Boas, Franz - Race and Nationality

7/25/2019 Boas, Franz - Race and Nationality

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3/18

R A C H lnd

ATIONALITY

Franz

Boas.

o


4/18

iM

M


5/18

m

R CE

ND

N TION LITY

HEtruggle

hat

s

ow

evastatingurope

has

beendescribed

as

an

unavoidable

war

of

races,snutcome

fhe

nnatehostility

betweeneutonic,

lav,

nd

atineoples,

that

can

never

be

overcome

y

argument

and

eason,

because

t

sdueodeep-seated'racialnstinct. f

this

were

o we

mightdespairofhe

uture

of

man

kind

;

orbeyondthis

conflict

wouldarise

others

with

outend,as

wider

and

closer

nternationalntercourse

develops

andbrings

more

emphatically

nto

onscious

ness

racialdifferences

like

thosebetweenLatin-Amer

ican

and

Anglo-American,

Eastndian

and

European,

Mongol

or

Malay

and

uropean.

f

his

view

ere

correct,

he

so-called

racial

nstinct ould

perpetu

ate

wars

fxtermination

ntil

ne

ace

loneur

vived.

It

s

rue

hatn

ur

own

political

and

ocial

ife

the

eeling

of

acialsolidarityindsstrongexpression

in

ur

behavior

owardsMongol

nd

egro.

t

s

equallytruehatnEuropeheSlavicworldsmoved

to

ts

depths

by

he

Pan-Slavistic

dea;

hat

Germany

has

been

carried

ar

n

a

wave

of

admiration

or

he

excellenceof

thegreatTeutonicrace,

andthat

England

rests

ereneonhe

unshaken

conviction

of

heupe

riorityf

he

nglo-Saxon;

ndet

he

motional

value

of

hese

ideas

does

not

make

clear

theirrational

values.

The

erm

racial

nstinct expresseshedeashat

there

re

efinite,

insurmountable

ntipathies

ased


6/18

on

differences

ofappearance,

andhat

certain

ered

itaryental

haracteristics

elong

o

ach

ypef

man.

In

Europe,

he

occurrence

of

oc l

ypes

has

ed

o

the

oncept

fistinct

aces,dentifiedith

ertain

national

groups

:

he

blond

epresenting

heeuton;

theheavy,darkerype,he

Slav;

and

heMediterra

nean,

he

ypical

Spaniardortalian.

On

ccount

fheeculiar

osition

fhe

lond

type,

t

hasbeenpre-eminently

dentifiedwithheo-

called

Aryan

ace.s

is

well

known,

most

of

thelan

guages

of

Europe

are

derived

rom

one

ancient

orm

of

speech,the

parentalAryanlanguage.

lavic,

Teu

tonic,andRomanceanguagesarethe

most

mportant

modern

ivisionsfhisgroupnurope,owhich

Greek,eltic,ithuanian,ndAlbanianlso

belong.

Among

European

anguages,only

Finnishandts

ela

tiveson

he

Baltic,

Magyar,

Turkish,

andBasque,o

not

belong

ohis

extended

group.

ryan

anguages

are

spoken

by

people

of

he

most

diverse

acial

ypes;

nevertheless

hererecientists

ho

ryodentify

the

lond

orth-European

ith

hencienture

Aryan,and

who

claimor

the

race

pre-eminenthered

itarygifts,

becausehepeoplewhoatpresentandn

our

concept

aretheeadersofheworldspeak

Aryan

languages.

Scientific

rooff

hese

ontentionsannot

e

given.

hey

re

ather

ancies

f

orth-European

dreamers,

ased

n

he

omplaisant

ove

f

he

achievements

oftheblondes.

oonehasever

proved

either

hatll

he

Aryansf

he

earliest

imeswere

blondes,orhat

people

speaking

otheranguages

may

not

have

been

blond,

oo;

and

nobody

would

e

able

to

showhat

thegreat

achievements

of

mankind

were

dueoblond

hinkers.

n

he

contrary,

hemen

o

whom

we

arendebtedorthebasicadvanceof

civil-

4


7/18

izationbelongohedark-complexionedhumanypes

ofhe

Orient,Greece,and

taly,

andnot

oour

blond

ancestors.

How

deep

and

emotional

a

hold

this

dea

has

nthe

minds

ofome

scientists

ppears

whpn

some

nvesti

gatorsry

o

how

s

hat

hrist

annot

ave

been

a

ewbydescent,

but

musthavebeenanAryan.

THE

GRE TBLOND

RY N

FICTION

Thedea

of

he

reatblondryan,heeaderf

mankind,

s

heesult

f

elf-admiration,

that

mo

tional

hinkersaveriedoustainymaginative

reasoning.

tas

o

oundationnbserved

act.

This,

however,

oes

not

decrease

he

emotional

value

of

he

iction

hat

has

aken

hold

of

minds

wherever

the

Teutonic,

German,

orAnglo-Saxon

type

however

itmaybecalled

prevails.

It

s

nothepre-eminenceof

he

blondealone

hat

appeals

to

the

ancy

in

northwest-European

countries

:

allover

Europe

we

ind

he

deaof

acial

purity,

and

ofheexistencef

certain

eaturesnherentn

ach

race

hat

make

tuperiorollthers;

hile

t

s

assumed

hat

he

mixed,mongrel acesaredoomed

to

permanent

nferiority.his

notion

prevailsamong

ourselvesithqualorce,or

we

hake

our

eads

gravely

ver

he

minous

nflux

finferior aces

from

astern

urope.

nferior

y

eredity?

o.

Socially

ifferent?

es,n

account

ofhe

nviron

mentn

whichhey

have

ived,and

herefore

iffer

ent

rom

ourselves,

and

not

easilysubjectochange

providedhey

reallowed

o

cluster

ogether

ndefi

nitely.

qually

strong

sourearof

he

mongreliza-

tion

of

theAmericanpeople

by

ntermixtures

between

thenorthwest-Europeanand

other

European

ypes.

Scientific

investigation

does

not

ountenance

the

5


8/18

assumption

hat

n

any

one

part

ofuropea

people

ofpuredescentor

of

a

pureacial

ype

s

ound,and

careful

nquiry

hasailed

completely

o

evealany

n

feriority

of

mixed

uropean

ypes.

TYPE

AND

CE

DO

NOT

COINCIDE

Inourmaginationhe

oc lacialypesof

Europe

have

been

dentified

with

the

modernnations,

and

thus

the

upposed

ereditary

haracteristics

f

he

aces

havebeen

confused

with

nationalcharacteristics.

n

identification

f

acial

ype,

f

anguage,

nd

of

a

tionalityas

beenmade,

hat

has

ained

nxceed

ingly

strong

holdonour

magination.

n

vain

sober

scientific

hought

has

emonstratedagainst

his

denti

fication;hedeas

oo

irmly

ooted.

venf

t

is

rue

hat

heblondypesoundatpresentre

eminently

mong

eutoniceople,

ts

ot

confined

tothemalone.

mongthe

Finns,Poles,

French,North

Italians,

ot

o

peak

f

he

orth

frican

Berbers

and

he

Kurdsf

estern

sia,

here

re

manyn

dividuals

fhis

ype.

he

eavy-set,arkast-

EuropeanypescommontomanyofheSlaviceo

plesof

eastern

Europe,

to

theGermansof

Austriaand

southern

Germany,

o

he

North

talians,

nd

o

he

French

of

theAlpsand

ofcentralFrance.

he

Medi

terranean

ype

s

pread

idely

ver

pain,

taly,

Greece,

and

he

coast

of

Asia

Minor,

without

egard

to

national

boundaries.

In

western

urope,ypesre

istributed

ntrata

that

ollow

one

anotherrom

north

o

south,

in

he

northhe

blonde,nhecenter

aark,hort-headed

type,nheouth

he

lightly

uilt

Mediterranean

type.

National

boundaries

n

central

Europe on

heother

hand

runnorth

and

south:

and

so

weind

he

north-

6


9/18

em

French Belgian Hollander

German

andRussian

tobeabouthesamenype

and

descent;

he

central

French

South

German

Swiss

North

Italian

Austrian

Servian and

central

Russian obellthesame

variety

of

man;andhe

southern

French

o

be

closelyrelated

to

heypes

of

the

easternand

westernMediterranean

re

At

hepresent

moment

theelation

of

German

and

Slav

s

f

rincipal

nterest.

uring

heeriod

f

Teutonicmigrations,n

he

irst

ew

centuries

of

our

era,heSlavssettledn

hewholeegion

rom

which

Teutonic

ribes

had

moved

away.

hey

occupied

he

wholeofwhat

s

noweastern

Germany.

nhe

Mid

dle

Ages,

with

he

growth

of

he

GermanEmpire,

a

slow

backward

movement

set

n.

ermans

settled

as

colonists

n

lavic

erritory,

nd

byegrees

erman

speech

prevailed

over

he

lavic.

n

ermany,

ur

vivals

of

hegradual

processmaybeound

n

a

ew

remote

ocalities

herelavicpeechtillersists.

As

by

contact

with

he

more

advanced

ermans

he

cultural

andeconomic

conditions

oftheSlavimproved,

his

esistanceoermanizationecamereater

nd

greater,

earliest

mong

he

zechs

ndoles,ater

in

he

otherSlavic

groups.

This

processhased

o

he

presentdistribution

of

languages,

whichexpresses

a

ossilization

of

German

colonization

in

the

east,and

illustrates

inamosttrik

ing

way

he

penetration

of

peoples.

oland

and

part

ofussia,lavonicnd

Magyar

erritories,

re

n

terspersedwithsmallGermansettlements,

which

re

the

moresparseand

scattered

thefarthereast

they

are

located,hemore

continuousheearei;hey

ie

o

Germany.

Withhe

ncreasedeconomic

and

culturalstrength

ofhe

Slav,

heGerman

osthis

ability

o

mpose

his

mode

of

life

upon

him,

and

with

ithis

powertoassimi-


10/18

late

he

numericallystrongerpeoplents

own

home.

But

y

blood

ll

hesepeople,nomatterwhat

heir

speech,

are

thesame.

n

short,

here

is

no

war

of

races

in

Europe;

for

n

every

ingle

ationality

oncerned

n

he

resent

strugglehevarious

elements

of

he

European

popu-

ationare

epresented,and

rrayed

against

hesame

elementssrouped

ogethernnotherationality.

Theonflict

has

othing

whatever

o

o

ith

acial

descent.

he

o-calledacial

antipathies

are

eelings

that

have

grownpnanotherbasisandhavebeen

given

a

ictitious

acial

nterpretation.

If

we

deny

he

presence

of

acial

contrasts,

t

may

notbeamissosay

a

word

onheacthat

we

may

distinguishithmoreor

ess

uncertainty

ndividuals

that

belong

todistinct

nationalities.

his

commonex

perience

might

eem

ontradictory

o

what

as

been

said

before;

but

we

orm

concepts

of

national

ypes

partly

from

essential

elements

of

theform

ofthe

body,

partly

rom

he

annerisms

f

earing

air

nd

beard,

nd

lso

romhe

haracteristicxpressions

andmotions

of

he

body,hichreeterminedot

so

much

yhereditaryausess

y

abit.

nhe

whole,the

latter

aremore

impressive

thanthe

former;

andamong

thenations

hat

are

concerned

n

hepres

entstruggle,noundamental

traits

of

he

body

occur

thatbelongo

one

o

he

exclusionof

he

others.

Its

clear

hatheermace

s

only

adisguiseof

the

dea

fationality whichaseallyery,ery

littleo

o

withacial

descent;andhathepassions

that

have

been

let

loose

arethose

of

nationalenmities,

notofacialantipathies.

If

community

ofacial

escent

s

nothebasis

of

nationality,stcommunity

of

anguage?

Whene

lance

t

he

ational

spirations

hat

have

characterized

a

large part of

the

nineteenth

8


11/18

century,

community

ofanguage

might

segn

o

behe

backgroundof

nationallife.t

touches

the

most

sym

pathetic

hords

nurearts.taliansorked

or

the

overthrow

of

ll

he

small

ocal

and

great

oreign

interests

that

wereopposed

o

the

national

unity

of

ll

Italian-speaking

eople.

ermanatriotstroveor

theederationof

he

German-speakingpeoplenone

empire.hetrugglesnhealkansre

argely

dueo

esire

or

ational

ndependence

ccording

to

he

imits

ofspeech.he

Poles

are

ongingor

re-establishmentf

heirtate

hich

s

o

mbrace

all

hose

of

Polish

tongue.

WITHOUT

THE

BOND

OF

L NGU GE

Stillhisdoes

not

comprise

hewhole

of

ational

ism or

no

essrdents

he

patriotismof

ilingual

Belgiumandofrilingual

Switzerland.ven

here

n

Americaeeehathe

bond

fonguesothe

only

ne.

lsewe

should

eelthat

here

s

no

eason

for

division

between

Canada

and

he

United

States,

and

thatthepoliticaltiesbetween

western

Canadaand

French

uebec

must

e

rtificial.

either

ouldt

bentelligiblehyodernermanyhould

ever

havepursued

the

policy

of

unifying

allGerman-speak

ingpeoples

nurope,

why

sheshould

notcovet

he

largeermanrovincesfustria,nd

hould

a

tiently

witness

he

orcible

Russianization

ofhe

Ger

man

towns

n

he

Baltic

provinces

and

the

Magyariza-

tion

of

theGermans

in

Hungary.

Neither

hebondsf

blood

nor

hoseofanguage

alonemakeanation.t

s

ather

he

community

of

emotional

ifehat

isesrom

ur

very-day

abits,

fromhe

ormsof

our

thoughts,

eelings,andactions,

which

constitute

the

mediumin

whichevery

individual

canunfold

reely

hisactivities.

3


12/18

Languageand

nation

are

so

often

identified,

because

weeelhatamong

a

people

hat

uses

he

samean

guageverynean

indhe

widest

ieldornre

stricted

activity.

dded

o

his

s

he

powerful

dea

ofoliticalnity,

hich

mphasizes

henterestsf

theitizen

s

pposed

o

hosefhe

oreigners.

These

beliefs

ombineocreate

ense

of

ational

unity.

evertheless

t

s

perfectly

clear

hat

heres

no

individual,nor

any

group

ofindividuals,thatrepre

sentshe

national

deal.

t

s

ather

anbstraction

based

nhecurrentormsfhought,eeling,nd

action,

an

bstraction

of

high

emotional

value,

hat

isurther

enhanced

by

he

consciousness

of

political

power.

It

is

well

to

bear

in

mind

that

nationality

isnot

neces

sarilyasednunityf

peech;orwhen

he

ame

typeof

ultural

dealsprevails

n

apolyglottal

rea,

inhich

achroup

s

oo

weak

o

give

o

he

n

dividual

aree

field

of

action,

hiscanbeattained

only

by

he

evelopment

f

nion

f

he

ndependent

groups.

hose

who

claimon prioriground

that

there

cannot

be

any

Austrian

patriotism

onaccount

of

he

polyglottalmixturehats

oundn

theempire,

might

do

welloconsiderthatduring

the

past

seventy

years

a

o-ordination

f

he

arious

inguistic

roups

as

slowly

eveloped.gainst

he

ishesfheon

archy,

Hungary

hasgainedtsndependence

of

Ger

man

domination;andduring

heast

ew

decadeshe

Government

of

Austria

itself,

muchagainst

the

clamor

ofhe

Germanelement,hasgiven

due

ecognitiono

thewishesfhe

lavic

population^n

ll

hise

see

he

beginning

of

a

newnationalife,

probably

he

onlyone

hat

can

eado

a

reeunfoldingofhuman

activitynhisegionhat

s

split

p

ike

o

ther

part

of

Europe.

The ttitude

of

Italy

n

hepresentsituationllus

IO


13/18

trates

lso

hatheinguisticond

s

othe

nly

source

ofationalaspirations.hile

national

unity

of

hetalian-speaking

eople

s

heir

vowed

im,

those

Italianswho

have

cast

their

lot

with

Switzerland

arewillingly

eft

ohemselves.

n

ther

reas

he

ardorithhich

nity

s

ought

epends

pon

he

historic

ast.

hetalians

nder

ustrian

ulep

pealosttronglyo

he

talianmagination,

nd

Austriaseapingher

eward

orong-continuedp

pression.hisasakenuchtrongold

f

he

Italianind,

hat

herenchncroachments

n

he

west,

nd

azzini's

ondemnation

f

he

hird

Frenchepublic

or

notestoringheost

erritory,

seem

o

have

been

orgotten.

For

he

ulldevelopment

of

his

aculties,

he

ndi

vidualneeds

he

widestpossibleield

n

which

o

ive

andactaccordingo ismodesof

hought

andnner

feeling.ince,nmost

cases,

heopportunitysgiven

amongagroup

hatpossesses

unity

of

speech,weeel

full

sympathy

with

he

ntense

desire

o

hrow

down

the

rtificialarriersf

mall

olitical

nits.

his

process

has

characterized

he

development

of

modern

nations,nd

s

ow

ctive

n

art

f

outheastern

Europe.

When,

owever,

hese

imits

re

overstepped,nd

a

ictitiousacial

rlleged

ational

nits

et

p

that

aso

xistencen

ctualonditions,

he

ree

unfolding

f

owers,

or

hich

e

re

triving,

s

liableoecomenxcuseormbitiousust

or

power.

hen

Francedreamt

of

aunionofallLatin

people

n

aPan-Latinunionunderhereadership,he

legitimate

imitsfatural

evelopment

ere

ost

sightof

or

hesakeofnationalambition.

f

Russia

promotes

an-Slavistic

ropaganda

mong

hei

verse

peoples,

solely

n

he

ground

hat

heSlavs

are

linguistically

elated,

and

assumes

a

ictitious

common

II


14/18

racial

origin,

he

actual

usefulness

ofhe

nationalistic

ideasost

sight

of,andtsmade

the

coverorhe

desire

of

expansionof

power.

THEWRONGIDE FNATIONALISM

There

s

nodoubt

hat

he

dea

of

nationality

has

beena

creative

orce,makingpossiblehe

uller

e

velopment

ofndividualpowersywideningheield

ofndividualctivity,ndy

etting

efinite

deals

to

arge

co-operating

masses

;

but

we

eel

with

Fichte

andMazzinihatheoliticalowerf ations

importantnly

hen

he

national

nit

she

carrier

ofdealshatare

of

value

o

mankind.

Together

with

hepositive,

creative

sideof

ation

alism,

here

aseveloped

verywhere

notherne

which

orms

thebasis

of

the

passions

that

are

blinding

the

peopleofurope

o

he

igh

ims

ofhumanity.

Instead

of

seeing

n

each

nation

one

of

he

members

of

mankind

hat

ontributes

n

ts

wn

ayoward

theadvance

of

civilization,

nggressive

ntolerance

of

lltherunitsas

grown

up.

t

strengthened

by

he

nadaptability

f

overnmental

achinery,

whichavors

national

solation.

On

a

argerscaleheconditions

are

epeated

now

thatesshana

century

agoprevented

he

eadyor

mationofmodernnations.henarrow-mindedoc l

interests

f

ities

nd

ther

mall

olitical

nits

e

sisted

unification

or

ederation

on

accountof

he

up

posed

conflicts

between

heir

nterests

and

deals

and

thoseofotherunits

of

comparable

ize.

he

overn

mental

organization

strengthenedheendencyoso

lation,nd

he

navoidable,

ver-present

esire

f

self-preservationfhexistingrdertood

n

he

way

ofamalgamation. Itwasnlyafterong

years


15/18

ofgitationnd

f

loody

truggle

hathearger

ideaprevailed.

Thosefs

ho

ecognize

n

heealizationf

national

deals

efinite

dvance

hat

as

enefited

mankind

annot

ail

o

eehat

he

askefores

at

hepresentime

s

epetition

of

herocess

f

nationalization

n

argercale;

not

withaviewo

levellingownllocalifferences,utith

he

avowed

purpose

of

making

them

allsubservethesame

end.

The

ederation

of

nations

s

he

next

necessary,step

in

he

evolution

of

mankind.

Itsheexpansionofhe

undamental

deander

lyingheorganizationofhe

United

tates,

of

wit

zerland,andofGermany.he

weaknessofhemod

erneacemovement

ies

n

his,

hatt

s

notuffi

cientlyclear

and

adicalnts

demand,ortsogical

aim

annot

e

n

rbitration

f

isagreements.

t

must

e

he

ecognition

of

common

ims

of

t

east

all

he

nations

of

European

descent.

he

ime

s

b

viously

not

ipe

or

demanding

an

xpansion

of

his

idea

over

heproductive

members

fhe

on-Euro

peanacesofmankind.

Such

ederationofnations

isnot

a

Utopianidea,

any

morethannationalismwas

century

ago.

nact,he

wholedevelopment

of

mankindshowshat

this

ondi

tion

s

destined

o

ome.

n

he

earliest

periodofo

cial

development,

when

human

beings

ived

n

mall,

scattered

groups,

the

unit

in

which

community

of

inter

est

was

recognized

was

the

small

horde,and

every

out

sider

was

considered

as

specifically

distinct

and

as

an

enemy

who

must

be

killedorhe

sakeof

self-preser

vation.y

slow

degreesthesizeofthe

horde

increased

and

theyormedthemselvesinto

largerunits.

hedis-

/

tinction

betweenthe

membersofthe

tribe

and

theor

eigner

was

o

onger

considered

as

a

pecific

one,

al-

13


16/18

\

thoughhe

deaontinuedo

prevail

hattwas

f

foremost

nterest

orotectheellow-tribesman

against

he

oreigner.

Progressas

beenlow,

but

almost

teady,

n

he

direction

of

expanding

the

political

units

romhordes

toribes,

rom

ribeso

small

tates,

confederations,

and

nations.

he

concept

of

heoreigner

as

pe

cifically

istinct

beinghaseen

o

modifiedhat

e

are

beginningo

ee

nhim

a

memberofmankind.

Enlargementf

ircles

f

ssociation,

ndquali

zation

fightsfistinctocalommunities,ave

beeno

onsistently

he

general

endencyf

uman

development,hat

e

may

ookorward

onfidently

to

ts

onsummation.

It

s

obvioushathestandardsof

ethicalconduct

must

e

uite

istinct

setween

hose

hoave

grasped

his

dealnd

hose

hostillbelievenhe

preservationfsolated

ationality

nppositiono

all

others.norderoormaairudgment

ofhe

motives

of

action

of

he

eaders

of

European

nations

atthe

presenttime,weshould

bear

n

mind

hat

in

ll

countrieshetandardsfational

thics,

s

ulti

vated

bymeans

of

national

education,

are

opposed

o

this

wider

view.

evotion

o

he

nation

s

aught

as

the

paramount

duty,andtsnstilledntoheminds

ofheyoungn

uch

aormhatithtgrowsp

and

s

perpetuatedhe

eelingof

ivalry

and

of

os

tility

gainst

ll

ther

nations.

Conditions

n

Europe

are

ntelligible

only

when

we

remember

hatby

education

patriotism

s

surrounded

by

a

halo

ofsanctity,

and

hatnational

self-preserva

tion

s

consideredheirstduty.

Ifourpublic

conscience

s

hardly

strong

enough

o

exactheaithfulerformance

fheerms

f

treaty

nwhich

onlycommercialnterestsare

at

stake,

if

we

are

restrained

with

some

ifficulty

rom

aggres-

14


17/18

sion

or

thesake

of

economicadvantage,tis

at

east

intelligible

whya

government

thatseestfye

veryexist

ence

of

he

nation

endangered

should,

n

a

conflict

of

duties,

reluctantlydecidetoset

the

safety

of

thenation

for

which

itis

responsible

higher

than

the

performance

ofa

treatynheritedroma

previousgeneration.

Wemustacknowledgehatnsuch

a

case

he

e

mandsfationalndnternational

uty

reope

lessly

at

variance,

ndwhatineofction

schosen

depends

ponhe

onceptionf

esponsibility

nd

uponhevaluegiven

o

he

preservation

of

national

existence.

NATIONALISMN

MERIC

Sinceurwnolitical

nterest

nhearn

Europeseak,e

tand

aturallyearer

o

he

standpointfnternationaloralsndrenclined

to

misinterprethe

motives

hat

swayhenationsat

war.

e

hould

ot

eceive

urselves.

ts

nly

lack

f

mmediate

nterest

hat

etermines

ur

tti

tude.

wing

our

more

solated

ositionn

he

Western

Hemispherend

o

he

reatize

fur

country,

we

are

not

omuch

exposed

o

heconflicts

betweenurnterests,ealrmaginary,

nd

hose

of

other

nations.

Still

we

areo

less

eager

than

the

nations

of

Europeo

nstil

he

dea

of

hepreponderanceofa

tional

nterest

over

human

nterest

nto

he

minds

of

the

young.

We,

oo each

ather

he

essons

of

ag-

/

gressivenationalism

than

those

of

national

idealism,

ex-/

pansion

rather

thannner

development,he

admiration/

ofwarlike,heroicdeedsather

han

of

he

object

or

whichheyere

performed.

Given

national

on

flict and

the

same

unreasoning

passions

will

sway

our

peoplehatarecarryingEuropeo

hebrinkof

uin.

Those

who

ook

orward

o

he

ederation

of

na-

15


18/18

tions

must

workogetheroeach

heirdeals

ohe

young,

o

teach

hatno

nation

has

he

ightoimpose

its

ndividuality

pon

nother

ne,

hat

o

ar

s

justifiablexceptor

heefencefhe

hreatened

integrity

ofourdeals.

16

Boas, Franz - Race and Nationality

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Transcript of Boas, Franz - Race and Nationality