity of Longitudinal Sound Wave Density Thermal Conductivity Coefficient of

Thermal

Expansion [Cte]

Velocity Temp Frequency From TMA, Fig 1

m/sec °C KHz g/cm3 cal/(sec)(cm2)

(°C)(cm) ppm/°C

B-45TH 1923 25 200 1.046 300 x 10-6 175

SeaWater 1531 25 1.025

DI H2O 1496 25 0.998

Dry Air 343.9 21 1.293

20


Sam

ple

S

train

Ener

gy

ubst

rate

Su

bst

rate

C

ure

Pe

ak

Range

Peak

Pe

ak

Bre

ak

Elo

ngatio

n

Yiel

d

Elo

ngatio

n

Tan

gen

t

#1

#2

Degre

es

F St

ress

H

i/Lo

Peak

Load

Stre

ss

at B

reak

Stre

ss

at Yi

eld

M

odu

lus

PSI

Stre

ss P

SI

%

In-L

b

PSI

%

PSI

%

PSI

Lo

ad

HD

PE

HD

PE

150

295

299/2

90

1.65

2.

96

290

1.7

295

1.72

28

82

UH

MW

U

HM

W

150

312

—-

3.16

5.

81

307

3.3

308

2.7

14184

UH

MW

U

HM

W

150

279

325/2

56

2.22

3.

69

279

2.4

274

2.3

14478

UH

MW

*

UH

MW

A

mbie

nt*

28

3 30

8/24

6 2.

2 3.

69

282

2.2

279

2.1

1576

0

UH

MW

St

eel

150

424

484/3

64

1.74

4.

69

424

1.6

424

1.6

33556

UH

MW

*

Stee

l A

mbie

nt*

36

1 40

1/32

6 1.

68

3.7

361

1.7

361

1.7

2729

1

PPS

SS

150

812

—-

1.05

4.

61

813

1.0

813

1.0

82478

PPS*

*

SS

Am

bie

nt*

*

492

—-

0.77

2.

25

490

0.8

492

0.8

77347

ABS

PVC

15

0 67

7 677/6

77

2.68

10.3

9

676

2.8

677

2.8

27247

PTFE***

PTFE

200

205

—-

—-

—-

201

—-

205

0.3

122693

* A

mb

ien

t cu

re 3

1 d

ays

**A

mb

ien

t cu

re 7

days

***C

hem

ical e

tch

su

rface

tre

atm

en

t

Tab

le 9

. L

ap

shear

Test

per

ASTM

D3

16

3

Lap

shear

test

: A

STM

D3

16

3; all v

alu

es

mean

.


21

Substrate #1 Substrate #2 Failure mode

PBT PET cohesive/adhesive failure of

PET film

PBT Polyurethane foam cohesive failure of PU foam

PEEK PET cohesive/adhesive failure of

PET film

PEEK Polyurethane foam cohesive failure of PU foam

G10 fiberglass PET cohesive/adhesive failure of

PET film

G10 fiberglass Polyurethane foam cohesive failure of PU foam

Neoprene Steel cohesive failure of rubber

Neoprene Neoprene cohesive failure of rubber

EPDM Steel cohesive failure of rubber

Table 10. Peel Test per ASTM D638

Peel tests

22


11. Bead Length from

50 ml Dual Cartiridge

Through Static Mixer

Figure 15. Bead Lengths from 50 ml Cartridges of B-45TH

Through Six Inch Static Mixer

Figure 14. Bead Lengths from 50 ml Cartridges of B-45TH

Through Six Inch Static Mixer

B-45TH Bead Width vs Bead Length

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400

Bead Width, inches

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

0.070

0.080

0.090

0.100

Bead Length Bead Height

Bea

d Le

ngth

, inc

hes

Bea

d H

eigh

t, in

ches

e-mail • [email protected]

2345 Circadian Way, Santa Rosa, CA 95407

Phone • 707-284-8808

Fax • 707-284-8812

B

ead

Leng

th [M

eter

s]

Bea

d H

eigh

t [m

m ]&

Wei

ght [

gr/c

m]

B-45TH Bead Length vs Bead Width, Metric

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0

Bead Width [mm]

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Bead Length Bead Height Bead Weight

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