Bolivia driven vibrated piles k. rainer masssarsch
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Transcript of Bolivia driven vibrated piles k. rainer masssarsch
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Vibrated and Driven Piles
K. R. Massarsch Geo Risk & Vibration AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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Overview
• Pile classification systems • Driven pre-‐‑formed piles • Advantages and disadvantages • Aspects of pile installation • Aspects of driven pile installation • Vibratory driving
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Pile Classification System 1. Method of installation: bored/augered,
continuous augered, driven, screw-‐‑in 2. Degree of displacement: large, small, non 3. Pile material: concrete, steel, timber,
composite 4. Manufacture: in-‐‑situ, preformed, combined 5. Support during pile installation: no
support, temporary casing, permanent casing, drilling mud, soil concrete/grout
6. Enlarged base
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Driven Pre-‐‑formed Piles Probably the oldes pile installation method
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Driving of Concrete Piles
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Advantages of Driven Pile Installation
• Material of pile can be inspected before it goes into the ground
• Stable in "ʺsqueezing"ʺ ground • Low risk of damage by ground heave
when driving adjacent piles • Construction procedure unaffected by
ground water • Can be readily carried above ground level,
especially in marine structures • Can be driven in very long lengths
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• Hard driving may damage or break pile • Uneconomical if pile design governed by
handling/driving stresses rather than permanent loading
• Noise and vibration during driving • Displacement of soil during pile driving
Cannot be driven in very large diameters • End enlargements not always advantages • Cannot be driven in low headroom
conditions
Disadvantages of Driven Piles
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Aspects of Pile Installation
Driving methods: impact methods or vibratory driving
Driving components: pile shoes, jointing, splicing, pile helmets & packing
Driving aids: pre-‐‑blasting, pre-‐‑drilling, pre-‐‑driving, jeQing
Post treatment: re-‐‑driving, grouting
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Pile Driving Hammers
Vibratory hammers Electric vibrators Hydraulic vibrators
Impact hammers Air and steam hammers: single-‐‑acting hammers, double-‐‑acting hammers Diesel hammer Drop hammer Hydraulic hammer
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Diesel Hammer Hydraulic Hammer
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Pile Materials
Timber Concrete: reinforced and prestressed Steel: tubular, steel profiles, sheet piles Composite: steel – concrete -‐‑ timber
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Timber Concrete
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Steel Piles
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Manufacture of Pile
Cast in-‐‑situ: concrete Preformed: timber, steel, concrete Combined: concrete, steel etc. Jointed piles
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Cast in-‐‑situ Driven Pile
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Pre-‐‑formed Spun Piles
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Swedish Concrete Pile Joint
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Driving Aids
Pre-‐‑drilling: auger Pre-‐‑driving: vibrator or hammer JeTing: water and/or air Grouting: cement and/or bentonite Pre-‐‑blasting
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Pre-‐‑boring with Auger
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Grouted Driven Pile
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JeQing of Driven Piles
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Vibratory Driving Systems
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Significance of Vibration Frequency for Driving of Piles and Sheet Piles
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Why is Vibration Frequency of Importance
for Pile Driving?
• Driving efficiency: pile penetration is affected.
• Intensity of ground vibrations: emitted to surroundings.
• Pile capacity: change of stress conditions in soil.
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FV = Me ω2
Centrifugal Force, Fv
s =Me
mt
Displacement Amplitude, s
Me =ms eEccentric Moment, Me
ω = 2π f
Circular frequency, ω
Important Vibrator Parameters
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Electronic Monitoring and Control
Geophone
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0
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14:22:26 14:23:18 14:24:10 14:25:02
DEPTH, m
TIME, h:min:s
Depth m Depth m
Pile Penetration Depth
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14:22:26 14:23:18 14:24:10 14:25:02
PRESSURE, MPa
TIME, h:min:s
Frequency Hz Depth m
DEPTH, m
Variation of Frequency
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14:22:26 14:23:18 14:24:10 14:25:02
FREQUENCY, Hz PRESSURE, MPa
TIME, h:min:s
Pressure MPa Frequency Hz
Depth m
DEPTH, m
Variation of Hydraulic Pressure
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40
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30
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14:22:26 14:23:18 14:24:10 14:25:02
FREQUENCY, Hz VELOCITY, mm/s PRESSURE, MPa
TIME, h:min:s
Pressure MPa Frequency Hz
Depth m Geo z mm/s
DEPTH, m
Ground Response due to Frequency Variation
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0
5
10
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20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 VER
TICAL VIBRA
TION VEL
OCITY , m
m/s
VIBRATION FREQUENCY, Hz
Vertical
Penetration
Ground Vibrations during Vibratory Driving
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0
5
10
15
20
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 VER
TICAL VIBRA
TION VEL
OCITY , m
m/s
VIBRATION FREQUENCY, Hz
Vertical
RESO
NANCE
Ground Vibrations during Vibratory Driving
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0
5
10
15
20
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 HORIZO
NTA
L VIBRA
TION VEL
OCITY, m
m/s
VIBRATION FREQUENCY, Hz
Radial
Ground Vibrations during Vibratory Driving
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 HORIZO
NTA
L VIBRA
TION VEL
OCITY, m
m/s
VIBRATION FREQUENCY, Hz
Tangential
Ground Vibrations during Vibratory Driving
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F GEOPHONE
Toe resistance
Shaft resistance
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mS
kS dS
Calculation of Resonance Frequency of Pile Vibrated into a Soil Deposit
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Calculation of Resonance Frequency of Pile Vibrated into a Soil Deposit
mP
mS
kS
kT dT
dS
dM
kM
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mS
kS
kT dT
dS
dM
kM
Calculation of Resonance Frequency of Pile Vibrated into a Soil Deposit
mP
F(t)
uP (t)
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F(t)
uP (t)
Calculation of Resonance Frequency of Pile Vibrated into a Soil Deposit
mP
mS
kS
kT dT
dS
dM
kM
uS (t)
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FREQUENCY, Hz
DISPL
ACEM
ENT,
mm
Eccentric moment: me=10 kgm -‐‑ Shear wave speed: cS=225 m/s:
Resonance frequency
Absolute
Imaginary
Real
Resonance Frequency of Vibrating Pile
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Start-‐‑up of vibrator without vibrations to required speed
without vibrations
Resonance-‐‑free Vibratory Driving
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Gradual increase of vibration amplitude rotating lower row of
masses against upper row.
Resonance-‐‑free Vibratory Driving
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Maximum vibration amplitude of vibrator at largest eccentricity
Resonance-‐‑free Vibratory Driving
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Vibration-‐‑free Start-‐‑up of Vibrator
Sheet Pile Driving in Vibration-‐‑sensitive Area
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Sheet Pile Driving in Vibration-‐‑sensitive Area
Monitoring of ground vibrations by geophone Sheet pile driving with resonance-‐‑free, high frequency vibrator
Vibration-‐‑sensitive
embankment
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Sheet Pile Driving in Vibration-‐‑sensitive Area
Monitoring of ground vibrations by geophone Sheet pile driving with resonance-‐‑free, high frequency vibrator
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Summary and Conclusions
• Driven piles are in many cases a cost-effective foundation solution.
• Driving piles requires competent personnel and suitable equipment.
• Vibratory driving can be efficient in suitable ground conditions.
• By adjusting the operating parameters of modern vibrators, pile driving and ground compaction can be optimized.
• The performance of vibrators can be monitored and opitmized using different types of sensors.
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Thank You!
SWEDISH PILE DRIVING TECHNOLOGY