BONDED LABOUR By Barrister Zafarullah Khan
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Transcript of BONDED LABOUR By Barrister Zafarullah Khan
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BONDED LABOUR
By By
Barrister Zafarullah KhanBarrister Zafarullah Khan
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Sequence
a. Philosophical Basis
b. Situational Analysis
c. International Law
d. National Law
e. Sind Tenancy Laws
f. FSC Judgment
g. Court’s Behaviour
h. Consequences of ignoring the issue
i. Recommendations
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a. Philosophical Basis
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Freedom as Virtue
Is Freedom a virtue? Islamic perspective: Omar Modern Civilization: Rousseau Iqbal
Bandagi mein ghut kay rahe jaati hay ek jooeye kam aab
Aour aazadi mein behr e beikaraan hay zindagi
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Centrality of Human Rights
Post WWII Scenario Determination to prevent gross violations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Conventions Such as ICCPR, ICESCR, CAT,
CEDAW, ICC Consistency of domestic laws with
internationally agreed standards is an obligation
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Domestic Jurisdiction?
• UN Charter: A (2); domestic jurisdictionNothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state
• No more ‘domestic jurisdiction’• ‘Responsibility to Protect’ is being used to
justify actions against states with bad HR record
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Centrality Of Human Rights
Three pillars of IR:Peace and Security Development Human Rights
‘We will not enjoy development without security, we will not enjoy security without development, and we will not enjoy either without respect for HR SG UN Larger Freedom Report
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b. Situational Analysis
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Forced Labour in Pakistan
Ranges from 6-8 million: PILER Includes millions of children Main industries, brick kilns, share
croppers, carpet, glass factories, mines, leather, scavenging, domestic work
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c. International Law
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Issue of Forced Labour
Rated as most serious violations of HR Forced labour (bonded labour) equated to
slavery and slavery like practices One of earliest human rights issues tackled
by ILO specific instruments UN and ILO are involved
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UN Regime on Bonded Labour
UDHR- 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; prohibited in all forms
ICCPR -8: ditto• No one shall be required to perform
forced or compulsory labour
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Slavery Convention 1926
Ratified by Pakistan on 30 September 1955
Defined Slavery as:– the status or condition of a person over
whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised
– Prohibits slavery
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ILO Regime on Forced Labour
Two main Conventions– C 29 of 1930, ratified by 161 countries,
Pakistan (23-12-1957)– C 105 of 1957, ratified by 158 countries,
Pakistan (15-2- 1960)
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Convention 29 Article 2 defines forced labour “all work or
service …exacted … under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily”
Requires states parties to suppress the use of forced or compulsory labour in all its forms within the shortest possible period
Illegal extraction of forced labour shall be a penal offense (Article 25)
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Convention 105
Member state to suppress and not to make use of any form of forced or compulsory labour:For political coercion/ educationfor economic developmentAs a means of labour disciplineAs a punishment for strikes As a means of any discrimination
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Significance of ILO Conventions
Legally binding No space for reservations Monitoring procedure Monitoring is tri-partite and detailed Non-implementation can lead to serious
consequences Only international sanctions imposing
mechanism other than UN SC
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d. National Law
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Constitution 1973
ARTICLE 11(2)
All forms of forced labour are prohibited
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Darshan Masih Case
Telegram: 30 July 1988
‘We plead for protection and bread for our family. we are brick kiln bonded labour. We have been set at liberty through the court and now three amongst us have been abducted by our owners. Our children and women are living in danger. We have filed complaint. No action taken.
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We are hiding like animals without protection or food. We are afraid and hungry. Please help us. We can be contacted through counsel. Our state can be inspected. We want to live like human beings. The law gives no protection to us’.
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Features Of Case
• Article184(3): (i) enforcement of Fundamental Rights (ii) public importance
• Public Interest Litigation• Article 9, 11, 14, 18, 25
PLD 1990 SC 513
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Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1992
Preamble
Article 11 (2) prohibits all forms of forced labour
to preventing economic and physical exploitation of labour class
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Definition Of BL
System of forced, or partly forced, labour under which a debtor enters, or has, or is presumed to have, entered into an agreement with creditor to the effect that
• in consideration of an advance or in pursuance of any customary or social obligation, or for any economic consideration received by debtor
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Continued
would render, by himself, or through any member of his family, labour or service to creditor either without wages or for nominal wages; or
would forfeit freedom of employment or adopting other means of livelihood, or
forfeit right to appropriate or sell at market any of property or product
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Features
BL system shall stand abolished Every BL shall stand freed No person shall make advance Any custom, tradition, practice, contract,
or other instrument for BL shall be void and inoperative
Liability to repay bonded debt extinguished
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Features
No suit or other proceeding• Decree for recovery of bonded debt shall be
deemed satisfied o Every attachment for recovery of any bonded
debt shall stand vacated
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Features
o Any sale, transfer or assignment of any property of a bonded labourer for recovery of bonded debt shall not be deemed to have created or transferred
Mortgage, charge, lien or other encumbrance for bonded debt shall stand discharged
Non Obstante Law
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District Magistrate’s Role
DM shall try to promote welfare of freed bonded labourer
Mobilize Govt-NGOs to bring out cases To urge academic and vocation training To persuade philanthropists, SWO etc to
rehabilitate
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Penalty
• 3 years imprisonment and fine• All directors/managers etc liable
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Procedure
Magistrate First Class Summary trial Cognizable Bailable
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Vigilance Committees
Vigilance Committees at District level Consisting, of representatives of area,
District Administration, Bar, press, recognized Social Services and Labour‑Departments of Federal and Provincial Government
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Functions of VCs
advise DA on matters relating to effective implementation of law
help in rehabilitation of freed BL provide assistance to BL
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Establishment Of Fund
Fund shall be utilized for :-training institutes for freed BLlegal and financial assistance to BL Rehabilitation, welfare of freed BL
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Status of 1992 Act
• Rules 1995• VC Not formed• No meetings• Devolution: DM, new actors• Funds not utilized• No prosecution
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e. Sind Tenancy Law
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Sindh Tenancy Laws
GoS, ADB 2000 REPORT: 1.7 M HARIS THATHA, DADU, BADIN, MPK, OK Hindus Most debt bondage
SHC, 10-1-2002 94 Taqavi Loans petitions dismissed S 25 Sindh Tenancy Ac 1950
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UNHCR Sub-Commission: May 2002
– 1992 Act to override all laws– Amend 1950 ST Act
Amended 22-9-2002
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f. FSC Judgment
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FSC on Bonded Labour
8 Shariat petition in 1992 and 1993 challenging Islamicity Act 1992
203 D: Jurisdiction to declare a law repugnant to the Quran and Sunnah
FSC Judgment on 10-10-2005
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General Observations
It is IslamicObjective of Act could not be
achieved so far: daily reports of detentions
No vigilance committee formed Factories Acts 1934 applies to BK
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h. Consequences of ignoring the issue
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Consequences of Ignoring
Source of misery and suffering to millions of hardworking human beings
Brings bad name to country and religion Can trigger international sanctions Policies of donors and trade partners
influenced: e.g. GSP Buyers demands
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i. Recommendations
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What ought to be Done?
Review, amending laws: SC in Enayat Masih Case
Formulation of comprehensive national strategies to eradicate this scourge
Fund? Sensitization, capacity building of all
implementing officials at all levels Proper Prosecution of violators
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Thanks