Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica Strumentazione sub-mm/mm pre-ALMA APEX APEX SCUBA...
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Transcript of Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica Strumentazione sub-mm/mm pre-ALMA APEX APEX SCUBA...
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
Strumentazione sub-mm/mm Strumentazione sub-mm/mm pre-ALMA pre-ALMA
APEXAPEX
SCUBA & SCUBA-2SCUBA & SCUBA-2
IRAMIRAM
SMASMA
CSOCSO
OVRO, BIMA OVRO, BIMA CARMA CARMA
NMANMA
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
APEXAPEX:: AAtacama tacama PPathfinder athfinder EXEXperimentperiment
Location: Llano de Chajnantor(Chile, 5000 m)
Antenna modifiedcopy of US ALMA prototype
MPIfR=50%Onsala Sp. Obs=23%ESO=27%
PI: Karl MentenPS: Peter Schilke
12 m diameter12 m diameter 300-1500 300-1500 μμm=m=230-1200 GHz230-1200 GHz
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
InstrumentsInstruments
Heterodyne receivers:
1. 230 GHz (1.3 mm)+340 GHz (0.9 mm) receivers (from SEST)2. 460 GHz (650 micron) 16-pixel CHAMP array (from CSO)3. 810 GHz (370 micron) receiver (from JCMT)4. Upgrade of CHAMP/dual receiver: 650 and 810 GHz (next) 5. Experimental receivers above 1 THz (next)
Bolometers arrays:
1. LABOCA (LArge BOlometer CAmera): 870 micron (345 GHz) 295 channels beam size=18 arcsec FOV=11.4 arcmin scanning and jiggling required for fully sampled maps2. 350 micron (850 GHz) array: 37-channel bolometer (next)3. 2 mm (150 GHz) array: 3oo channel bol. for SZ (next)
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
Summary of the first generation Summary of the first generation facility instrumentsfacility instruments
ReceiverReceiverFrequencyFrequency
(GHz/mm)(GHz/mm)ElementsElements NotesNotes
APEX-1a 210-275 Q1 2004
APEX-1b 210-275 Q3 2004
APEX-2b 275-370 Q3 2004
APEX-3b 375-500 Q3 2004
APEX-T2 1240-1400 TBD
LABOCA 0.8 300 Q2 2004
350 μm 0.37 37 Q2 2004
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
Observing TimeObserving Time
Consortium: The Astronomical Institute at the University of Bochum (AIRUB), the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) and the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) 10% observing time for Chilean astronomers
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
SCUBA: SCUBA: thethe S Sub-mm ub-mm CCommon-ommon-UUser ser BBolometer olometer AArrayrray
15-m diameter telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 4092 m)
INSTRUMENTSSub-mm bolometers: Simultaneous observations at 850 μm (353 GHz, 37 bolometers) and 450 μm (670 GHz, 91 bolometers) Diameter f.o.v.=2.3 arcmin, beam=15-7 arcsec; cooled at 100 mK UK, Canada, and The Netherlands collaboration, ~5-10% observing time to international programs.
Spectral line receivers: 3 receivers: A3: 230 GHz – B3: 345 GHz – W: 460 and 690 GHz
Heterodyne polarimeter: all frequencies. Next: ROVER (2-3 mm window)
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
The The SCUBA-2SCUBA-2 project project
SCUBA-2: Transition Edge Sensor arrays: two dc-coupled, monolithic, filled arrays with a total of 10240 bolometers Two focal-plane units each unit has 4 sub-arrays with 40x32 elements Observing bands: 850 μm and 450 μm F.O.V.=50 arcmin sq.=12xSCUBA Sensitivity: a factor ~2-3 better than SCUBA 1000 times faster than SCUBA to reach the same S/N for maps (fully sampled image in just one pointing) Cooled at 120 mK limited by the sky background photon noise
Delivered to the JCMT in Delivered to the JCMT in Feb. 2006Feb. 2006 (2 sub-arrays) and completed in (2 sub-arrays) and completed inNov. 2006Nov. 2006 (all sub-arrays) (all sub-arrays)
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
SCUBA-2 focal planeSCUBA-2 focal plane
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
IRAM: IIRAM: Institut de nstitut de RRadio adio AAstronomie stronomie MMillimetriqueillimetrique
French-German-Spanish collaboration Two observatories Two observatories 1. 30-m single-dish telescope on Pico Veleta (2850 m, Spain) 2. 6-antenna (15 m each) interferometer on the Plateau de Bure (2550 m, France)
1. 30-m Telescope1. 30-m TelescopeBolometer systems: MAMBO I: 1.2mm, beam=11 arcsec, 37 pixels MAMBO II: 1.2mm, beam=11 arcsec, 117 pixelsplus receivers in the range 80-272 GHz
2. PdBI 2. PdBI Receiver at 1.3 mm (205-250 GHz), resolution~0.5 arcsec, f.o.v.=20” Receiver at 3 mm (81-115 GHz)
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
SMA: SSMA: Sub-ub-MMillimeter illimeter AArrayrray
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory + Academia Sinica of Astronomy and Astrophysics collaboration
8 x 6-m antenna interferometer on Mauna Kea (~4000m, Hawaii), baseline as long as 500 m, ≈180-900 GHz band
2 simultaneous receivers/elementReceiver bands: 230, 345, 460, 690, and 850 GHz
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
CSO: CCSO: Caltech altech SSubmillimeter ubmillimeter OObservatorybservatory
10.4-m diameter telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii)
INSTRUMENTS
Bolometer systems: BOLOCAM: 115 working pixels, f.o.v.=8 arcmin (circular), beam size=30 arcsec (1.1 mm) and 60 arcsec (2.1 mm) SHARC II: 12x32 array of bolometers at 350-450 μm f.o.v.=1.0x2.5 arcmin sq., beam~8.5 arcsec (350 μm) COMPLEMENTARY TO SCUBA
Heterodyne receivers: 230, 345,490, and 665 GHz
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
OVRO: OOVRO: Owenswens V Valleyalley R Radioadio OObservatorybservatory
Caltech / National Science Foundation
6 x 10.4-m antenna interferometer (California, ~1200 m)
Beam-width=65” at 100 GHzReceiver bands: 86-116 GHz (3 mm) and 210-270 GHz (1 mm)
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
BIMA: BBIMA: Berkeley erkeley IIllinois llinois MMaryland aryland AAssociationssociation
OVRO and BIMA have now ceased operations CARMACARMA
10 x 6.1-m antenna interferometer
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
CARMA: CCARMA: Combined ombined AArray for rray for RResearch in esearch in MMillimeter-wave illimeter-wave
AAstronomystronomyCARMA=OVRO+BIMA on a site in Eastern California (~3000 m a.s.l.)NSF + Universities
SPECIFICATIONS
ARRAY: 15 antennas (6 x 10.4 m + 9 x 6.1 m), 772 m2 , 0.5 arcsec res. at 230 GHzRECEIVERS: 115, 230, and 345 GHz
Fully operational: end of 2005?
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
NMA: NNMA: Nobeyama obeyama MMillimeter illimeter AArrayrray
ARRAY: 6 x 10m antennas BANDS: 3 mm (85-116 GHz), 2 mm (126-152 GHz), and 1 mm (213-237 GHz)resolution down to 1 arcsec
NMA plus the 45 m single-dish telescope RAINBOW RAINBOW (f.o.v.=20 arcsec at 3 mm)
10 m sub-mm ASTE
Bologna, 6 giugno 2005 Riunione ALMA extragalattica
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