Body Fluids (Post Lab)
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Transcript of Body Fluids (Post Lab)
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BODY FLUIDSUniversity of the Cordilleras
Dorothy Silva-Jamero
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Urineis liquid waste product of the body secreted
by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood and excreted through the urethra . Thiswaste is eventually expelled from the body ina process known as urination .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney -
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UrineComposition
Water
Electrolytes NitrogenAcid
MetabolitesDissolved heavy metalsGlucose
Bacteria
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UrineProperties
Color
Odor pHTransparency
Specific gravity
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UrineTest for Urea
Phenol red (also known asphenolsulfonphthalein or PSP ) is a pH indicator that is frequently used in cell biology laboratories.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator -
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Phenol red
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Urea CrystalsLong,colorless,
rhombic prismsSoluble in
water andalcohol
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Uric acid crystalsFinal productof purine
oxidationReddishcrystals
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Creatininea waste product formed by the slow, spontaneous degradationof creatine phosphate (muscles)useful for assessing kidney function
picric acid +NaOH ----
red color
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Creatinine
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GlucoseBenedicts Test
Test for glucose
Normally there isvery little or noglucose in urine
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Acetone bodiesRotheras Test
test for the presence of ketone bodies , diacetic
acid and acetone in urine
Test used to determine level of acetone in theurine in order to determine existence of ketosisand diabetes mellitus.
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Acetone bodies
trace protein, pH 8.5, +++blood, trace ketone, +bilirubin, and markedglucosuria
Normal urine
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AlbuminProteinuria describes a condition in which urinecontains an abnormal amount of proteinAcetic acid increases precipitation on the heated
protein solutionturbid
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Blood
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BloodOnly fluid tissue in the human bodyConnective tissue
Living cells = formed elements Non-living matrix = plasma (90% water)
5 times thicker than water
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Physical CharacteristicsColor
Oxygen rich = scarlet red
Oxygen poor = dull red pH = 7.35 to 7.45Slightly alkaline
TemperatureSlightly higher than the body temperature5.6 liters of about 6 quarts/body
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Formed ElementsErythrocytes = red blood cellsLeukocytes = white blood cells
Thrombocytes = platelets
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ErythrocytesCarry oxygenAnatomy:
BiconcaveBags of hemoglobin (250 hemoglobin/RBC)Anucleate (no nucleus)
1000:1 (ratio of RBC to WBC)
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LeukocytesDefense against diseaseComplete cells
DiapedesisRespond to chemicals released by damagedtissues
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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Normal = 4,000 to 11,000 cells/mLAbnormal
LeukocytosisAbove 11,000 cells/mLGenerally indicates infection
LeukopeniaAbnormally low leukocyte levelCaused by certain drugs
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Types of Leukocytes
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ThrombocytesDerived from ruptured multinucleate cells(megakaryocytes)
Needed for clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000 cells/mm 3
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HematopoiesisBlood cell formationOccurs in red bone marrow
All blood cells are derived from a commonstem cell (hemocytoblast)
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Fate of ErythrocytesUnable to divide, grow or synthesize proteinsWear out in 100 to 120 days
Are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of stem cells
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Vessel damage, blood loss, vascular spasm
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Platelet plug forms
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Coagulation
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Coagulation
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Blood ClottingBlood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutesClot remains as endothelium regenerates
Clot is broken down after tissue repair
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Undesirable ClottingThrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heartEmbolus
Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in
the bloodstreamCan later clog vessels in critical areas such as the
brain
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Blood Groups and TransfusionsLarge losses of blood have seriousconsequences:
Loss of 15% to 30% = weaknessLoss of over 30% = shock
Transfusions are the only way to replace
blood quickly
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Human Blood GroupsThere are over 30 common red blood cellantigens
The most vigorous transfusion reactions arecaused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens
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Blood Groups
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Rh Blood Groups Named such because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens
(agglutinogen D)Most Americans are Rh+Problems can occru in mixing Rh+ blood into
a body with Rh- blood
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Rh Factor
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Prevention and TreatmentRh immune-globulin shots during her first
pregnancy
Exchange transfusions
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Benzidine TestBenzidine is a reagent that forms a blueprecipitate upon oxidation by the heme
group of hemoglobin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide .it serves as a histochemical stain specific fordifferentiated red blood cells
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Hemin TestFormation of dark brown or chocolate-coloredcrystals of hemin
Presence of blood
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Test for GlucoseBenedicts Test
Brick red precipitate
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Test for PhosphateLight green to molybdenum blue
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Test for ChloridesFormation of cloudywhite precipitate
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Test for IronCombine an unknown with aqueous KSCN toconfirm the presence of iron (III) ions .
Iron(III) reacts with the thiocyanate ion(SCN-) to produce the bright red FeSCN2+ion .
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Test for Oxyhemoglobin and ReducedHemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is scarlet in color;reduced hemoglobin is of a purplishcolor.Hemoglobin is a member of the sameclass of porphyrins to which chlorophyllalso belongs. A hemoglobin molecule
consists of a porphyrin ring with acentral iron atom (heme), hooked to aclump of protein called globin.
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The End