Body and Behavior Chapter 4. Nervous System Nerve fibers – nerve cells that carry messages to and...
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![Page 1: Body and Behavior Chapter 4. Nervous System Nerve fibers – nerve cells that carry messages to and from the brain Receptors – cells that gather information.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033105/56649e4f5503460f94b46009/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Body and BehaviorChapter 4
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Nervous System
Nerve fibers – nerve cells that carry messages to and from the brain
Receptors – cells that gather information (senses)
Effectors – cells that work muscles and internal glands and organs (motor skills)
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How the system works
Neurons – sends messages to and from the brain along the nerve fibers
Synapses – gaps between nerve cells
Neurotransmitters – connect electrochemical impulses sent by neurons
Sends info. To next neuron or stops transmissionAscending tract – from senses to brainDescending tract - from brain to motor skill
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Types of neurotransmitters
Acetycholine (memory, movement)Effects Alzheimer’s
Norepinephrine (memory, learning)Depression
Serotonin (sleep, appetite,body temperature)Depression and OCD
Endorphins (inhibits pain)Dopamine (learning, emotions, movement)
Schizophrenia (oversupply)Parkinson’s disease (undersupply)
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Central Nervous system
Brain – interpretation of incoming info.
Spinal cord – carries information to and from the brain
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Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system – voluntary activitiesEx. Stand up
Autonomic nervous system – involuntary activitiesEx. Heartbeat, pupils dilate
*sympathetic nervous system – prepares body for strenuous activity
Ex. Increased adrenaline
*parasympathetic nervous system – recovers body from strenuous activityEx. Stress reducers, breathing
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The Brain
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
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Hindbrain
Rear base of the skull
Cerebellumbase of the spinal cordposture and balance
Medulla –respiration and other reflexes
Pons - bridge between spinal cord and brain
Produces chemicals for sleep
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Midbrain
located just above the pons Lets the forebrain know of incoming infoTectum
Visual processEye movementaudition
TegmentumReflexes and homeostasis
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Forebrain
Thalamus - A main sensory relay and movement
Hypothalamus – The master of the autonomic nervous system
Body temperature, sleep, hunger, emotions
Limbic system -emotionsHippocampus – learning and memoryAmygdala – controls violent emotions
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ForebrainBasal Ganglia - motor movements
amygdale- inborn and acquired emotional responses. Conscious and unconscious emotions
Corpus Callosum - A connection of fibers that links the two cerebral hemispheres.
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Back
Back 2
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Forebrain – Cerebral Cortex
ThoughtVoluntary movementLanguageReasoningPerception
Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex
Somatosensory cortex – receives info.Motor cortex – sends info. for body movement
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Cerebral Cortex - Lobes
Parietal LobeOccipital lobeFrontal lobeTemporal lobe
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Parietal Lobe
Perception of touch, pain, temperature, pressure
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Occipital Lobe
Vision
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Temporal Lobe
Perception and recognition of auditory stimuliMemory
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Frontal Lobe
ReasoningParts of speechMovementEmotionsProblem solving
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Hemispheres
Right Hemisphere
Non-verbalHolisticEmotionalintuitive
Left hemisphere
VerbalMathmaticalAnalyticalLogical
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Corpus Callosum
1 million nerve fibers connecting the 2Split brain surgery – controls epileptic seizures
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Split Brain
Patient was told to stare at a dot and word nut flashed to right side of the dot (went to left hemisphere)Person was able to read and understandword nut flashed to left side of the dot (went to right hemisphere/non-verbal)Was not able to say, but picked out the nut with the left hand
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Split brain
Nude woman was flashed to left side of the eye (went to right hemisphere)Woman laughed but said nothing and said she saw nothing because only left can speak and left didn’t see the nude woman
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How to study the brain
Electrical recordingsEEGMeasures brain wavesStudy sleep and brain damage
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Polygraph-EEG
EEG will be affected by arousal
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Studying the brain
Lesioning – destroy tissueElectrical stimulation – send current to specific brain partBrain imaging
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Brain imaging
CT ScanX-ray Diagnose mental illnessabnormalities
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Brain imaging
PET scanRadioactive chemicalsMap out activities
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Brain Imaging
MRI3D image
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Damage to BrainConcussion
Temporary loss of consciousnessNo permanent damage unless multiple
concussions Contusion
Bruising of neural tissueMay cause comaLoss of speech, convulsions, disorientation,
delusions Laceration
Foreign object penetrates brainEffects depend on where in the brain
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Shaken Baby SyndromeThe violent movement pitches the infant's brain back and forth within the skull, rupturing blood vessels and nerves throughout the brain and tearing the brain tissue. The brain strikes the inside of the skull, causing bruising and bleeding to the brain.
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Effects of SBS
partial or total blindness hearing loss seizures developmental delays speech and learning difficulties problems with memory and
attention severe mental retardation paralysis (some particularly
traumatic episodes leave children in a coma)
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Endocrine system
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Endocrine System
Hormones – chemical messages sent by the endocrine system
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Endocrine SystemPituitary Gland – Master gland of the body
Hypothalamus directs the pit. GlandCorrects imbalances Regulates metabolism**Somatotrophic hormone–
regulates growthToo little – midget (small
people)Errors – dwarf (arms/legs
short but body normal proportions
Too much – giant
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Endo. Cont.
Thyroid Gland – largest gland/regulates metabolism
Produces thyroxinToo much – hyperactiveToo little – lazy
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Adrenal Gland – emergency glandAdrenal cortex
3 hormones Steroids – strength and
endurance Aldosterone – water balance Cortisone – controls
metabolism of carbohydrates, fates and
proteins
Endo. Cont.
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Adrenal medullaEpinephrine (aka adrenaline)
emergency hormoneRegulated by sympathetic N.S
Noradrenalin – returns body to normalRegulated by parasympathetic n.s.
Endo. Cont.
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PancreasProduces insulin and glucogen to control sugar metabolismLack of insulin – diabetic
Endo. Cont.
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Sex glandsTestes – male
Produce sperm and testosterone
Ovaries – femalesProduce eggs, estrogen and progesterone
** each sex has a small amount of opposite
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Nature vs. Nurture
Do people learn to be smart students or is it hereditary?Do people learn to be good athletes or is it hereditary?Do people learn to be homosexual or is it hereditary/genetic?
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Nature vs. Nurture
Nature: Inborn – hereditarySir Francis Galeton –
Hereditary GeniusFound success ran in
familiesDavid Reimer
Nurture: - Learned – environmentalJohn B. Watson – Behaviorist
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TwinsIdentical – develop from a single fertilized egg and share the same genesFraternal – develop from 2 fertilized eggs and are no more similar that brother/sister
SchizophreniaIf 1 twin has schizo. The other is 3-6
times more likely if they are identical than if fraternal
How to study nature vs. nurture
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Separation at birth
Jim Springer and Jim Lewis reunited 48 yrs. LaterBoth married and divorced women named Linda and married second wives named Betty. They both named their first sons James Allan. They both drove the same model of blue Chevrolet. They both enjoyed woodworking and had built identical benches around trees in their backyards. They also vacationed at the same beach at St. Petersburg, Florida. Both had dogs named Toy. Both were police officers. Both did well in math and poor in spelling, bit their fingernails, had identical smoking and drinking habits and liked mechanical drawing.