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i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

This guidebook belongs to:

Name: _____________________________

Address: ___________________________

Contact number: ____________________

Published by

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija

Copyright © 2017

Authors

Consulting Editor Constante T. Briones

Editorial Adviser

Sailila E. Abdula

PhilRice® Wilfredo B. Collado Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr Sandro D. Cañete

Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr

Managing Editor/Layout Artist

Bohol

This guidebook was funded by the project

“Sustainable Enterprise Information System

Solutions for PhilRice RD&E Operations ”

(ISD -005-002)

Bohol ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword……………………………………….. iv

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series………..…. 1

Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2

Soil Color Groups........................................... 5

Black/Dark Brown..…............................. 8

Grayish Brown/Brown......…................... 10

Dark Brown/Brown…….…...................... 11

Yellowish Brown/Brown.......................... 12

Reddish Brown/Brown............................ 14

Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 16

Soil Productivity …………………………......... 30

Crop Suitability Analysis.…............................ 32

Soil Management Recommendations............ 41

Appendices……………………………….……. 49

Steps to Identify Soil Series…….......... 50

Soil Sampling....................................... 50

Color Determination............................. 51

Texture Determination.......................... 52

pH Determination................................. 53

The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 54

Glossary………………………………………… 56

Soil Textural Classes………..….……... 58

References…………………………………….. 59

iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

Bohol iv

FOREWORD

This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was

developed for easier field identification of soils.

Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be

efficient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks

and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Bohol and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil prop-erties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommenda-tions. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the project “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for

soils identified in the field.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the

soils used in this guidebook.

SAILILA E. ABDULA

Acting Executive Director

The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a

different region.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil

management recommendations can be determined.

Thirteen soil series found in Bohol are included in this guidebook: Annam, Baluarte, Bantog, Batuan, Boli-nao, Calape, Candijay, Faraon, Inabanga, Lugo, Mandawe, Sevilla, and Ubay series.

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series

1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION

Bohol 2

1.Conduct preliminary interview on the historical

background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practic-es, natural occur-rences such as flood, erosion, and human ac-tivities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check

whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.

2 From a vacant area of

your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples

needed.

3 Soil samples should

be taken from a rec-ommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well-preserved and free from any kind of cultivation

(see page 50).


4 Know the color of the soil.

Color is one of the most important physical properties of the soil as indicative to se-ries recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inherent color which makes it different from the other series (see

page 51).

5 Identify the texture of

the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classification tool to determine clas-ses of soil (see page

52).

6 Determine the soil pH.

The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measure-ment corresponds to spe-cific soil series (see page

53).

Slickenside Mottles

7 Take note of other observable soil properties

such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides),

softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

Bohol 4

8 Take note of the presence or absence of coarse

fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from

surfaces up to 50-cm depth.

9 Use the Simplified Keys

to Soil Series Guidebook and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil

name is identified.

Mn/Fe concretions Quartz

Lateritic nodules Lateritic nodules


SOIL Color Groups

Mandawe Sevilla

Black/Dark Brown (go to pages 8-9)

Candijay

Calape Bantog

Grayish Brown/Brown (go to page 10)

Bohol 6

SOIL Color Groups

Faraon

Annam

Dark Brown/Brown (go to page 11)

Baluarte

Yellowish Brown/Brown (go to pages 12–13)

Ubay Inabanga

Reddish Brown/Brown (go to pages 14-15)

Lugo

Batuan

Bolinao

SOIL Color Groups


Bohol 8

Black/Dark Brown

Candijay (figure on page 23)

Coarse fragments Few black-coated and com-mon soft weathered gravels

pH 6.7-6.8

Other features Mn and Fe concretions; hard and brittle on drying

Texture: Clay

Mandawe (figure on page 27)

Coarse fragments Soft powdery red and black concretions

pH 5.5-8.0

Other features Compact; hard and cracks when dry; Fe and Mn mottles

Texture: Clay/Clay loam


Black/Dark Brown

Sevilla (figure on page 28)

Coarse fragments Limestone gravels and cobblestones of calcareous materials

pH 6.0-7.0

Other features Slightly compact


Bohol 10

Grayish Brown/Brown

Bantog (figure on page 19)

Coarse fragments Few soft powdery black Manganese (Mn) concretion

pH 5.6-7.5

Other features

Red and black streaks; smooth, slickensides; compact; surface cracking during dry periods

Texture: Clay

Calape (figure on page 22)

Coarse fragments Soft powdery fragments sometimes present

pH 5.2-7.8

Other features Dotty red and gray spot mottles; slickensides

Texture: Clay/Clay loam/Sandy loam/Silty clay


Dark Brown/Brown

Baluarte (figure on page 18)

Coarse fragments Soft powdery fragments

pH 7.0-7.2

Other features Compact; becomes hard on drying; common orange mottles and few gray cutans

Texture: Clay loam

Faraon (figure on page 24)

Coarse fragments Limestone (grayish-white rock)

pH 6.5-8.0

Other features

Grayish to white porous coralline limestone rock, which is soft and easily broken

Texture: Clay

Bohol 12

Annam (figure on page 17)

Coarse fragments

Partially and highly weathered rock fragments; gravels; yellowish brown Iron (Fe) and Mn concretions

pH 4.0-6.5

Other features Fe mottles; outcrops of igneous rocks

Texture: Clay/Clay loam/Silt loam

Yellowish Brown/Brown

Inabanga (figure on page 25)

Coarse fragments Gravels; Fe concretions; many very fine quartz

pH 5.0-6.7

Other features Thick continuous grayish cutans; reddish mottles

Texture: Gravelly clay/Silty clay


Yellowish Brown/Brown

Ubay (figure on page 29)

Coarse fragments Mn and soft Fe concretions; few fine (<1cm) rounded fresh and weathered gravel

pH 5.2-6.2

Other features Dotty Fe and Mn mottles

Texture: Clay/Clay loam/Silty clay/Sandy clay

Bohol 14

Batuan (figure on page 20)

Coarse fragments Buckshot-like concretions on the surface soil

pH 4.5-7.0

Other features

Smooth shiny surfaces; beneath (~0.6 m) is a yellowish-brown weakly calcareous sandstone and shale

Texture: Clay/Silty clay loam

Reddish Brown/Brown

Bolinao (figure on page 21)

Coarse fragments Highly weathered limestone rocks; black nodules

pH 6.0-7.5

Other features Red spot mottles; slicken-sides; beneath (~0.3 m) is coralline limestone rocks



Reddish Brown/Brown

Lugo (figure on page 26)

Coarse fragments Calcareous gravels; soft powdery red and black concretions

pH 4.5-5.5

Other features Red and black spot mottles; beneath (~0.7 m) is a cal-careous shale

Texture: Clay

Bohol 16

SOIL Profile and Characteristics


Annam

Physical Soil Qualities

Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous

Water retention High

Drainage Moderate to good

Permeability Moderate

Workability/tilth Moderate

Stoniness Occasional amount of gravels and concretions

Root depth Deep (>1m)

Erosion Severe

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay Area: 34,364.84 ha

Family: Fine-clayey, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustox

This soil has a fine-clayey texture with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a typical representative of the great group Haplustox which exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (Hapl-) and is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic). It is an Oxisol (-ox), which is an intensely weathered

soil predominated by oxides from iron and aluminum due to repeat-ed high precipitation and high temperature.

00 cm

18

52

74

Ap

94

Bw2

BC1

BC2

Bw1

Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Acid (4.2-6.2)

Organic matter Low to moderate

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC)

Moderate

Base saturation Low to moderate

Salinity hazard None

Bohol 18


Inherent fertility Moderate

Soil pH Near neutral (7.0-7.2)

Organic matter Moderate

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low


Moderate

Base saturation High


Baluarte


Relief Slightly undulating to flat


Drainage Moderate


Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness None

Root depth Moderate to deep (≤1m)

Erosion None

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 622.14 ha

Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Vertic Epiaquepts

Fine-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) and isohy-perthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is in the incipient develop-ment stage toward mature soil but has not fully developed its diagnos-tic horizons (Inceptisol, -ept). It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This is a representative of the great group Epiaquepts that is dominated by clays that shrink and swell, producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying (vertic).

00 cm

24

47

80

Apg

Btg1

Btg2


Inherent fertility Moderate to high

Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)


Phosphorus (P) Moderate

Potassium (K) Low to moderate


High


Salinity hazard Low

Bantog


Relief Undulating to rolling


Drainage Poor

Permeability Slow

Workability/tilth Hard

Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (>1m)

Erosion None

Flooding None to seasonal


Family: Very fine, clayey, isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplusterts

A very fine-textured soil with high clay content (>60%). It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This is a representative of the great group Haplusterts that is domi-nated by clays that shrink and swell (Vertic). It has minimum com-plexity in its horizonation (hapl-) and can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic). This soil belongs to the order Vertisol (-ert) characterized by deep wide cracks, slicken-sides, very sticky when wet, and compact when dry.


00 cm

13

24

42

Ap

69

Bwg1

Bwg2

Bwg3

Bwg4

Batuan


Relief Undulating to flat


Drainage Moderate

Permeability Slow to moderate

Workability/tilth Easy to moderate

Stoniness Common sandstone (>35%)

Root depth Shallow (0.4m)

Erosion Moderate

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam Area: 5,152.42 ha

Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Aquic Calciudolls

Soil derived from underlying calcareous shales and sandstones. It is a fine-textured soil with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). It is a representative of the great group Calciudolls, that is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aquic), with high amount of calcium in the subsoil (Calci-), and is found in the areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is a Mollisol (-olls), from the Latin word, mollis meaning soft and dark-colored soils which are formed


Inherent fertility Low to moderate

Soil pH Strongly acid (4.5-5.0)


Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Moderate


Moderate

Base saturation Moderate


Bohol 20

00 cm

30

50

80




Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low to moderate

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) High



Bolinao


Family: Very fine, clayey, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs

A very fine clayey-textured soil with more than 65% clay developed from hard coralline limestone rock. It has a mean annual soil tempera-ture of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). It is a typical representa-tive of the great group Hapludalfs which exhibits minimum complexity on its horizonation (Hapl-) and is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is an old soil that exhibits illuvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil from the underlying horizons, and has retained high base status (-alf, Alfisol).


Relief Slightly rolling to hilly


Drainage Good



Stoniness Gravels and limestone rocks; concretions

Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1m)

Erosion Moderate


00 cm

13

35

Ap

C

Bt

Calape

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 4,910.28 ha

Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrudepts

Fine-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) and composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully devel-oped its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is a typical rep-resentative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Undulating to flat


Drainage Moderate



Stoniness None

Root depth Moderate (~0.7m)

Erosion None

Flooding None



Soil pH Moderately acid to slightly alkaline (5.5-8.0)





Moderate



Bohol 22

00 cm

13

17

41

Ap

Btg1

Btg2

BC





Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) High


Moderate



Candijay


Relief Flat to slightly undulating

Water retention Moderate

Drainage Moderate



Stoniness Small amount of gravels

Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1m

Erosion None

Flooding None



Fine-textured soil with 65% clay composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, In-ceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annu-al soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

21

41

62

Ap

Bw1

Bw2

BC


Inherent fertility High








Faraon


Relief Hilly to steep


Drainage Moderate to good


Workability/tilth Moderate to hard

Stoniness Common to many coralline limestone


Erosion Moderate to severe


Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Lithic Rendolls

A fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay, developed from the weathering of highly calcareous parent materials (Rendolls), which are usually grayish but become orange to dark yellowish gray upon weathering. It is a dark-colored soil with high organic matter content and high base status (-oll, mollisol). Limestone fragments are found in the shallow horizon (Lithic). It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C

Bohol 24

00 cm

9

25

A

Bw

BC


Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Slightly acid (6.6-6.7)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low



Inabanga


Relief Rolling to hilly


Drainage Good

Permeability Moderate to slow

Workability/tilth Moderate to hard

Stoniness Fine quartz and gravels

Root depth Moderate (0.8m)

Erosion Slight

Flooding None



Fine-textured soil with 65% clay composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, In-ceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annu-al soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

19

45

76

Ap

Btg1

Btg2

BC

Bohol 26





Phosphorus (P) Low




Salinity hazard Low

Lugo




Drainage Poor

Permeability Rapid

Workability/tilth Hard to moderate

Stoniness None


Erosion Severe

Flooding None



A fine-textured soil with less than 60% clay and no particular mineral dominates (mixed), developed from calcareous shale. It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high

base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is a young soil in its incipient development

stage toward a mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diag-nostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol).

00 cm

20

30

50

110


Inherent fertility High

Soil pH Slightly alkaline (7.5-8.0)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low



Salinity hazard Low


Relief Level


Drainage Moderate



Stoniness Occasional amount of gravels


Erosion None

Flooding Occasional

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 58.54 ha

Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts

It is a fine loamy-textured soil (18 – 35% clay) and no particular miner-al dominates (mixed). It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). It is a young soil in its incipient develop-ment stage toward a mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diag-nostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is developed from recent alluvial deposits of fine soil material from surrounding uplands with high base saturation greater than 50% (Eutr-). This soil is subject to frequent flooding (Fluvaquentic ) and is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust,Ustic).


Mandawe

00 cm

10

29

56

85

Bohol 28







Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate






Drainage Moderate


Workability/tilth Hard

Stoniness Limestone gravels

Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1.0m)

Erosion Severe

Flooding None



Fine-textured soil with 65% clay composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

Sevilla

00 cm

26

47

Ap

BC1

BC2







Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate




Relief Undulating to rolling and steep

Water retention Poor

Drainage Good



Stoniness Few gravels and shales


Erosion Slight

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam/Sandy loam Area: 142,470.03 ha


Fine-textured soil with 18-35% clay composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Ubay

00 cm

23

40

Apg

BC

C

Bohol 30

Soil productivity is the quality that summarizes soil potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and phys-ical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of in-puts of production factors required to correct soil limi-tation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield; potential refers to its capacity to produce yield after correctible soil con-straints had been remedied. In economics, the pre-dicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is comput-ed by multiplying the potential index by the MPY. For instance, MPY in the dry season is 8 tons/ha, and inherent and potential productivity ratings for Annam series are 0.74 and 0.84, respectively. The predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Annam soils are then 5.92 and 6.72 tons/ha.

SOIL Productivity


Soil Series Inherent

Productivity Potential

Productivity

Annam 0.74 0.84

Baluarte 0.47 0.65

Bantog 0.58 0.71

Batuan 0.53 0.63

Bolinao 0.58 0.68

Calape 0.75 0.85

Candijay 0.81 0.89

Faraon 0.53 0.63

Inabanga 0.63 0.73

Lugo 0.60 0.70

Mandawe 0.49 0.62

Sevilla 0.73 0.83

Ubay 0.53 0.63

Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.

Bohol 32

Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chemi-cal properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as depth, texture, slope, drainage, erosion, flood-ing, and fertility. Based on these soil properties, the suita-bility of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to grow different crops. They imply what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicat-ed by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either cur-rently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limita-tions cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable; less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25

CROP

Suitability Analysis


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Bohol 34

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S2cw

sf

S2ctf

S

3ctw

sf

Ric

e Irr

iga

ted

Lo

wla

nd

N

2

N2

N

2

S2sft

N

1sft

N

2

Ric

e R

ain

fed

Up

lan

d

S2ctw

s

S2ctw

s

S2ctw

s

S2cw

sf

S2ctf

S

3ctw

sf

Ric

e R

ain

fed

Lo

wla

nd

N

1ctw

s

S2ctw

s

S3ctw

s

S2cw

sf

S2ctw

sf

S3ctw

sf

Co

co

nu

t S

2tw

sf

S2tw

s

S2ts

S

2w

f S

2t

S2tw

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2b

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f B

oh

ol.


Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

An

na

m

Ba

lua

rte

Ba

nto

g

Ba

tuan

B

olin

ao

C

ala

pe

Ca

nd

ija

y

Ba

na

na

S2

tf

S2

f S

3tw

f S

2sf

S2

tf

S2

sf

S2

f

Ma

ize

S

2ctf

S2

csf

S2

ctw

f N

1csf

S3

ctw

sf

S2

cw

sf

S2

csf

Pin

ea

pp

le

S3

ctw

f S

3csf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

csf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

cf

S3

csf

Ca

ssava

S2

ctf

S2

cw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

N1cw

sf

S2

cts

f S

2cw

sf

S2

cw

s

Ma

ng

o

S3

ctw

f S

3cf

S2

ctw

f S

3csf

S2

ctf

S3

csf

S3

cf

Cam

ote

S

2ctw

f S

3cf

S3

ctw

f S

2csf

S2

ctw

f S

3csf

S2

cf

Ta

ble

2b

. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n)

Bohol 36

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Fa

rao

n

Ina

ba

ng

a

Lu

go

M

an

da

we

Se

vil

la

Ub

ay

Ba

na

na

S3ts

f S

3ts

f S

2ts

S

2w

f S

2tf

S3ts

f

Ma

ize

N

1cts

f S

2cts

f S

2ctw

s

S2cw

sf

S2ctw

s

S3cts

f

Pin

ea

pp

le

S3ctw

sf

S3ctw

s

S3ctw

sf

S2cw

f S

3cts

f S

3ctw

sf

Ca

ssava

N1cts

f S

3cts

f S

2cts

f S

2cw

sf

S3ctw

sf

S3cts

f

Ma

ng

o

S3cts

f S

3cts

f S

3ctw

s

S2cw

f S

2ct

S3ctw

sf

Cam

ote

S

2cts

S

3ctw

sf

S2ctw

s

S2cw

f S

2ctf

S

3cts

f

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2c. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f B

oh

ol.


Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

An

na

m

Ba

lua

rte

Ba

nto

g

Ba

tuan

B

olin

ao

C

ala

pe

Ca

nd

ija

y

To

ma

to

S2

cts

f S

3csf

S3

ctw

sf

N1csf

S2

ctw

s

S3

csf

S3

csf

Pa

pa

ya

S

2ctf

S2

cw

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

cw

sf

S2

cts

f S

2cw

f S

3cts

f

Ca

bb

age

S3

ctw

S

2cf

S3

ctw

f N

1cts

f S

3ctw

f S

2cf

S2

cf

On

ion

N

2

N2

N

2

N2

N

2

N2

N

2

Po

tato

S

3cts

f S

2cf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

csf

S3

cts

S

2cf

S3

csf

Bohol 38

Ta

ble

2c. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n)

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Fa

rao

n

Ina

ba

ng

a

Lu

go

M

an

da

we

Se

vil

la

Ub

ay

To

ma

to

N1cw

s

S2cts

S

3ctw

sf

S2cw

sf

S2cts

f S

3ctw

sf

Pa

pa

ya

S

3ctw

s

S2cts

S

2ctw

s

S3cw

f S

2ct

S3cts

f

Ca

bb

age

S2ctw

s

N1cts

f S

3ctw

s

S2cw

f S

2ct

S3ctw

sf

On

ion

N

2

N2

N

2

N2

N

2

N2

Po

tato

S

3cts

f S

3cts

S

3cts

S

3cw

sf

S2ctf

S

3ctf

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2d

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f B

oh

ol.


Oth

er

Ag

ric

ult

ura

l C

om

mo

dit

y

SO

IL S

ER

IES

An

na

m

Ba

lua

rte

Ba

nto

g

Ba

tuan

B

olin

ao

C

ala

pe

Ca

nd

ija

y

Be

an

s

S2

ctw

S

3cf

S3

ctw

f S

3csf

S3

ctw

f S

3csf

S3

cf

Pe

an

ut

S2

twf

S2

wf

S2

twsf

S3

sf

S2

twf

S2

sf

S2

sf

So

rghum

S

2ctw

S

3cf

S2

ctw

S

2cs

S2

ctw

f S

2cf

S3

cf

To

ba

cco

S3

ctw

sf

S3

csf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

csf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

csf

S3

csf

Wa

term

elo

n

S3

ctw

sf

S2

csf

S3

ctw

sf

N2

S

2ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

3cts

f

Bohol 40

Ta

ble

2d

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f B

oh

ol.

Oth

er

Ag

ric

ult

ura

l

C

om

mo

dit

y

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Fa

rao

n

Ina

ba

ng

a

Lu

go

M

an

da

we

Se

vil

la

Ub

ay

Be

an

s

S3ctw

sf

S2

ctw

s

S3ctw

s

S3cw

f S

2ctf

S

3ctw

sf

Pe

an

ut

S2tw

sf

S3

twsf

S2tw

s

S2w

f S

2ts

S

3tw

sf

So

rghum

S

2ctw

s

S2

ctw

s

S2ctw

S

2cw

S

2ct

S3ctw

f

To

ba

cco

S3ctw

sf

S3ctw

sf

S3ctw

sf

S3cw

sf

S3cts

f S

3ctw

sf

Wa

term

elo

n

N2

S

2ctw

cf

S2ctw

s

S3cw

sf

S2cts

f S

3ctw

sf

Soil management aims to protect the soil and en-hance its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the combi-nation of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified are enumerated in the succeeding pag-es. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of the soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, nutrient availability, and crop production.


Recommendations SOIL Management

Bohol 42

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s.

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

An

na

m

Alu

min

um

(A

l) a

nd I

ron

(Fe)

toxic

ity (

acid

ic s

oil)

; ru

n-o

ff; slo

pin

g top

ogra

-phy c

ause

s e

xce

ssiv

e

ero

sio

n

Not suitab

le f

or

irrigat-

ed low

land r

ice b

ut

modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r up

land r

ice

; fe

rtili

-zatio

n

Gre

en m

anuri

ng;

limin

g;

larg

e initia

l app

licatio

n o

f pho

s-

phate

fert

ilizers

; suita-

ble

for

div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps;

str

ip c

ropp

ing

Lim

ing; co

nto

ur

terr

acin

g; b

uff

er

str

ip c

rop

pin

g;

add

itio

n o

f or-

ga

nic

matter

and

anim

al m

anure

to

im

pro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

and

wate

r-h

old

ing c

apacity

Modera

tely

suita

ble

for

coco

nut a

nd f

ruit tre

es

like p

apa

ya,

mango,

avocado a

nd b

ana

na;

up

land a

nd h

illy la

nd is

well-

suited f

or

ag

ro-

fore

st, ind

ustr

ial cro

ps,

orc

hard

and

fore

st;

pra

ctice p

rope

r fe

rtili

za-

tio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/sorg

hum

/vegeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Ba

lua

rte

Low

ava

ilab

le P

ota

ssi-

um

(K

); e

xhib

its h

igh

shrink a

nd s

we

ll capaci-

ty u

po

n w

ett

ing a

nd

dry

ing, p

rod

ucin

g w

ide

cra

cks in t

he s

oil;

ha

rd

whe

n d

ry

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r irrig

ate

d a

nd r

ain

-fe

d r

ice;

adeq

uate

K

fert

ilizatio

n; m

ain

tain

pro

pe

rly p

ad

dy d

ike

s

to a

vo

id c

rackin

g;

pra

ctice s

ha

llow

culti-

vatio

n w

he

n s

oil

mois

-tu

re is a

t optim

um

Suited

for

div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps s

uch a

s c

orn

, cabbage

, pea

nut,

sug

arc

ane, w

he

at a

nd

wate

rmelo

n; fe

rtili

za-

tio

n

Modera

tely

suit-

able

for

root

cro

ps; fe

rtili

za-

tio

n

Hig

hly

suitab

le f

or

coco-

nut; m

odera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r fr

uit-b

eari

ng t

ree

s

like a

vocado,

ba

na

na,

citru

s a

nd

pap

aya; fe

rtili

-zatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s, ro

ot cro

ps

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s (

co

ntin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Se

ries

Lim

itati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree

/Fo

res

t/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ba

nto

g

Rolli

ng t

opog

rap

hy; po

or

dra

inag

e;

hig

h s

hri

nk

and s

we

ll cap

acity u

po

n

wettin

g a

nd d

ryin

g, pro

-ducin

g w

ide c

racks in

the s

oil;

ha

rd w

he

n d

ry;

sea

so

na

l flo

od

ing in low

are

as;

slo

w p

erm

eab

ility

Pra

ctice

sha

llow

culti-

vatio

n w

he

n s

oil

mois

-tu

re is a

t optim

um

; suite

d f

or

rain

fed u

p-

land/low

land r

ice;

use

of

bro

adbe

ds, ridg

es

or

furr

ow

s a

nd m

ulc

h-

ing;

app

licatio

n o

f org

anic

matte

r a

nd

farm

manure

Constr

uctio

n o

f ade-

quate

dra

ina

ge,

irriga-

tio

n a

nd f

lood c

ontr

ol

syste

ms d

ue to s

ea

so

n-

al flo

od

ing h

aza

rd in low

are

as;

use o

f bro

ad-

bed

s, rid

ge

s o

r fu

rrow

s

and m

ulc

hin

g; a

pp

lica-

tio

n o

f org

anic

matte

r and f

arm

manure

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adeq

uate

dra

inag

e a

nd

irrigatio

n

syste

ms;

app

licatio

n o

f org

anic

mat-

ter

and f

arm

m

anure

Unsuitab

le u

nder

pre

se

nt

cond

itio

n b

ut w

ill b

ecom

e

suita

ble

if

pro

pe

r m

an-

agem

ent pra

ctice

s lik

e

esta

blis

hm

ent of

ade-

quate

dra

ina

ge a

nd f

loo

d

contr

ol syste

ms; p

lant

suita

ble

tre

e s

pecie

s

such a

s m

ango,

ba

na

na,

citru

s a

nd

pap

aya; a

nd

pro

pe

r fe

rtili

za

tio

n.

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/v

eg

eta

ble

s

Ba

tua

n

P d

eficie

ncy;

sha

llow

so

il lim

itin

g p

rod

uctivity

of

sha

llow

-roote

d c

rop

s;

modera

te s

oil

ero

sio

n

hazard

; acid

ic

Modera

tely

suita

ble

for

rain

fed u

pla

nd/low

land

rice

; ade

quate

and

bala

nced N

PK

fert

iliza-

tio

n; te

rracin

g o

r co

n-

str

uctio

n o

f bund

s;

limin

g;

use o

f hig

h-

yie

ldin

g v

arie

tie

s

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

ba

l-anced N

PK

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

limin

g a

nd a

dd

itio

n o

f org

anic

matte

r; u

se o

f hig

h-y

ield

ing v

arie

tie

s

Pro

ductio

n

can b

e lim

ited

due to

sha

l-lo

w r

ooting

depth

of

the

so

il; c

onto

ur

farm

ing/

terr

acin

g

Pla

nt

sha

llow

-roote

d

tree

s; m

ode

rate

ly s

uita-

ble

for

fru

it t

ree

s lik

e

coco

nut a

nd b

ana

na

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps; p

lanta

tio

n c

rop

s


Ta

ble

3. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Bo

lina

o

Rolli

ng t

opog

rap

hy in

som

e a

rea

s w

hic

h c

aus-

es r

isk o

f ero

sio

n;

sha

l-lo

w r

ooting

depth

; lo

w

ava

ilab

le P

, K

and

or-

ga

nic

matter

Suitab

le f

or

rain

fed

up

land r

ice b

ut

nee

ds

terr

acin

g a

nd

use o

f lim

esto

ne o

utc

rop

s f

or

rein

forc

ing d

ike

s;

app

licatio

n o

f P

,K

fert

ilizers

; a

dd

itio

n o

f org

anic

matte

r

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

pro

pe

r fe

rtili

za

tio

n;

pro

pe

r tim

ing

of

culti-

vatio

n a

nd p

lanting;

add

itio

n o

f org

anic

m

atter

and a

nim

al

manure

to im

pro

ve

so

il fe

rtili

ty a

nd

app

licatio

n

of

P&

K fert

ilize

rs

Conto

ur

terr

ac-

ing;

use o

f co

ver

cro

ps lik

e Ip

il-ip

il fo

r so

il re

hab

ilita

-tio

n a

nd s

ourc

e

of

fire

wood a

t th

e s

am

e t

ime;

add

itio

n o

f or-

ga

nic

matter

Can b

e p

lante

d t

o f

ruit

tree

s p

rovid

ed

w

ith

pro

pe

r fe

rtili

za

tio

n a

nd

use

of

loca

lly a

dapte

d

tree s

pecie

s;

suite

d f

or

ba

na

na

, citru

s, coco

nut,

mango a

nd p

apa

ya

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s; rice

-veg

eta

ble

s;

root cro

ps

Cala

pe

Hard

and c

racks e

asily

on d

ryin

g, m

akin

g t

illage

difficult

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r irrig

ate

d a

nd r

ain

-fe

d r

ice; m

ain

tain

pro

pe

rly p

ad

dy d

ike

s;

adeq

ua

te irr

igatio

n

duri

ng d

ry s

ea

so

n to

pre

ve

nt

the s

oil

from

cra

ckin

g; p

ractice

sha

llow

cultiv

atio

n

whe

n s

oil

mois

ture

is

at optim

um

Modera

tely

suita

ble

for

corn

, so

rghum

, w

he

at,

sug

arc

ane, p

ea

nut

and c

ab

bage;

ade

-quate

irr

igatio

n d

uring

dry

sea

so

n

Suited

for

root

cro

ps s

uch a

s

pota

to a

nd c

as-

sa

va

; ade

quate

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

ob-

se

rve t

imin

g o

f pla

nting

Hig

hly

suitab

le f

or

co

-conut; c

an b

e p

lante

d

to f

ruit t

ree

s p

rovid

ed

with p

rop

er

fert

ilizatio

n

and u

se o

f lo

ca

lly

adapte

d tre

e s

pecie

s

ba

na

na

and p

apa

ya

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps

Bohol 44

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s (

co

ntin

ua

tio

n).


So

il

Se

ries

Lim

itati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree

/Fo

res

t/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ca

nd

ijay

Low

ava

ilab

le P

; pre

se

nce

of

few

gra

ve

ls,

ha

rd a

nd

britt

le o

n d

ryin

g, m

akin

g

tilla

ge d

ifficult

Modera

tely

suita

-ble

for

irrigate

d a

nd

rain

fed r

ice; p

rope

r fe

rtili

zatio

n;

pro

vid

e

adeq

ua

te irr

igatio

n

duri

ng d

ry s

ea

so

n

Suited

for

corn

, pea

nut,

sug

arc

ane a

nd w

hea

t;

pro

pe

r fe

rtili

za

tio

n

Modera

tely

suita

-ble

for

cam

ote

and

cassa

va; p

rope

r fe

rtili

zatio

n

Slig

htly u

nd

ula

ting

are

as a

re h

ighly

suita

ble

for

coco

-nut; s

uite

d f

or

ba-

na

na

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps

Fa

raon

Sha

llow

so

il depth

; ste

ep

topogra

phy c

ausin

g s

oil

ero

sio

n;

pre

se

nce o

f ro

ck

fragm

ents

Suited

for

rain

fed

up

land r

ice; co

n-

str

uctio

n o

f bund

s

for

up

land o

r te

r-ra

cin

g

Conto

ur

farm

ing;

shal-

low

cultiv

atio

n; fe

rtili

za-

tio

n; m

inim

um

till

ag

e to

lesse

n e

rosio

n r

ate

s;

modera

tely

suita

ble

for

sha

llow

-roote

d c

rop

s

like p

ea

nut,

sug

arc

ane

and s

org

hum

Modera

tely

suita

-ble

for

root cro

ps

due to s

ha

llow

ro

oting d

epth

; m

inim

um

till

age to

lesse

n e

rosio

n

rate

s

Not suited f

or

mo

st

fruit tre

es d

ue to

sha

llow

so

il depth

and s

tee

p top

ogra

-phy

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/v

eg

eta

ble

s

Ta

ble

3. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Ina

ba

ng

a

Low

fert

ility

; ro

lling to

-pogra

phy; ri

sk o

f ero

-sio

n

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r ra

infe

d u

pla

nd/

low

land r

ice;

app

li-catio

n o

f fe

rtili

zer;

pra

ctice s

oil

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

ea

sure

s

like c

onto

uring,

terr

acin

g a

nd

min

i-m

um

till

ag

e

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r corn

, sorg

hum

, sug

arc

ane, to

mato

; app

licatio

n o

f fe

rtili

zer;

pra

ctice s

oil

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

ea

sure

s lik

e

conto

uri

ng, te

rracin

g

and m

inim

um

till

ag

e;

tim

ing o

f pla

nting

Marg

inally

suited f

or

root cro

ps d

ue to

pre

se

nce o

f gra

ve

ls

and m

odera

te s

oil

depth

; app

licatio

n o

f fe

rtili

zer;

pra

ctice s

oil

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s lik

e c

on-

touri

ng a

nd t

err

acin

g;

tim

ing o

f pla

nting

Modera

tely

suite

d

for

coco

nut a

nd

papa

ya;

app

licatio

n

of

fert

ilizer;

pra

ctice

so

il e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s lik

e c

on-

touri

ng a

nd t

err

ac-

ing

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Lu

go

Hill

y top

ogra

phy; P

defi-

cie

ncy;

difficult t

o t

ill d

ue

to f

orm

atio

n o

f ha

rd

clo

ds;

se

vere

so

il ero

-sio

n t

hat

dep

lete

s t

he

more

fert

ile t

op

so

il

P f

ert

iliza

tio

n; O

M

inco

rpo

ratio

n t

o

impro

ve t

ilth; te

rrac-

ing

P f

ert

iliza

tio

n; a

de-

quate

irr

igatio

n; O

M

inco

rpo

ratio

n t

o im

-pro

ve t

ilth; ero

sio

n

pre

ve

ntio

n m

ea

sure

s

e.g

. co

nto

ur

terr

acin

g/

farm

ing

Slig

htly s

uitab

le d

ue

to f

orm

atio

n o

f ha

rd

clo

ds t

hat m

ay im

-pede g

row

th o

f ro

ot

cro

ps; p

rope

r t

illage

and O

M incorp

ora

-tio

n; ade

quate

fert

ili-

zatio

n

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r fr

uit tre

es lik

e

ba

na

na

, coco

nut

and p

apa

ya;

pla

nt-

ing o

f sha

llow

-ro

ote

d p

erm

ane

nt

cro

ps a

nd tre

es to

resto

re s

oil

fert

ility

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/v

eg

eta

ble

s/r

oo

t cro

ps

Bohol 46

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s (

co

ntin

ua

tio

n).


So

il

Se

ries

Lim

itati

on

for

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree

/Fo

res

t/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ma

nd

aw

e

Low

ava

ilab

le K

; occa-

sio

na

l flood

ing

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r rice;

ob

se

rve

adeq

ua

te d

rain

ag

e

and f

loo

d c

ontr

ol

syste

ms; p

lant flood

-to

lera

nt

varietie

s o

r cro

ps; fe

rtili

zatio

n

Adeq

uate

dra

inage a

nd

flood c

ontr

ol syste

ms;

use

of

hig

h b

roa

d b

ed

s,

ridg

es

Adeq

uate

dra

inag

e a

nd

flood c

ontr

ol

syste

ms;

use

of

hig

h b

roa

d

bed

s, rid

ge

s

Adeq

uate

dra

inage

and f

loo

d c

ontr

ol sys-

tem

s;

suite

d f

or

fruit

tree

s lik

e b

ana

na,

coco

nut a

nd m

ango

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-ric

e;

rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot

cro

ps

Se

vill

a

Rolli

ng t

opog

rap

hy;

se

ve

re e

rosio

n;

difficult

to c

ultiv

ate

due t

o p

res-

ence o

f gra

ve

ls a

nd

ha

rd s

oil

surf

ace

Suited

for

rain

fed

up

land/low

land r

ice

; pra

ctice s

ha

llow

cultiv

atio

n w

he

n s

oil

mois

ture

is a

t op

ti-

mum

; co

nstr

uctio

n o

f bund

s f

or

up

land o

r te

rracin

g;

Pra

ctice

co

nto

ur

and s

trip

fa

rmin

g t

o m

inim

ize r

unoff

; use

of

cover

cro

ps to p

re-

ve

nt ri

sks o

f ero

sio

n

Modera

tely

suite

d f

or

roo

t cro

ps; p

rac-

tice c

onto

ur

plo

win

g a

nd

m

inim

um

tilla

ge to p

re-

ve

nt

so

il ero

-sio

n

Suited

for

fruit t

ree

s

like b

ana

na, coco

nut,

mango a

nd p

apa

ya;

pla

nting o

f pe

rmane

nt

cro

ps a

s s

oil

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

ea

sure

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps

Bohol 48

Ta

ble

3. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Uba

y

Und

ula

ting t

o r

olli

ng a

nd

ste

ep to

pogra

phy;

poor

wate

r-ho

ldin

g c

apacity;

sha

llow

rooting d

epth

; risk o

f so

il ero

sio

n

Not suited f

or

irrigat-

ed low

land r

ice b

ut

marg

inally

suitab

le

for

rain

fed low

land/

up

land r

ice; pra

ctice

so

il e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s lik

e c

on-

touri

ng,

terr

acin

g

and m

inim

um

till

ag

e

Marg

inally

suitab

le f

or

div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s d

ue

to s

ha

llow

rooting

depth

, pre

se

nce o

f gra

ve

ls, to

pog

rap

hy

with e

xce

ssiv

e e

xte

r-na

l dra

inage;

pra

ctice

so

il e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s lik

e c

on-

touri

ng,

terr

acin

g a

nd

min

imum

till

age;

adeq

ua

te irr

igatio

n

syste

m d

uring d

ry

sea

so

n

Marg

inally

suited f

or

root cro

ps d

ue to

sha

llow

rooting

depth

, pre

se

nce o

f gra

ve

ls a

nd to

pogra

-phy; pra

ctice s

oil

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s lik

e c

on-

touri

ng,

terr

acin

g

and m

inim

um

till

ag

e;

adeq

ua

te irr

igatio

n

syste

m d

uring d

ry

sea

so

n

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r coco

nut; p

ractice

so

il e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: C

oco

nut-

div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Appendices


APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

1 Soil sampling

Bohol 50

1.Choose a vacant area

in your field. Use a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.

3 Get a bulk of soil

(0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50-centimeter depth and place it in a con-tainer. This sample will be used in soil series identification.

2 Depth of the soil is im-

portant. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.

50 cm

2 Color determination


1.Soil color is an indirect

measure of other character-istics such as drainage, aer-ation, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indi-cates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.

2 Get an ample amount

of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Record the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.

3.Compare the color of the

soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifica-tion of the color.

3 Texture determination

Bohol 52

N

N N

Y Y Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.

Add dry soil to absorb water.

Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?

Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand

Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.

Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand

Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?

Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?

Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?

Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.

Does soil feel very gritty?

Does soil feel very smooth?

Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates

Sandy loam

Loam

Silt loam




Clay loam

Sandy clay

loam

Silty

clay loam




Sandy clay

Clay

Silty clay

Y

Y

Y

N N

N

4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure


1.Get soil sample from

30 to 50-centimeter depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

2.Add seven drops of

CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

3.If pH is six or great-

er, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).

4.Match the color of

the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.

APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM

Bohol 54

The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weak-nesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input use efficiency, and profit with environmen-tal concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

No high and low soil spots after final level-ing. 2 Practiced synchro-nous planting after a fallow period. 3

1 Used high-quality seeds of a recom-mended variety.


Sufficient number of healthy seedlings. 4 Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early pani-cle initiation and flowering. 5 Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop.

6

No significant yield

loss due to pests. 7 Cut and threshed the crop at the right time. 8

Glossary Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and

Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.

Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.

Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than

very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. They influence the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. They also reflect the origin and stage of development of the soil.

Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.

Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.

Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.

Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.

The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as

discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or

the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.

Pebble – small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.

Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.

Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.

Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.

Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Rooting depth – the ability of the plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.

Bohol 56

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid

Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.

Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.

Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.

Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.

Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.

Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.

Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.

Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.

Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permit one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.

Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.

Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.

Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.

Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.

Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.

Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually

fused together by heat.

Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regard to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.

Glossary


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity

Soil textural classes

Sand (S) - gritty Silt (Si) - smooth and floury Clay (C) - sticky Loam (L) - equal proportion of S, Si and C Sandy loam (SL) - presence of S, Si and C; but grittiness predominates Loamy sand (LS) - distinctively gritty with slight smoothness and sticki-

ness Silt loam (SiL) - presence of S, Si and C; but smoothness predominates Clay loam (CL) - presence of S, Si and C; but stickiness predominates Sandy clay loam (SCL) - presence of S, Si, and C; but more sticky and

gritty feel Silty clay loam (SiCL) - presence of S, Si and C; but more of sticky and

floury feel Sandy clay (SC) - sticky with slight grittiness Silty clay (SiC) - sticky with slight smoothness

Bohol 58

References

Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science

Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize

Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of the Trop-ics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.

Soil Survey of Bohol Province. Department of Agriculture and

Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook

No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th

Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making

and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.

Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.


For more information, write, visit, or call:

Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or

Information Systems Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 330,

331, 334, 310, 311

or text:

The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398

For published material, contact:

Development Communication Division or

Business Development Division

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 500,

501, 601, 604

Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this

guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:

PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Bohol”.

Soil Series Guidebook ISBN __:59p., June 2017.

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

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