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![Page 1: Bob Cywinski School of Applied Sciences International Institute for Accelerator Applications Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors with thorium fuel.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c755503460f949285fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bob CywinskiSchool of Applied Sciences
International Institute for Accelerator Applications
Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors
with thorium fuel
Doctoral Training CourseUniversity of Huddersfield
11 April 2013
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The Global Energy Crisis
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The Carbon Problem
Energy Energy sourcesource
Grams of Grams of COCO22
per KWh of per KWh of electricityelectricity
NuclearNuclear 44
WindWind 88
Hydro electricHydro electric 88
Energy cropsEnergy crops 1717
GeothermalGeothermal 7979
SolarSolar 133133
GasGas 430430
DieselDiesel 772772
OilOil 828828
CoalCoal 955955
source: Government Energy Technology Support Unit (confirmed by OECD)
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Current nuclear supply
Country No. Reactors GW capacity % Total Electricity
France 58 63 75Sweden 10 9 37South Korea 21 19 31Japan 55 47 29Germany 17 20 26United States 104 101 20Russia 32 23 18United Kingdom 19 11 17Canada 18 13 15India 20 5 321 Others 87 69
Totals: 441 380 14
But this represents only 5% of global energy consumptionTo increase this by x5 would reduce carbon emissions by 25%
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Fission
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Conventional Reactors
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Uranium as nuclear fuel
Enriched uranium97% U-238, 3% U-235
Natural uranium: 99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235
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Uranium requirements
Scenario 1No new nuclear build
Scenario 2Maintain current nuclear capability (implies major increase in plant construction)
Scenario 3Nuclear renaissance: increase in nuclear power generation to 1500 GW capacity by 2050
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Breeding nuclear fuel
Enriched uranium97% U-238, 3% U-235
Natural uranium: 99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235
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Retaining the nuclear option
...... the nuclear option should be retained precisely because it is an important carbon-free source of power….
....but there are four unresolved problems:
high relative costs
perceived adverse safety, environmental, and health effects
potential security risks stemming from proliferation
unresolved challenges in long-term management of nuclear wastes.
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Annual global use of energy resources
5x109 tonnes of coal
27x109 barrels of oil
2.5x1012 m3 natural gas
65x103 tonnes of uranium
5x103 tonnes of thorium
An alternative fuel?
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Thorium resources
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Breeding fuel from thorium
Advantages
Does not need processing
Generates virtually no plutonium and less higher actinides
233U has superior fissile properties
Disadvantages
Requires introduction of fissile seed (235U or Pu)
The decay of parasitic 232U results in high gamma activity from 208Tl.
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Advantages of thorium: waste
100,000100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,00010
10
100100100
1,000
10,000
100,000
100,0001,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
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Past experience with thorium:
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Breeding fuel from thorium
Advantages
Does not need processing
Generates virtually no plutonium and less higher actinides
233U has superior fissile properties
Disadvantages
Requires introduction of fissile seed (235U or Pu)
The decay of parasitic 232U results in high gamma activity from 208Tl.
![Page 17: Bob Cywinski School of Applied Sciences International Institute for Accelerator Applications Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors with thorium fuel.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c755503460f949285fe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Spallation
ISIS200kW
SNS (1 MW)
J-PARC (1MW)
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Spallation neutrons
The energy spectrum of proton induced spallation neutrons .The target is a lead cylinder of diameter 20 cm
At 1 Gev, approximately 24 neutrons per proton are produced
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Spallation neutrons
Num
ber
of
neu
tro
ns p
er
uni
t en
erg
y o
f in
cide
nt
prot
on
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The Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor
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3. The Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor
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Accelerator powerThe (thermal) power output of an ADSR is given by
eff
efffth k1
k.
ENP
with N = number of spallation neutrons/secEf = energy released/fission (~200MeV)ν = mean number of neutrons released per fission (~2)keff= criticality factor (<1 for ADSR)
So, for a thermal power of 1550MW we require
1
eff
eff19 s.neutronsk
k1106.9N
Given that a 1 Gev proton produces 24 neutrons (in lead) this corresponds to a proton current of
mAk
k1640amps
kk1
106.124
106.9i
eff
eff
eff
eff1919
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Accelerator power
keff=0.95, i=33.7mA
keff=0.99i=6.5mA
To meet a constraint of a 10MW proton accelerator we need keff>0.985
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Accelerator power
So, for a thermal power of 1550MW we require
1
eff
eff19 s.neutronsk
k1106.9N
Given that a 1 Gev proton produces 24 neutrons (in lead) this corresponds to a proton current of
mAk
k1640amps
kk1
106.124
106.9i
eff
eff
eff
eff1919
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Accelerator power
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H.M. Broeders, I. Broeders : Nuclear Engineering and Design 202 (2000) 209–218
1. Initial loss due to build-up of absorbing Pa233 and decrease of U233 enrichment by neutron absorption and fission
1 2
2. Increase due to increasing U233 enrichment from subsequent β-decay of Pa233
3
3. Long term decrease due to build up of neutron absorbing fission products
A Thorium Fuelled ADSR
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Evolution of the criticality value, keff
Parks (Cambridge)
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Evolution of power output
Coates, Parks (Cambridge)
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Accelerator power
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ADSR Shutdown
Parks (Cambridge)
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The ADSR as an energy amplifier
10MW Accelerator
20 MWelectrical
1550MW Thermal Power
600 MW Electrical Power
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“A reactor needs an accelerator like a fish needs a bicycle…”
http://sketchedout.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/fish-bike-4504.jpg
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Waste management
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The ADSR for waste management
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Applications of Accelerator Driven Systems
Applications of Accelerator Driven Systems Technology Transmuting selected isotopes present in nuclear waste (e.g., actinides, fission products) to reduce the burden these isotopes place on geologic repositories. Generating electricity and/or process heat. Producing fissile materials for subsequent use in critical or sub-critical systems by irradiating fertile elements.
Transmuting selected isotopes present in nuclear waste (e.g., actinides, fission products) to mitigate the need for geologic repositories.
Generating electricity and/or process heat
Producing fissile materials for use in conventional critical or novel sub-critical reactors by irradiating fertile precursors.
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Waste management
From: Hamid Aït Abderrahim (MYRRHA)
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ADSR Projects: MYRRHA
The MYRRHA Project
Abderrahim et al., Nuclear Physics News, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2010
1b€ European project to build an ADSR for transmutation and waste management (2015)
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ADSR Projects: Aker/Jacobs
Keff 0.995Accelerator 3MWADSR 600MW
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ADSR Projects: Aker/Jacobs
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Towards an ADSR
??
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Proton drivers?
Cyclotron High Current (<A) Low Energy (600MeV)Continuous beam
SynchrotronLow Current (<mA) High Energy (TeV)Pulsed Beam
LinacHigh Current, High EnergyPulsed or continuous beamLarge and expensive
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Why has no ADSR been built?
...because accelerators are relatively unreliable
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Why has no ADSR been built?
o
...because accelerators are relatively unreliable, (largely because of ion source and RF issues )
From: Ali Ahmad
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Technology readiness assessment (US)
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EMMA – the world’s first ns-FFAG
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EMMA – the world’s first ns-FFAG
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Multiple FFAG proton injection
Multiple injection: - mitigates against proton beam trips and fluctuations - homogenises power distribution across ADSR core
Patent taken out on multiple injection
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The way forward?
In 2009 Science Minister, Lord Drayson, asked ThorEA to prepare a report outlining what might be needed to deliver the technology to build the world’s first ADSR power station...........ThorEA delivered that report in October 2009.
http://thorea.hud.ac.uk/
Interest in thorium is now growing:eg Weinberg Foundation,All Party Parliamentary Group on Thorium, Annual International Conference (IThEC)
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IAEA support
I A E AI A E A
“IAEA warmly welcomes the proposed accelerator driver development programme embodied in the ThorEA project as a positive contribution to the international effort to secure the eventual global deployment of sustainable thorium-fuelled ADSR power generation systems…”
Alexander StanculescuNuclear Power Technology Development SectionInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)Vienna
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Conclusions
Thorium has been used in the past and could now be deployed in conventional, molten salt, ADS and even hybrid MS/ADS reactors providing an alternative, sustainable, safe, low waste and proliferation-resistant technology for nuclear power generation
780kg of thorium = 200 tonnes of uranium (as currently used)
No plutonium is used and very little is produced
After 70 years the radiotoxicity is 20,000 times less than an equivalent conventional nuclear power station
Thorium systems provide means of burning existing legacy waste
Waste can be mixed with thorium and burnt as fuel, reducing radiotoxity by orders of magnitude and turning a liability into an asset
But......Significant R&D has to be carried out on:
•Materials research (particularly for MSR systems)
•Improving accelerator reliability (for ADSR and hybrids)
•Beam, spallation target and blanket interfaces
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ThankYou!
Thank you !
http://thorea.hud.ac.uk/