Body Organization and Terminology Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160.
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Transcript of Body Organization and Terminology Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160.
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Body Organization and Terminology
Lab Exercise 2
Bio 160
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Body Cavities
• Axial – Head, neck and trunk
• Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae
Cranial cavity – contains brain
Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord
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Body Cavities
• Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called viscera
lined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)
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Body Cavities
Mediastinum - mass of soft tissue between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea
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Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal
and visceral peritoneum
(diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic)
Abdominal
Pelvic
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Body Cavities
• Smaller cavities within the head
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity and sinuses
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavity
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Organ Systems
• Integumentary system – Body covering
Skin
Hair and nails
• Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium
Bones
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Organ Systems
Ligaments
• Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production
Cartilage
Skeletal muscles
Tendons
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Organ Systems
• Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands)
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
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Organ Systems
• Endocrine system – Secretes hormones Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries and Testes
Thymus
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Organ Systems
• Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body
Heart
Arteries
Veins
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Organ Systems
• Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
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Organ Systems
• Digestive system – Breaks down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body
Mouth
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pharnyx
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Organ Systems
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Esophagus
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Organ Systems
• Respiratory system – Move air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and air
Nasal cavity and Pharnyx
Larnyx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
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Organ Systems
• Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood and maintains the body’s water and salt balance
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
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Organ Systems
• Male Reproductive system –Production and delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm)
Scrotum
Testes
Penis
Urethra
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Organ Systems
• Female Reproductive system –Production and maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs)
Ovaries
Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes)
Uterus
Vagina
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Anatomical Position
• body upright facing observer
• arms at side
• palms facing forward
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Directional Terms (anatomical directions)
• Dorsal – back side
• Ventral – belly side
• Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))
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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2)
• Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal)
• Superior – toward head or above another structure
• Inferior – away from the head or below another structure
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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3)
• Lateral – away from midline
• Medial – toward midline
• Superficial – near the surface
• Deep – more internal than superficial parts
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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4)
• Proximal
– nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius)
– nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)
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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5)
• Distal
– further from attachment of an extremity to trunk
– further from point of reference (origin)
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Body Planes & Sections
• Plane – imaginary flat surface
• Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure
1) Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions
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Body Planes & Sections (2)
2) Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
3) Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)
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Body Regions
• Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig 1.15&1.16