San Bernardino County Mountain Search and

Rescue

Winter Basic Mountaineering Course

Gear Guide

Revised November 2009

Table of Contents Credits............................................................................................................................. 2 Clothing and Gear Philosophy For Southern California SAR .................................................. 4 Gear Comparison for San Gorgonino, Whitney, and Rainier.................................................. 5 Getting information about gear.......................................................................................... 6

Manufacturers Catalogs .................................................................................................................. 6 Retailers & Retailer Catalogs.......................................................................................................... 6 Magazines ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Internet ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Who can you trust ............................................................................................................ 7 Concepts for Layering ....................................................................................................... 9 1st Layer - Base Layer / Long Underwear.......................................................................... 10 2nd layer - New thoughts on layering............................................................................... 12 3rd Layer - Softshells ....................................................................................................... 14 4th Layer - Belay Jacket / Parka ....................................................................................... 16

Synthetic Vs. Down........................................................................................................................ 16 Layer Debate - Belay Jacket Vs. Hardshell ........................................................................ 19 5th Layer - Rain Wear / Hard Shells .................................................................................. 20

Hard Shell Jackets.......................................................................................................................... 21 Hard Shell Pants............................................................................................................................. 22

Head Wear..................................................................................................................... 24 Neck Gaiter (optional) ................................................................................................................... 24

Eye Wear....................................................................................................................... 24 Sunglasses ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Snow Goggles ................................................................................................................................. 29

Hand Wear .................................................................................................................... 29 Foot Wear...................................................................................................................... 32

Boots ................................................................................................................................................ 32 New Technologies in Boots .......................................................................................................... 33 Boots Examples ............................................................................................................................. 34 Socks................................................................................................................................................ 36 Camp Booties / Camp Shoes (optional) ..................................................................................... 36 Vapor Barrier Socks (optional)..................................................................................................... 37 Gaiters ............................................................................................................................................. 37

Sleeping System ............................................................................................................. 38 Sleeping Bags ................................................................................................................................. 38 Sleeping Pads ................................................................................................................................. 40 Pee Bottles (recommended)......................................................................................................... 42

Shelters ................................................................................................................................................ 43 Tarps ................................................................................................................................................ 43 Tyvek Alternative? ......................................................................................................................... 43 Bivy Bags......................................................................................................................................... 45

Stoves, Cookwear, Hydration, and Eating ...................................................................... 46 Stoves .............................................................................................................................................. 48 Cooking Pots ................................................................................................................................... 48 Water Bottles .................................................................................................................................. 48 Water Bottle Insulating Covers (optional) ................................................................................. 49 Water Bladder with Insulating Hose (not recommended)....................................................... 50 Insulated Cup ................................................................................................................................. 50 Eating Utensil.................................................................................................................................. 50 Knife and Mulitool .......................................................................................................................... 50

Lighter..............................................................................................................................................50 Personal Needs And Misc. Gear........................................................................................ 51

Sunscreen and Lip Balm................................................................................................................51 Personal Toiletries..........................................................................................................................51 Feminine Urinary Device ...............................................................................................................51 Headlamp ........................................................................................................................................51 Nylon Cord ......................................................................................................................................52 Plastic Trash Bags ..........................................................................................................................52 Other Miscellaneous Items ...........................................................................................................52

Backpack ....................................................................................................................... 54 Compression Stuff Sacks (recommended) .................................................................................55

Ice Axe .....................................................................................................................................................57 Crampons ................................................................................................................................................59 Snowshoes ..............................................................................................................................................61 Ski Poles ..................................................................................................................................................62 Other Technical Equipment (Required) ............................................................................. 63

Avalanche Transceiver ..................................................................................................................63 Harness ............................................................................................................................................63 Snow Shovel ...................................................................................................................................57 Carabiners (4 Lockers, 1 Pear Shape Locker) ...........................................................................65 Helmet .............................................................................................................................................65 PMP (prusik-minding pulley) with prusik ....................................................................................65 Callout Rope....................................................................................................................................65 Cordelette ........................................................................................................................................65 Bailout Rings ...................................................................................................................................65 Purcell Prussik Set or Ascending System....................................................................................65 Webbing 40’ (2 pieces of 20” – 30” long) ..................................................................................65

Technical Equipment (Optional) ....................................................................................... 66 Appendix I Pitching A Tarp .............................................................................................. 67 Appendix II Cleaning Down ............................................................................................. 73 Appendix III: Snow Wands .................................................................................................................74 Appendix IV: Tents ...............................................................................................................................76 Appendix V: How To Clean Down ......................................................................................................77 Appendix VI: LEATHER UP HIGH - Conrad Anker ...........................................................................78 Appendix VII: Plastic Boot Modifications...........................................................................................79 Appendix IV: Feminine Urinary Device (FUD) ..................................................................................81 Appendix IV: Fabric Comparisons ......................................................................................................82 Any reference to specific gear is not an endorsement by the San Bernardino County Sheriffs Department. If you have questions that are unanswered or any comments about the content presented herein, please contact: Volunteer Forces 909-387-0641 Cover Photo: By Michael Gordon taken Jan 2001 on the devil’s backbone trail leading to Mount San Antonio. MT. Harwood is the mountain in the back. To see other high quality photos by Michael Gordon, please visit: www.mgordonphotography.com.

Credits: Thanks to Steven Tooley of the San Bernardino Mountain Team for the original document in 2003. Thanks to Denny Wells from Victor Valley SAR, Mark Kinsey, and Matt Micajah Truitt both from Cave SAR for the revision to the 2005 edition. Thanks to Jen Hopper from Cave SAR for the 2007 revision. Thanks to Donna Newlin from Rim SAR, Barbara Pitiak from SB Mtn/Valley of the Falls and Matt Micajah Truitt from Cave SAR for the 2008 revision. Thanks to Barabara Pitiak from SB Mtn/Valley of Falls and Matt Micajah Truitt from Cave & Tech SAR for the 2009 revision.

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Clothing and Gear Philosophy For Southern California SAR

In regard to winter SAR conditions, this course’s gear philosophy will focus on

the San Bernardino Mountains, survival versus comfort, lightweight and efficient gear, and choosing gear that will allow you to move quickly and efficiently for SAR missions. While on missions, we do not want to be weighed down with oversized, bulky packs. Instead of approaching your gear choices with the idea of a comfortable weekend in the mountains, we are focusing on SAR work, for which you need to be prepared for various difficult terrain and able survive a night in the snow during a storm.

Southern California mountains generate a marine snowpack (wet and heavy snow). We are influenced by both moist air from the Pacific and Baja, and dry air from the desert. These flow patterns; combined with mild temperatures, create unusual weather conditions (rain, freezing rain, hail, and snow) all in the same winter weather system. Our weather systems that do roll in are rather benign; they are short-lived and usually produce little precipitation as compared to other mountain systems in the Unites States.

The mountains that surround us are relatively easy winter mountains to climb. Compared to other ranges around the world, the elevation is not high, and their masses are relatively small, precluding them from creating their own weather. (San Gorgonio can influence the weather, but it does not generate its own weather.) We also have the ability to retreat from our mountains quickly, and can usually reach civilization within 12 hours of hiking. Also, our mountains have accessible tree lines and protected canyons that are almost always within reach, allowing us to seek shelter from the wind even in the fiercest of storms.

Taking all this information into account, an experienced mountaineer will be able to put together a clothing system that is effective for our conditions. A clothing system for climbing varies with the region and current conditions. The knowledge of what you need to take comes from experience working in different climates. The gear list for the SBSD BMC course is a well thought-out list for the general conditions found in our mountains. The county’s most experienced mountaineers have collaborated on this list. As you read about clothing in this guide, keep in mind that the clothing you choose will be influenced by how your body regulates heat. Your personal “furnace” will determine what you need to wear while moving as well as while at rest. This guide follows the concept of layering, which will allow you to adapt to changing weather conditions, being on the move, and having to stay put in cold conditions. It does not address other mountain ranges or that “once in a century” storm that may hit us.

To give an example of how a gear list might change, look below at how you would modify a gear list to climb Mt. San Gorgonio, Mt. Whitney, and Mt. Rainier in the winter. All three are on the west coast, all are affected by a marine snowpack; and all (for this example) have a 5-day forecast of moderate weather with no major storm systems forecasted.

San Gorgonio Mt. Whitney Mt. Rainier Temperature Range (F) 40 / 10 35 / 0 15 / -15 Underwear Medium Weight Medium Weight Expedition weight suit Insulation Layers (top) 2 Lightweight 2 Lightweight

3 Lightweight 1 Medium (soft shell)

Insulation Layers (bottom)

Soft shell pants Soft shell pants 100 w stretch fleece

Soft shell pants 100 w stretch fleece Down / synthetic pants

Rain Jacket Lightweight shell Lightweight shell Gore-Tex™ Jacket Parka Lightweight Synthetic Down Parka Down Parka Head Light Balaclava 2 Light Balaclavas 1 light balaclava

1 heavy full face balaclava Gloves 2 Light insulation

1 shell 1 Light insulation 1 Medium insulation 1 Shell

1 Medium insulation 1 Heavy insulation 1 Shell 1 Mitten

Socks 2 Pairs 2 Pairs 3 Pairs Boots Light winter boots, leather Medium plastic boots or

lightweight hybrid boots Expedition plastic or expedition hybrid boots.

Gaiters Medium weight Heavy weight Overboot system Eye Wear Wrap-around sunglasses

Ski Goggles Wrap-around sunglasses Ski Goggles

Mountaineering sunglasses with side shields, Ski Goggles

Backpack 3500 cubic inch 4500 cubic inch 6000 cubic inch Sleeping Bag 20 degree synthetic or down 0 degree down -20 degree down Sleeping Pad Ridgerest with bivy pad from

pack Inflatable pad with bivy pad from pack

3/4 length Ridgerest Full length inflatable pad

Tent Tarp / 3 season tent Light 4 season Expedition 4 season w/vestibule Extra Clothing Camp booties Neck gaiter, camp booties Extra Technical Equipment

Pickets Snow wands, flukes, pickets

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Getting information about gear

There are many sources of information about gear. Consult trusted individuals who have used a variety of gear and are current on what is available on the market. Please note, many search and rescue personal have limited experience with gear. They may know what they own, but little else. This gives them no baseline to judge that fancy $400 dollar jacket they have. If it is their only jacket, it is obviously the BEST jacket they have ever had, conversely it also the WORST jacket they have ever owned.

Manufacturers’ Catalogs Catalogs are a good place to start researching gear, but remember this is

advertising designed to entice you to buy their product. They will only present the best features; it takes a savvy consumer to see what is lacking. However, get on the quality manufacturers’ mailing lists to see the new gear, so you understand the trends that are evolving.

Tech Tips Take manufactures reported weight with a grain of salt; they many times

underreport the weight by vast amounts.

Retailers & Retailer Catalogs Getting information from retailers is marginal at best; first of all the retailer

only carries certain product lines; therefore, they have no experience with other choices on the market. Many times you are talking with a salesperson that possesses less knowledge about mountaineering gear than you do. Retailers are also reluctant to tell you about known problems: first they would lose a sale, and second it would shake your confidence in purchasing from a company that sells inferior products.

The good thing about receiving retailers’ catalogs and being on their mailing lists it that you find out about sales. Also, by receiving some good catalogs, you will be kept abreast of product developments. Notes from the field: The selection of quality mountaineering gear in southern California is limited. To get the highest quality gear you will find yourself purchasing a majority of products via mail order. Locally, Nomad Ventures probably carries the most diverse selection of quality gear. REI and Adventure 16 carry some items, but no store stocks a wide variety of winter mountaineering gear south of Bishop, CA. Check online for locations near you.

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Magazines Magazines’ main source of income is advertising revenue. Therefore, it is in

the best interest of the magazine to rate the high dollar advertisers’ products as excellent. It is incredibly rare to find unbiased reviews in magazines anymore. One of the worst offenders is Backpacker magazine, their Editor Picks and gear reviews give coverage to those that spent the most in advertising dollars. Another magazine whose reviews are marginal is Rock and Ice. Their gear reviews seem to be designed to not offend anyone. Therefore, you never get the real story. Probably the best source of current gear reviews is Climbing magazine; they still have a modicum of partiality. However, you still need to read between the lines and realize that a grade of C, which is average to you and me, is really Below Average, while B is Average. It is interesting to note that Climbing magazine’s Gear Guide is not very useful, since it is just a synopsis of the manufactures’ catalogs.

Internet There are several sites that allow users to post reviews of gear. The one that

seems to stand out above the rest in quantity and quality of the reviews is www.outdoorreview.com. Just remember anybody can write a review, so you have no idea about their experience level with gear. Therefore, I only BEGIN to trust reviews that have at least 4 different reviews with some similarities in the comments.

Who can you trust? You can trust the people who have the most experience with various gear. These are the people who use gear in a variety of conditions every week. This list would include: Professional mountain guides Backcountry rangers (Patrol Rangers) Mountaineers and climbers who are ACTIVE in the sport. Search and Rescue personal who are ACTIVE outside of SAR work and/or use

a plethora of gear.

Tech Tips Whenever somebody recommends a product ask this question. “WHY?” Then

critically listen to their answer. Everything has a trade-off. One gear’s advantage may also be a

disadvantage. Ask what is the purpose of each piece of your gear. Consider the versatility of an item, especially with this is the first set of

equipment you are purchasing. People who boast about all their gear usually have the least knowledge about

gear. Take their advice with a grain of salt.

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For Women Only In the last couple decades, the popularity of mountaineering has grown significantly. With this growth, more women have joined the mountaineering community. In the past the only technical gear a woman could find were made for men, so if one was lucky enough to find something that may seemed to have fit, chances are the ability to regulate ones body temperature was at a minimum as a result of such ill-fitting clothes. The good news is that more mountaineering manufacturers now make technical gear/clothing in women’s sizes. Often times the more technical the gear the chances are higher of having to go Online to order -- San Bernardino County has less mountaineering opportunities than other counties and states up north. At the end of many sections in this guide there may be a For Women Only section that can be helpful for some women.

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Concepts for Layering In the following pages about clothing and gear, you will find various clothing philosophies and recommendations. As you decided what goes in your pack and on your body, keep in mind that we are not all built the same. Your ability to stay warm depends on many factors. One of these factors is your “internal furnace”. One person may typically where thinner clothes because they naturally radiate more heat than another person. One person may naturally sweat more than another person, and thus being more concerned with wicking properties of clothing. On your check off list, you will notice there are 5 layers for the top and 4-5 layers for the bottom. The traditional philosophy looks like this: Top Layer 1: Wicking Layer / Underwear Layer – Lightweight or midweight

synthetic or merino wool Layer 2: Active Layer - Mid or heavyweight flexible fabric that allows for

movement & some insulation Layer 3: Breathable Softshell Layer – Durable Softshell jacket or shirt with zipper with room for layers underneath Layer 4: Warmth /Insulation Layer – Belay Jacket made from Primaloft, Thicker Synthetic, or Down Layer 5: Waterproof / Windproof / Breathable Hardshell - Jacket Bottom Layer 1: Wicking Layer / Underwear Layer – lightweight or midweight synthetic

or wool Layer 2: Active Layer - Typically not necessary for our local mountains Layer 3: Breathable Softshell Layer - Wool Pants Layer 4: Warmth / Insulation Layer (Optional) – Belay Pant made from

Primaloft, thicker synthetic , or down pants Layer 5: Waterproof / Windproof / Breathable Hardshell - Pants You may find that while moving in fair weather, you warm up quickly. You may need to strip down to your active layer (or layer 2) in order to not overheat. You may find that you prefer different thicknesses for different layers. Consider that everything you wear is also helping you stay warm in a sleeping system. It is recommended to try new clothing and sleep systems in cold environments close to the car or home so that if you become too cold, you can escape easily and learn from the experience. In the following clothing layers, consider the advantage of certain fabrics. You can compare fabrics by these abilities: Water Resistance, Wicking, Compressibility, Insulation Properties, and Durability.

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Common Fabric Debates: Polyester (like Patagonia's Capilene) vs. Merino Wool Down vs. Primaloft (or other synthetic fiber) Fleece vs. compressible fabrics such as Primaloft or merino wool. These will be explained on later pages. See appendix VIII for a detailed comparison.

1st Layer – Wicking / Long Underwear ( Base Layer )

The base layer is the foundation of any clothing system. Most base layers can be found in three weights: Lightweight, Medium weight (standard long underwear), and Expedition Weight (usually 100w or power stretch fabric). While many people believe that the function of the base layer is to insulate, this is not exactly true. The main purpose of the base layer is to move or “wick” moisture off your skin and to keep your skin dry so that you do not “over cool.” The lightest weights are best used for highly aerobic, on-the-go activities such as cross-country skiing, trail running, or snowshoe running. Medium weights are designed for start-and-stop activities where you may have the potential to sweat one moment and then be sedentary the next. Examples are multi-pitch alpine climbing, chairlift skiing or search and rescue work. Expedition weight is designed for activities in the extreme cold where the mercury rarely rises above 10F.

Features to Look For

#1 - does it wick well and is it comfortable? Reversed stitching so the seam is on the outside, or flat seems. Zippered tops give you venting options: a must to help keep you cool and

DRY. Light-colored tops to help keep you cool when hiking or working in full

sunlight. The sun’s rays can roast you; a white or light color will reflect them away.

Thumbholes are a plus. They keep your wrists covered. Blood is close to the skin at your wrists. This blood can be cooled quickly…thus quickly lowering your entire body temperature.

Features to Avoid

Scratchy, uncomfortable long underwear. Some, not all, antimicrobial treatments impair the wicking ability of the fabric;

this is the antithesis of what you want. Be cautious of such products.

Notes from the field: Although there are many excellent choices, the most prevalent synthetic long underwear that you will find is Patagonia’s Capilene. It is time-tested and works very well. Patagonia used to have a “Superfly” bottom for women, which could be used in conjunction with crotch zippers on shell pants to urinate. However, these have been discontinued. The best option for women is to use a pee funnel, which will be discussed later.

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In the last two years, Merino Wool has become common in outdoor clothing. Companies such Icebreaker, Ibex, and Smartwool are producing Merino Wool clothing that rivals synthetic clothing for wicking layers, active layers, and even some insulation. Most people would agree that Icebreaker is the highest quality of these brands and also the most expensive. Merino Wool also comes in lightweight, midweight and expedition weight thicknesses. Clothing Top Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Patagonia Lightweight t shirt Capilene 2 Shirt Mountain Hardwear Lightweight long-sleeve Continuum Light Crew Patagonia Lightweight long-sleeve Capilene 2 Crew

Clothing Bottom Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Patagonia Midweight long underwear Capilene 3 Bottoms Mountain Hardwear Midweight long underwear Continuum Tight Smartwool Midweight long underwear NTS Pant

Tech Tips

With some brands, 10 – 14 days is the life span of a set of long underwear on an expedition trip. Plan accordingly, and bring extra sets.

Can’t get body odor out of your underwear? Try washing it in Dr. Bonner’s Peppermint soap (REI carries it).

Going into a seriously cold environment? Look for an underwear bodysuit or bib underwear; this eliminates the draft up your back that inevitably occurs between the bottom and the top of the existing underwear system.

For Women Only

Unisex does not mean “Made for Women.” Get specific underwear made for

women; the cut is different and accommodates your body style for wicking. Also look for a well thought-out urination system. This could be a complete opening in the groin area designed specifically for women’s needs, or a stretchy enough waistband to allow it to be pulled down for use with a pee funnel. Note to petite women: Some boys, or kids size clothing fit nicely and are often less expensive. However, when it comes to long underwear it is advisable to go with the women’s sizes (they make XS in most brands). The kids size base layer shirts in many brands tend to not fit snugly around the waist area and can have a tendency to not completely fit the length of your arm. A size in one brand may not be the same for another so it is best to try to find what works for you.

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2nd Layer – Warmth, Breathable, & Dryness

New thoughts on layering1 - ( Active Layer ) Should I use a windshirt or traditional midweight material?

American manufacturers2 have pushed the idea that breathable insulation like fleece and pile should move water vapor away from the body as fast as possible. Of course any first year physics student knows that this advice goes against the theory of evaporative cooling. Insulation that is totally breathable transports water vapor away at such a high rate that you will need extra insulation to keep you warm. To demonstrate this, think about the last time you hiked in the mountains when the temperatures were in the 50s. When you took a rest break and took off your pack, you felt your back get chilled, right? This is because the sweat on your back was trapped between your pack and the clothing layer, and was not able to evaporate. So what happens when you take your pack off: rapid evaporative cooling, also known as flash-off.

While this cooling keeps you comfortable in moderate to hot temperatures, it can be problematic in cold environments. To help stop this heat loss, we often choose a semi-permeable vapor barrier as our second layer. We do this by incorporating a microfiber windshirt (such as Arc’teryx Hybrid Windshell, Marmot Driclime, Mountain Hardwear Tempest, Patagonia Zephyr, Sierra Designs Microlight, etc.) over our long underwear. This will in essence create a microclimate that is close to our body, which will slow evaporation while still allowing moisture to wick through this layer.

For this technique to work, the fabrics worn over the second layer must be more breathable the farther they are away from the skin. Obviously a hard shell jacket will inhibit wicking, and should not be used unless it is raining or wet snow is falling heavily. Instead, opt for a softshell outer layer: tightly woven fabric that makes the product very wind and water resistant but still highly breathable.

For Women Only Again, unisex does not mean ”Made for Women.” The above-mentioned windshirts also come in women’s cuts! Shirts made for men will probably have arms that are too long, shoulders that are too wide, and a torso that is too narrow. Try to buy women’s-specific gear and it will serve you better. Note to petite women: All the major brands that sell women’s sizes usually make an XS and some even sell numeric sizes in petite. Remember to be cautious if you decide to go with kid’s sizes – make sure it is “technical” gear with all the same features that the adult sizes have. 1 The layering system became popular in the United States climbing populace around 1999. Several manufacturers had been making products that fell into this category, but they had not marketed it this way. This information has been common knowledge and practice in the European communities for over 15 years. 2 While some have been slow to react, most American gear manufacturers are now offering semi-permeable barriers and softshell fabrics.

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Windshirt Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Marmot Jacket Original DriClime REI Shirt with zipper collar Winter Momentum Wind

Shirt Mountain Hardwear Jacket Stimulus (men & women) Midweight Top Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Patagonia Midweight Long-sleeve

Crew Capilene 3 Crew

Mountain Hardwear Midweight long-sleeve Continuum T Zip Crew Smartwool Midweight long-sleeve Midweight NTS Notes from the field: Companies like Marmot, Montbell, Arcteryx, and Mountain Hardwear have developed hybrid clothing that works partially as a windshirt and partially as a softshell. They tend to be rain resistant, and sometimes have a thin amount of insulation attached. These are usually top layers that are designed for aerobic activities such as cross-country skiing in cold climates. They are an alternative to more traditional layers. Consider a pullover instead of a full-length zippered jacket for this layer.

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3rd Layer - Softshells

Softshell fabrics have evolved over the last 5 years. Some have a very different purpose than others. In general, these fabrics have the ability to breathe extremely well, but they also perform as good windshells. They have good water-shedding ability and when they do get wet, they dry very quickly. They are also highly abrasion resistant, they stretch while you climb, and are very comfortable. The originator of softshell technology was a German company called Schoeller; they have been making a fabric called Schoeller Dryskin and other products for over ten years, but it hasn’t been until the last seven years that the Americans have caught on. There are several imitators on the market: some are comparable, and others have questionable durability and performance. One should compare weight, compression, breathability, and water resistance when looking at shoftshells. In the last three years there has been a variety of new softshell hybrids on the market. They tend to fall into three categories:

1. Pure Softshell / No insulation 2. Lightweight Insulated Softshell – usually they use 100w fleece or merino wool

as the liner with fabrics that are thinner and lighter than Schoeller fabrics. 3. Midweight Insulated Softshell designed for intense winter mountaineering –

usually contains thicker liners such as 200w fleece and thicker softshell fabrics like Schoeller fabrics.

This may complicate your gear list. Ask yourself if you want insulation in your softshell or not. Manufacturer Name Breathability Warmth Gore Windstopper

Trango Low High

Gore Windstopper N2S Medium/Low Medium Polartec Powershield Medium/Low Medium/High Polartec Powersheild Light Medium/High Medium Schoeller Dryskin Extreme

3Xdry High Medium/Low

Schoeller WB-400 Medium/High Medium/High The North Face Apex Medium Medium

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Softshell Top Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Mountain Hardwear Jacket Synchro Jacket Marmot Jacket Ultima Outdoor Research Jacket Credo Jacket Arcteryx Jacket with Hood Gamma MX Hoodie North Face Jacket Apex Bionic Shoftshell Pants Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Mountain Hardwear Pant Navigation Pant Patagonia Pant Guide Pant Mammut Pant Champ Pant Outdoor Research Pant Neoplume Pant Marmot Pant Scree Pant

For Women Only It’s a theme! Unisex does not mean “Made for Women.” Get specific soft-shell jackets and pants made for women: the cut is different and accommodates your body style (we mentioned tops. Pants will have a women’s rise, length, and cut.) Arc’teryx, Cloudveil, Marmot, and Patagonia all currently make softshell products designed for women. Notes from the field: If you want an insulated softshell, consider a merino wool lined softshell over fleece. Merino wool is less bulky, and warmer for the weight. Want to save weight? Consider a welded construction jacket. They don’t have stitching, which keeps the jacket lighter, but usually more expensive.

Problems keeping your pants up while wear shell pants or softshell pants. Consider a softshell or shell pant with suspenders.

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4th Layer – Insulated Jacket / Parka ( Warmth / Belay Jacket)

Purpose When you are not moving, you cool down quick in cold weather. If you have to stand around, sit in the cold, stay still on a belay, etc. you may find it useful to have an insulating layer that can quickly be thrown on top of whatever you are wearing. You may also find it useful if this layer has a hood that is large enough to go over a helmet. Insulated jackets and pants can also be part of a sleep system….see the section on sleep systems. Synthetic Vs. Down

This debate is one that will have climbers swearing by one product or the other. The facts are simple. Down lasts longer, is warmer per ounce, and is more compressible. The drawbacks to down are: it is more expensive and loses all insulating value when wet. Synthetics are cheaper and will still insulate when wet. The downside with synthetics is that they are heavier and bulkier than down and will not last as long. Synthetics

Two synthetic categories currently available that you should consider using include Polarguard™ and Primaloft™. There are a plethora of other synthetics available, but they are not as thermally efficient, less compressible, or not as widely available in the United States.

In the Polarguard™ family you have 3D™, HV™, and Delta™. Polarguard 3D™ and HV™ is cheaper than Primaloft™ and will last slightly longer than Primaloft™, but it does not compress as well and has a synthetic feel to it. It also takes longer to dry than Primaloft™. Polarguard Delta™ is designed to compete directly against Primaloft™. Both are high quality products.

Primaloft™ is the most down-like synthetic available. It compresses almost as well as down and drapes the body like down. It also sheds water faster and consequently dries more quickly than Polarguard™. In addition, it is warmer when wet than Polarguard™. Primaloft Infinity™ is the newest and highest loft of these fabrics (as of 2009). It is being used in colder weather gear. Other Primaloft fabrics include One, Sport, Eco Footwear, Yarn, and Eco. For a detailed comparison, go to: http://www.primaloft.com/outdoor_EG/products.html Down

Down may well cause more confusion than any other material used for outdoor products. Unfortunately, rumors and misconceptions about down had become well established before any real effort was made to get out accurate facts. Contributing to the problem is confusing FTC regulations and the fact that down is a variable commodity. As with any product, advertising claims have obscured the picture even more. Here is some basic information that should help you in the selection of any down product:

Fill power is not an official measurement of down subject to government regulations. The fill power standard test was developed for the army, and requires

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equipment that few others have. A less formal standard has been accepted by down processors, manufacturers, and testing labs. It involves measurements taken of a one-ounce sample of down in a Plexiglas cylinder with a weighted piston compressing the down. The test requires controlled temperature, humidity, and preparation of the sample to be even close to accurate. Even with careful preparation fill power measurements can vary 5% within the same batch. For this reason, fill power values are usually determined by taking the average of many test results.

The 700+ “harvested” down is different from the 700+ fill “molted” down and both of these are quite different from Chinese 550-650 fills. Most 550-650 down is commonly described as coming from mature, cold climate geese. In truth the climate the goose is raised in has very little to do with the quality of the down, and very little down comes from geese that you or I would call mature. Almost all down commercially available is a secondary product of geese raised for consumption. It is very expensive to raise geese for down alone. Most 550 – 650 fill down comes from China and is a combination of “mature”, six to seven week old geese and duck down. Down from these animals is mechanically harvested, chemically washed and bleached3 and then blended with up to 30% “other” product. This lower quality down will never loft like really mature down, and will lose its loftiness very quickly. These products should be avoided.

The next set of down is the 700+ harvested down fill; this also comes from so-called "mature" geese that are about twenty weeks old when they are "harvested" for food. Down from these geese is sorted, washed, and blended. This down will loft about as well as molted down when new, but will lose that loft over time and especially if compressed. This product is a good, cheaper alternative to true molted down.

Farms that want to produce the highest quality down must raise the right geese, feed them properly, let them get mature, and carefully gather the down. Very few poultry farmers want to go to this trouble. The top of the line down comes from birds kept for breeding purposes throughout the year. These geese molt naturally in the spring. While their down is loose it is collected by hand. It is rare and, of course, expensive.

This type of fill is a more mature and has larger individual plumules and developed oils. It is this characteristic that gives it greater loft and the ability to withstand repeated compression. The only way to get down of this quality is by careful hand selection. This is the major factor in its scarcity, not the lack of mature geese.

So how do you know what down you are getting? You don’t! As a general rule of thumb, Canadian down is the highest quality; European down4 is the close second, while Chinese down is generally of low quality and should be avoided. Shell fabrics

Shell fabrics come in three general varieties: Ripstop nylon is a tightly woven material that has excellent wind resistance and good water resistance. The application of DWR (durable water repellent) can increase the water resistance of this fabric. This fabric is very breathable and allows water vapor to pass through easily. Look for Epic and Pertex fabrics in newer models. These are lightweight water-resistant / waterproof fabrics that are being used on synthetic and down jackets, pants, and sleeping bags. They are allowing down to be used in wetter environments. 3 Chemical washing and bleaching strips the down of its natural oils, and is deleterious to the product. Washing is necessary because duck down oils will begin to develop a strong odor over time. 4 The highest quality European down is labeled “duvet vif” and is either hand-picked or molted. It is comparable to Canadian down.

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Proprietary laminates run the gamut from marginal to excellent. They cost more than nylon but less than Gore-Tex™. Each manufacturer uses its own product under its own trade name. There are some good products on the market such as EPIC by Nextex™.

Dryloft™ made by Gore-Tex™ is a water resistant membrane. It is also the most expensive of the three materials and offers no advantage over the current DWR or proprietary laminates. Its big drawback is that it is the least breathable of the three and can cause water moisture to build up in the down insulation. In very cold climates this water vapor will actually freeze inside of your down jacket, leading to a lumpy, ice-filled jacket.

Features to look for in a Belay Jacket/Parka

Examine how the jacket fits over your typical layering system. Compressibility – Let’s face it, these jackets can get bulky. The easier it is to

compress, the more practical it is to carry. Length - Manufacturers save weight and expense by cutting your jacket short. If

it gets too short, it loses its ability to effectively insulate your upper body. The jacket should ride no higher than your waist level when your arms are raised.

Hand-warmer pockets should be deep, with easy-to-operate zippers. Attached hoods save weight and reduce warm air leakage through the zipper. Waist drawcords help to retain heat and are recommended. Hood closure must fit properly, be able to wrap your head, and seal off the side

spaces securely to protect against the wind. Face coverage should be extensive, with only your eyes and nose left open to the

elements. Water bottle pockets become a handy accessory as you move into very cold

climates. Bright colors help facilitate your rescue if you should happen to find yourself in

that predicament. Dark colors on the interior help to dry the jacket. Insulated Jacket Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Mountain Hardwear 650 Fill Down Parka with

hood Sub Zero SL Hooded Jacket

Mountain Hardwear Synthetic Jacket with hood Hooded Compressor Patagonia Synthetic Jacket with hood Micro Puff Hooded Jacket Marmot Synthetic Jacket with hood Ellsworth Jacket Integral Designs Synthetic Parka with hood Insulated Pants Examples (Optional): Brand Style Model / Name Integral Designs Full Zip synthetic pant Denali Pant Mountain Hardwear Full Zip synthetic pant Compressor Pant Wild Things Full Zip synthetic pant EP Pant

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Tech Tips When traveling in climates cold enough to need a jacket, keep this item on the

very top of your pack. When you stop for a rest, or to belay a fellow climber, first put this jacket on and zip it up. This will help retain all that heat you have generated while moving, and you won’t get as chilled as you sit and wait.

Do not breathe through your mouth into a DOWN jacket; the perspiration from your breath will start to soak into the down.

If your down jacket gets saturated with water, DO NOT USE IT until it is dry. Sleeping cold at night? Place your jacket on top of your sleeping bag and use it as

a down comforter. If your feet are cold at night, put your jacket into the bottom of your sleeping bag

and cocoon it around your feet.

FOR WOMEN ONLY

There are jackets made for women. Before you jump on that sale, think about your investment; are you normally colder than your husband/boyfriend? If so, consider investing in a women’s heavy parka or a beefier jacket.

Layer Debate: Belay Jacket vs. Hardshell

Some experienced mountaineers would argue to list a Hardshell as the 4th layer, and a Belay Jacket as the 5th layer. In order to achieve this, you must make sure your Belay Jacket can fit over all other layers. The advantage to this theory is that you can through on your warmest layer quickly during brief stops and periods without activity such as during the belay on a multipitch ice climb. With the emergence of synthetic belay jackets on the market, this theory has become more popular. On the other hand, in wet snow environments like Southern California, many prefer to make sure that your Hardshell jacket can fit on top of all other layers. The advantage is that you will not get soaked as easily by wet snow & rainy conditions even on cold days.

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5th Layer - Rain Wear / Hard Shells ( Waterproof / Windproof / Breathable )

Originally, Hard Shell garments are designed to keep wind and wetness out.

These garments are ideal for high altitude and or very cold weather climbing where temperature variants allow the fabric to work as published.5 These jackets are also useful in harsh wet conditions where durability is important and days of rain are probable. There are three categories of laminates used to make hard shells. Proprietary Laminates - Runs the gamut from marginal to being better than Gore-

Tex™. They cost less than Gore-Tex™ and each manufacturer uses their own proprietary name. Some products on the market are Lowe’s Triple Point Ceramic™ and Patagonia’s H2N0™.

Gore-Tex Laminates – Constantly upgrading and expensive, XCR and Pac-lite are the current standards in bombproof material. A softer product called Gore Soft-Tech™ is being aggressively marketed to gear manufacturers by the W.R. Gore Company. There are also 2 ply and 3 ply Gore-Tex™ products available, depending on the durability you need. Note that 3 ply will weigh more.

Treated Fibers – These are typically one-ply or two-ply shells that use fibers that were treated with a waterproof coating prior to being woven into fabric. Examples include Marmot’s Precip, and Outdoor Research’s Rampart jacket. These are usually lighter weight than Laminates. Some manufactures even combine a one-ply laminate with treated fibers.

To effectively push water vapor out of laminate jackets through their “breathable” membrane the jacket has to be 1) DRY and 2) in cold temperatures: a temperature variant of about 60 degrees has to be present. That means if the inside of your jacket is at 70 degrees the outside air temperature has to be at 10 degrees or colder to allow for a large enough pressure differential for the fabric to work. Top-of-the-line Gore-Tex or equivalent jackets and pants will cost $300 - $ 400 dollars. The top of the line jackets and pants are loaded with extras, many you will never need or use in California. They add unnecessary weight and bulk, and there are other options. These are not the only rain jackets you should consider. The alternative is a treated fiber nylon jacket. These jackets will tend to be lighter weight, less bulky, less expensive, and work well in southern California conditions. For example, take a look at the Marmot Precip ($99.00 RETAIL and 13 ozs). It may soak through in a daylong downpour and its fabric is not as strong as XCR, but for $99.00 it’s a killer jacket. If you are thrashing through manzanita, do you want a $400 jacket on? Other jackets to consider in the treated nylon category are the Sierra Designs Tempest and Mountain Hardwear’s Epic.

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Hard Shell Jackets

Features to look for in a Hard Shell Jacket Articulated arms and shoulders. Taped seams throughout. Waist should be long enough to keep from riding above the waist and letting

water into your pants. Zippers and cuffs are common leak points and they need to be scrutinized to see

how well they keep out the elements. If water runs inside you sleeve every time you reach for a hold, it hardly matters how waterproof the fabric is. The new watertight zippers are excellent.

The hood is probably the most important part of a jacket in harsh winter conditions. Things to consider: Does it fit over you helmet, and does it keep you dry? Can you adjust it with just one gloved hand? During high wind, does the hood protect or does it funnel in the spindrift? How generous is the hood bill, will it actually push the rain away from your face? Is it stiff enough?

Ventilation - Let’s face it, waterproof and breathable is an oxymoron. The greater the waterproofness of the jacket, the less it will breathe. Therefore, you need the addition of well thought-out vents. But remember, when looking at vents, each zipper adds weight and also adds another place to leak.

Pockets with a mesh backing helps in ventilation? Abrasion resistant patches (if waterproofed!) are very handy on the shoulders

and elbows. All adjustments should be able to be made one-handed. Make sure the pockets are well placed, and you can open them with your harness

and backpack on. Do they open from the bottom or top? Will items fall out? A draw cord at the waist cuts down drastically on drafts and snow blowing up the

jacket. Fuzzy chin guards and glove attachment points are also nice to have. Hardshell Jacket Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Mountain Hardwear 3 layer laminate Exposure II Parka Marmot 2.5 layer Treated Fiber &

Laminate Oracle Jacket

Arcteryx Gortex PacLite Alpha SL Jacket Marmot 2 layer Treated Fiber &

Laminate Precip Jacket

Patagonia 2.5 layer Treated Fiber & Laminate

Rain Shadow Jacket

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Tech Tips One jacket does not fit all occasions. You will probably acquire several types,

and use them for appropriate conditions. Pockets that zip open from the top to the bottom keeps your small items from

spilling out. A bright colored jacket is easier to see in case of emergencies. The wetter a jacket gets the less breathable it is, this means the harder it is

raining the more you have to vent. Duct Tape repairs torn nylon and Gore-Tex™ shells quickly and efficiently in

the field; make sure you carry some. If conditions become bitter cold, consider using your jacket as your second

layer. It then becomes an effective vapor barrier and can increase your warmth considerably.

When trying on the jacket, cinch the hood down tight and turn your head side to side and up and down. Does the hood move, without pulling on the jacket? If it doesn’t, keep shopping. Does the hood work over your helmet?

Make sure all zippers have pull cords on them that can be operated with gloves or mittens on. These can be added by you.

Hard Shell Pants

Features to look for in Hard Shell Pants The legs should be articulated for a wide range of movement. The waist should be cut high enough to allow layers to stay tucked in, even

during high stepping activities. Full side zips are almost mandatory in winter conditions, if you think you can get

away without them, try putting on your pants with crampons on; see my point? (no pun intended). But side zips are also problematic in that they are the most likely of any zipper to leak and they add extra weight and bulk to the pants. Pay close attention to how the manufacturer is keeping water out.

Zipper houses or other innovative ways to keep the water from entering at the top of the zipper run is a favorable item to have.

To help in ventilating your legs, your side zips should be able to zip open from the top or bottom to help facilitate different venting options.

Abrasion resistant patches (if waterproofed!) are very handy on the knees and buttocks. Crampon patches are nice, but most of them are too short to be effective.

Elastic cuff drawcords are moderately effective and in certain snow conditions may allow you to leave the gaiters at home.

Think about going to the bathroom with this pant in stormy conditions. How easily can it accommodate your biological needs? (This is another advantage of full side zip pants: the whole back can zip down).

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Hardshell Pant Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Mountain Hardwear 3 layer laminate with full

side zip Pinnacle Pant

Arcteryx Gortex laminate with full side zip

Beta AR Pant

Marmot Midweight long-sleeve Exum Pant Marmot 2.5 layer treated fiber and

laminate pant Oracle Rain Pant (with suspenders)

Marmot 2 layer treated fiber and laminate pant

Precip Rain Pant

Tech Tips

Through-the-crotch zippers on shell gear and under layers expose less flesh and have no flapping fabric to whip you (or get in the way) with when going to the bathroom.

If your pant or bib system uses suspenders, they will probably become baggy throughout the day as you climb. This is due to the webbing loosening as your move. Adjust the suspenders to the proper fit with the most layers you’ll have on, and then cut off any long tails. Sew 3 inches of Velcro to the suspenders to keep them snug but with enough length for minor adjustments.

Make sure all zippers have pull cords on them that can be operated with gloves or mittens on. 2mm cord works well.

While a few people like them, most people will find internal gaiters offered on some pants detrimental; they seem to trap snow and cause you to soak your socks and boots. If your pants come equipped with these and you don’t use the function, cut them out and save the weight.

FOR WOMEN ONLY Look for jackets made especially for women: the sleeves will be shorter, the neck opening narrower, the chest and shoulders narrower but with bellows, the torso will be shorter but will flare wider. Look for pants/bibs made especially for women’s bodies, and pay special attention to handling your bathroom and other biological needs. Do you want a crotch zip, or will a regular zipper be fine with your pee funnel? It’s really just a personal preference.

Notes from the field: New Shell jackets and pants should be arriving at stores soon that are made from welded seams. This eliminates all stitching, eliminates seam tape, and reduces the weight of the item. It’s cutting edge technology.

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Head Wear

Your hat must cover your ears and it must keep you warm. There are many fabrics to choose from; wool, polypropylene, and stretch fleece are all good choices.

The most useful and weight-efficient hat that I have seen is the balaclava. A balaclava can be worn like a regular hat if you fold up the edges, or it can be converted into a full-face covering. Lightweight balaclavas can be purchased for $5.00 and weigh 2 ounces or less.

Heavy balaclavas may be overkill for our local mountains, unless you think you may have to spend the night out.

Tech Tips When wearing a helmet, stuff a lightweight balaclava in between your helmet

and support straps. It’s always there if you need it. 2 lightweight balaclavas work just as well as one medium one, but will give

you more options. It also allows you to dry one while wearing another one. Windstopper hats are great at blocking the wind, but then you can’t hear with

them on. Quick adjusting helmets are preferred in the winter; this allows you to add or

subtract layers quickly and keeps your helmet adjusted correctly. Sleeping cold at night? Slip on your hat and enjoy the warmth it will bring. An “oldie but goodie:” if your feet are cold – put on your hat.

Neck Gaiter (optional)

A neck gaiter is an optional item that you may rarely use, but when you need it, you really need it. A neck gaiter simply forms a seal around the base of your balaclava and the top of your insulating layers. In big windstorms, the wind will find a way to suck down into your chest and back area, dropping spindrift in and robbing you of heat. A neck gaiter is the best way to stop this. Admittedly they may be overkill for our mountains, but keep neck gaiters in the back of your mind for stormy conditions.

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EYE WEAR Sunglasses Sunglasses are essential in SAR activities, especially winter mountaineering. You need to protect your eyes from both direct sunlight and reflective glare. The best are wrap-around sunglasses or sunglasses with side shields. Federal law now requires all sun eyewear to be 100% UV (ultra violet light) protective, however the optical quality often is predicted by the cost. The shade or darkness of lenses determines the degree of brightness reduction and/or differences in contrast - not the amount of UV protection. How much you find yourself “squinting” determines the degree of visible light reduction that is needed. A clear lens (plastic or polycarbonate with a UV coating) can provide 100% UV protection, but won’t give any brightness control. Tinted lenses made for sunlight not fashion, will have a minimum 70% brightness reduction, and usually have between 80-97%. Remember that UV light is not visible and can cause injury or damage without requiring a “sunny” day, just as sunburn to exposed skin. A brimmed hat can also give glare protection along with your sunglasses. Tinting: Same density color or gradient. Gray: Gives the least amount of color distortion with a high degree of brightness reduction and glare protection. (Same as a neutral density filter for photography.) Green: Offers good contrast with some blue light reduction. There is some color distortion and is often combined as a gray/green combination for visual comfort, as in the Rayban G-15 lens. Brown or Amber: These lenses increase contrast by decreasing the amount of blue and violet light (which cause the greatest amount of direct glare) entering the eye. They have a fairly high degree of color distortion, especially in the blue range. Green traffic signal lights can be perceived as yellow because of the blue frequency elimination. (Green = blue + yellow.) A Blue Blocker lens usually is a combined brown/amber shade depending on manufacturer. Yellow: Extremely high in blue frequency elimination (high glare factor from scattered visible blue light) and greatly affects accurate color recognition in blue color detection. Yellow filters are effective in very low contrast situations such as fog, haze and reduced illumination. This is why you have yellow fog lights on your car. Do not use yellow lenses in bright direct sunlight. Rose, pink, purple: Some contrast improvement under special conditions, mostly used indoors for fashion, florescent light modification or long term green CRT monitor observation.

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Blue: Usually used as a fashion tint, often combined with rose in double gradient. Polarized: Very effective in environments where there is reflected light, as with water, snow, or other horizontal flat surfaces. A polarized filter will eliminate the reflected “polarized” horizontal light from these surfaces. It will not filter direct visible light or vertically polarized light. Caution: Many car windows (Mercedes to Kias) have surface distortions that cause polarization, which will be detected as dark lines or waves in the glass, and this can be very annoying. Mirror coating: The original intent of the mirrored lens was to reflect light, making it darker than the standard tinted lens. The coating is usually applied in a gradient to allow less interference with near vision. Many manufacturers often use it as a fashion statement. The mirrored coating can be easily scratched, and reflected light can be directed to the nose and face causing sunburn. Make sure to wear sun block to counter the sunburn problem on the face. Anti-reflective: These coatings enhance the optical quality of the lenses by eliminating internal reflections as well as those from the back surface. These are more effective in night vision and inside reflections (overhead lights, windows) than for outdoors in the daytime. Photochromic: Originally developed by Corning Glass Company as photogray or photobrown lenses made of glass. They change with exposure to UV light, light colored when out of the direct sunlight, they darken when exposed to UV radiation-- not brightness. Problems occur in that the darkening chemical reaction slows in hot temperature and it takes longer to return to original when very cold. New plastic and polycarbonate photochromatic lenses are not as temperature-sensitive and have a fairly similar reaction time (i.e. Transitions type lenses). These work well for most people in daily activity and provide excellent UV protection. Car windshields absorb a large amount of UV light and may not allow complete darkening of the lenses. Glass lenses: High degree of scratch resistance but also a higher chance of breakage on impact. A constant density color within the lens is often used in non-prescription lenses. In prescription lenses, they may not have a uniform color unless a coated back surface tint is used. Color density is based on center or edge thickness. Has low UV protection without additional UV tint/coating/photochromatics. Plastic lenses: Usually based on the CR-39 formula developed years ago. More resistant to breakage than glass, but also more susceptible to scratching. About half the weight of a glass lens. Better quality lenses have a scratch-resistant coating. Typically are tinted but can be coated, available in photo-changeable and polarized. Has natural UV protection at about 90+%. Polycarbonate or similar: Highest degree of break-resistance, usually made with a scratch-resistant coating. Usually tinted but may be coated for color, available in

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photochromatic and polarized. Has natural UV protection of about 90+%. These lenses can be made thinner than glass or plastic, while maintaining a high degree of shatter-resistance. Dye Process tints: This is a method of tinting originally clear plastic and polycarbonate type lenses. The lenses are placed in a hot liquid dye, and the surface absorbs the dye much like dying cloth. The darkness depends on the dye properties and the number of times “dipped,” or length of exposure in the liquid. Constant density tint: the coloring compound is mixed with the original optical material to create a uniform shade. Coating: lenses are placed in a special vacuum oven where a vaporized metallic compound is deposited on the lens surface, usually the back surface to help prevent scratching. Scratch-resistant coating is applied to the surfaces of the plastic and polycarbonate lenses to improve their surface hardness. The quality of this coating varies widely in the optical industry. It functions much like the clear coat applied in newer automotive paint processes. Contact Lenses: Hard or “ridged gas permeable” (RGP) type lenses will not be affected by moderately cold temperature while in the eye. Excessive watering of the eye in response to very cold temperature, wind or dry conditions may cause the lens to come off the eye and be lost. Always have sunglasses and/or goggles available. Always have your prescription glasses with you for backup. Soft lenses will not freeze to your eye at our altitudes (less than 12,000 feet) and will not cause an oxygen permeability problem. Always carry a spare pair, and in cold weather, protect the solution from freezing in both its container and the contact case. Contact lens solution is a salt-water compound but will freeze. UV lenses only partially reduce ultraviolet light exposure, mostly from ambient UV sources like fluorescent lighting. You still need sunglasses or goggles because it is important to protect the conjunctive (white part) from UV as well. Tinted lenses are only for identification or fashion and are not protective for UV or excess brightness. Always carry your backup prescription glasses. Be careful when applying sunscreen around your eyes, and beware of surface contamination when handling your soft lenses.

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Tech Tips Anti-fog compounds are all effective in the eyes of the believer. Be careful

not to apply a stick-type product that can scratch a lens surface. Cat Crap (not the stuff in the kitty litter box!) has been effectively used for eyewear and goggles.

If sunglasses have side shields, pay particular attention to how they are attached. Arguments can be made for both permanent vs. temporary attachment

Weigh the protection that side shields give vs. the loss of peripheral vision, especially with opaque, permanent shields. If using these, train yourself to scan the terrain. Your goggles may be of better use for poor conditions.

Most nose guards work well if there is no wind; in the wind you now have a nose beater!

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Snow Goggles

Snow goggles protect your eyes from blowing snow and spindrift. If you haven’t experienced it, spindrift can be as bad as having sand blown in your eyes. You can be blinded until the ice melts, but then you open your eyes again only to get more ice crystals deposited in them. The worst-case scenario is that your eyeballs will freeze. This has happened to many a mountaineer. The worst part of the experience, I am told, is the intense pain as the eye defrosts.

When we work around helicopters, they can create the same effect with their rotor downwash.

Finally, consider the choice of buying either a clear goggle or a tinted goggle. If you buy a tinted goggle, you may have problems when working at night in windy conditions due to the tint. However, wearing goggles with sunglasses during the day can be problematic if they are not designed to be used together.

Snow goggles are required for the alpine SAR pack.

Features to look for in Snow Goggles

If you intend to wear prescription glasses or sunglasses underneath, make sure the goggle will fit comfortably over your eyeglass frame(s). There are specially made goggles for this purpose. Look for fit to the face rather than style; they should make a comfortable seal for maximum protection. Check to see how the goggles are vented. Please don’t buy fan-powered units. Make sure the top and bottom vents won’t become blocked or clogged with snow. Make sure the lenses are 100% UV protected. (They can still be clear.) Double lens models can cut down on fogging. Tints are for contrast and brightness reduction just as in sunglasses; there are even some photochromics available. Be careful how you clean and dry the lens surfaces. Try not to use paper products; the surface should be a wet, soft, clean cloth. Air dry after use. Read your goggles’ insert on lens care and cleaning, especially if it has a coated lens. Make sure the band is long enough or expandable to fit over your helmet and not just your head. Read the manufactures recommendations to limit lens fogging.

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Hand Wear

Should I use gloves or mittens? There is no right answer. Mittens' main advantage is that they are warmer, vastly more water resistant, and dry more quickly than gloves. But gloves are more natural for us to wear. We can manipulate our fingers, tie ropes, work carabiners, etc. Try to wear gloves over mittens whenever possible, and choose the thinnest glove for the given conditions. When choosing a glove system, you need to decide between an all-in-one-glove and a glove with a removable fleece liner. Removable liners are superior in several areas: liners can be removed so they will dry faster, and if you happen to get them wet, you can replace them with a spare set. Therefore, the system is more flexible than the all-in-one glove. However, a liner system may be bulkier and allow less dexterity.

A simple glove system that works well in Southern California conditions consists of two lightweight gloves (100 weight fleece, polypropylene, or Schoeller fabric gloves) and one waterproof outer glove. Start the day with just the light liner glove on, no outer glove, and try to work the whole day wearing just the liner. If your hands get cold, put on the outer gloves, and you will have an instant vapor barrier that will keep your hands warm. The second lightweight pair can be used to switch out a wet pair. If conditions warrant, you may want to put on the outer shell glove when you switch gloves to help protect your second glove from getting soaked.

Features to look for in Gloves

Sticky palms on shells and liner gloves help you grip those slippery ice tools and frozen carabiners.

Keeper leashes on gloves allow them to be attached to you or your harness, and are essential on shell gloves. Do you have places to attach them on your jacket?

Easy to manipulate one-handed closures on shell gloves are important. Articulated fingers are more natural and comfortable feeling, and don’t tire

your hands as much. Gloves designed for ice climbers are warm even when wet, and they have

great dexterity for working with ropes and carabiners. They make an extra second set of gloves to carry.

Notes from the Field: There are some alternatives to the normal gloves on the market. Here are a few. SealSkinz Waterproof gloves are lightweight and waterproof, perfect for So Cal light conditions. Are you really paranoid about your hands getting wet or cold? Try using a product that some top ice climbers use. It’s not “technical” but it works: it is the ATLAS PVC COLD RESISTANT 460 and 490 GLOVES. These are gloves used in freezer plants and cold storage units. They are PVC plastic and insulated, so they are totally waterproof. You may look funny, but your hands will be warm.

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Gloves & Mittens Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Black Diamond Shell Glove with liner Guide Glove Outdoor Research Shell Glove with liner Arête Glove REI Shell Mitten Taped Mittens Outdoor Research Shell Mitten with liner Meteor Mittens Outdoor Research Midweight liner Windstopper Gripper Glove REI Lightweight liner Performance liner glove Outdoor Research Soft Shell liner PL 100 Glove Marmot Insulated Work Glove Exum Work Glove Black Diamond Insulated Work Glove Patrol Glove Mad Rock Ice Climbing Glove Mountain Glove Outdoor Research Ice Climbing Glove Alibi Glove

Tech Tips Tight gloves constrict the hand, cutting off blood flow. This will make your

hands cold even though you have gloves on. Make sure your gloves are fitted properly.

Dummy cords (cords that attach your gloves to you) are great to protect you from loosing your gloves in windy conditions. Don’t ever set your gloves down on the ground when it’s windy!

Dry your gloves next to your skin overnight in your sleeping bag. If you lose a glove or they become soaking wet, use your extra pair of socks

as mittens. If you have notoriously cold hands but like the feel of gloves, consider using

liner gloves with outer shell mittens. Leather gloves in mild weather work great; use them as a medium layer. Still,

remember to wax the leather! You can buy Seam Sealer and put it on the seams in your shell gloves in order

to make the gloves more waterproof.

FOR WOMEN ONLY

Believe it or not, women have differently shaped hands than men. In addition, women’s hands are usually colder than men’s, so most women require warmer liners. Also consider mittens, since they are warmer and quicker to dry. If you have small hands, check out a company called Wild Roses: they make mountaineering clothes and gloves built specifically for women. Many other companies such as Black Diamond, Marmot, and Patagonia are now making women’s-specific gloves.

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Foot Wear Boots

Boots are probably one of the most important and highly personalized pieces of gear you take with you into the wilderness. The traditional argument is plastic or leather? See below for newer technologies. The following is a rundown of the differences between leather and plastic mountaineering boots.

Leather Plastic Popular Brands

Salomon, La Sportiva, Scarpa, Kayland, Boreal, Asolo, Technica, Vasque, Montrail

Popular Brands Koflach, Asolo, Scarpa, Lowa, Raichle

Pretty waterproof but they take a long time to dry when wet. (In my experience there is no such thing as a truly permanently waterproof leather boot. All leather will let water through eventually, and the water resistance decreases with age as the leather gradually wears and picks up salt etc. from your feet.) Periodically wax leather boots to achieve max waterproofness. With new boots, you can usually get 5-7 layers of wax in the leather.

The shell is almost fully waterproof, ankle hinges can and do leak. If the inners are removable they can be dried but it takes time. If they can’t be removed, field drying can be next to impossible.

Snugger fit, more pleasant to walk in, better general climbing performance due particularly to ankle cuff flexibility. The main reason for the big swing back to leather boots. (See Leather up High in the appendix)

Can feel clunky and large on ones’ feet, particularly at first, depending on fit, feet can move around inside the shell - can make front pointing strenuous. Go for a snugger fit for more precision. With a good fit, plastic boots are a good choice with few toe-bashing problems. But shin-bashing still seems to be a problem with some models.

Pretty warm, some models have extra Thinsulate insulation; experience is the only true guide to determine whether leathers will be warm enough for you in winter or cold climates. Often difficult to insulate the toe box.

Very warm, feet sweating can be a real problem in mild climates like Southern California. Inners can be replaced with thermofit or "high altitude" ones, which can increase comfort and warmth.

Durability: boot should last through 2 or 3 resoles. Resoles can be expensive: $75 - $100. The front toe bail rim can wear away on some models and be insufficient to hold the bail after the first resole.

Overall good, but variable durability between models. Shells are durable; common problems are the cuff rivets coming off, ditto any stitching attaching trim and tongue. Resole-able, but not uncommon to have problems with the resole coming unstuck. The front bail rim also wears away with time.

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New Technologies In Boots In the last three years there has been a boom in performance mountaineering

boots for cold weather. Many manufactures have come up with three alternatives to the traditional argument. 1. Synthetic Uppers and Silicone Impregnated Leather: Similar to leather boots, but they have several advantages including: • No waxing! • More waterproof than leather • Depending on the boot, the materials are usually lighter than leather boots. • These boots usually have newer types of insulation that are better at keeping

your feet warm. The winter style of these boots usually come with Primaloft™ or Gortex Durathem™ liners which have been reviewed by many users as superior to non-insulated or Thinsulate™ insulation.

• Examples include La Sportiva Trango Extreme Evo Light, La Sportiva Nepal and Scarpa Freney XT GTX, and Scarpa Summit

2. Synthetic Uppers with built–in insulated gaiters. These boots are similar to the above boots except they have more insulation due to the built-in insulated gaiter. They are usually intended for mountaineering in colder climates than Southern California, but if you have cold feet, this may be an option. • Examples include La Sportiva Batura and Scarpa Phantom Lite 3. Double Synthetic Boots These boots follow the plastic boot idea of a double boot except they are constructed from two synthetic layers and independent layers. This improves movement and flexibility of the upper part of the boot. These are usually for very cold climates such as high altitude mountaineering, but if you have cold feet problems, then this might be the alternative to the plastic boot that you have been hoping for. They are usually very expensive. • Examples include La Sportiva Nupste and La Sportiva Spantik

So what to choose? There are two distinct opinions. If you want an opinion, leathers and synthetic upper leathers work great for 1-2 day trips like SAR missions. Many mountaineers have climbed to over 20,000 feet using leather boots with their feet staying warm and dry. The logic is that we have mild conditions and retreat is easy if needed. Leather boots are lighter and usually more comfortable. For Southern California mountains, don’t buy overboots; they are $500+ and you may use them only once or twice a year. Regardless of the above arguments, one should consider a rigid boot for winter mountain environments. It is easier to kick steps in snow and traverse in snow with a rigid boot.

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Notes from the field: Make sure you spend time getting properly sized for boots. Also try on boots with the insoles and socks you plan to wear in the field with that pair of boots. Know your feet. Different boots have different lasts and different amounts of volume within in the same size range. One person may be perfect for a La Sportiva boot, but never feel good in an Asolo boot. Finally consider different lacing styles. One method of lacing may secure your heel better than another. If you have single boot and cold feet, consider an insulated super gaiter by Climb High or Mountain Tools. Boots Examples: Brand Style Model / Name La Sportiva Silicone impregnated 4

season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Nepal Evo GTX (women’s available)

La Sportiva Insulated synthetic 4 season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Trango Extreme Evo Light GTX

La Sportiva Insulated synthetic 4 season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Batura

La Sportiva Insulated silicone impregnated 4 season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Lhotse

La Sportiva Leather Makalu La Sportiva Leather Karakorum (women’s

available) La Sportiva Leather Glacier (women’s

available) La Sportiva Synthetic 3 season with

waterproof breathable liner

Trango S Evo GTX (women’s available)

Scarpa Insulated silicone impregnated 4 season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Summit GTX (women’s available)

Lowa Insulated silicone impregnated 4 season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Mountain Expert GTX (women’s available)

Asolo Silicone impregnated 3 season w/ waterproof breathable liner

Expert GV GTX (women’s available)

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Tech Tips

To keep your boots from freezing at night, put them in a stuff sack and put them in the bottom of the sleeping bag. You can also try placing them under your bag between that and the sleeping pad. I will put them under my knees at night. Also, it is a good idea to pull out your insoles and place them separately in your sleeping bag. If this is impossible see next tip.

To make putting frozen boots on easier the next morning, open them as wide as possible when you take them off at night. This will keep them from freezing in a closed position.

Feet cold? Try a product called Insulator Insoles™; they replace your regular insoles with an insulating layer of Thermolite and neoprene. Superfeet Custom Quark insoles also provide a little more insulation to the bottom of your feet.

In general the basic insole in any boot is cheap cardboard or foam. Most people would benefit from a supported insole. You can buy simple and generic insoles with more arch support like Superfeet or heat moldable insoles like Sole.

If you have foot problems such as flat feet, consider custom insoles. You will find that your feet won’t fatigue as fast with a proper insoles made just for you. These run somewhere around $300-$400, but worth it if you have this problem. Consult a Podiatrist for more information.

Still cold? Try loosening the laces on your boots to see if it is a circulation problem. Also try a thinner sock; it just might work.

After you have bought your boots, take them home, put your socks and your boots on and then sit down in front of the television. Prop your feet up on a stool and stay there for two to three hours, if your boots still feel good on your feet, they will probably be fine in the wilderness. If your feet start to hurt, return the boots and keep trying.

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Socks

Sock systems are also highly personalized and if you already have a system that works for you, use it. If you don’t have a system, try the one (high quality) sock system. The days of two socks (one liner sock and one wool sock) are over. The reason we used to have a liner was to transport the sweat away from the foot and to isolate the foot from those itchy, blister-causing wool socks by having the socks rub on each other instead of your skin. Today we have socks that are non-itchy and move moisture well. Therefore, one mountaineering pair of socks is all most people will ever need. The only time you will ever need two thick socks is in the extreme cold or to make up room in your loose boots.

Notes from the Field: While everybody has their favorite sock, one sock seems to stand out among mountaineers and backpackers alike. They are SmartWool™. These socks are durable, warm, and dry quickly. They are expensive, but they will last you several seasons of hard use. The thickest is the Mountaineer, but other models are available.

Tech Tips

Dry your socks on your chest next to your skin while you sleep at night. Clean night-time socks (socks you only use to sleep in) are a luxury that can

be euphoric. Always try on boots while wearing the sock that you plan on using with those

boots. Are your feet chronically cold? Try neoprene socks. These can be worn with

wool socks underneath. Try using antiperspirant to cut down on foot sweat. Spray stuff is okay, but it

can flash freeze your feet. Instead, buy a powder (which may ball up) or just use a stick or roll-on.

Thorlo socks are notoriously THICKER than other manufacturers, so much so that if you switch to a Thorlo sock, your boots may seem too tight and cause problems. Conversely, if you change from Thorlos to a different sock, your boots may seem loose and cause blisters. Be wary when changing to or from Thorlo brand socks.

Camp Booties / Camp Shoes (optional)

These are a luxury item but can be one of the finest luxury items you can bring. After spending all day in boots, you may be ecstatic to get out of them and into something different. However, let’s not go overboard. This item should be compressible and lightweight and is generally used on longer trips. Removable liners

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from plastic boots can work as well, and in mild conditions, sandals or ultralight tennis shoes work well.

Vapor Barrier Socks (optional)

A vapor barrier liner (VBL) is a non-breathable sock that traps moisture and heat next to the foot. Most vapor barriers are worn with a two-sock system described above and are used in extreme cold. Use a regular liner under the VBL and the heavy sock on top, so it doesn’t get wet with sweat. Notes from the Field: SealSkinz makes a unique waterproof and water blocker sock that will help keep the feet dry from the outside and your boot dry from the inside by blocking the sweat. They are best used in combination with a warmer wool sock during winter conditions.

Tech Tips If your feet still sweat even with the use of antiperspirant, the next solution is

a vapor barrier to help keep your boots dry. A vapor barrier system needs to be custom tailored. Make sure you perfect your system on short trips before embarking upon an expedition with an untried and untested system.

Boots totally saturated and frozen? Use two plastic bags as emergency vapor barriers. Bread bags can last all day.

Gaiters

When choosing winter gaiters remember what their primary function is. No, it’s not protection from snow, even though it does that. Their primary function is to protect your $300 Gore-Tex™ pants from being shredded by crampons!

Features to look for in Gaiters

Think weight: choose the lightest weight ones you can use and still do the job. If you are not protecting expensive pants try smaller, shorter gaiters.

Permanently-mounted instep straps are easier to use, but are hard to repair in the field. Instep cords are much more user friendly, but bring spare cords.

Tech Tips If you have a dedicated winter mountaineering boot, consider permanently

mounting a super gaiter (A full rand gaiter) to it. Use Shoe Goo or other strong glue and you will have a custom boot that is virtually impervious to the elements.

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Sleeping System Many mountaineers have started thinking in terms of a sleeping system. A common sleeping system would consist of: 1. Sleeping Bag and/or Insulated Clothing (insulation on top of you) 2. Insulated/Belay (Puffy) Jacket - used as a blanket inside or over your sleeping bag 3. Lightweight Bivy Sack / Bag cover (like the Integral Designs Endurance Bivy

or Black Diamond Mountain Bivy) 4. Sleeping Pad (insulation under you) 5. Shelter (tarp or similar) 6. Groundsheet (optional) – keeps snow and moisture from dirt away from you 7. Additional ways to stay warm such as eating enough calories and having a pee

bottle readily accessible. The lightweight design of this system provides maximum versatility for changing conditions and seasons. The sleeping bag and jacket are changeable components, and can be used with the Endurance or equivalent cover. The waterproof, breathable Endurance bag cover with taped seams provides protection from moisture as well as adding warmth to the system. Additionally the Endurance cover helps to hold a jacket in place, adding significant insulation and warmth to the system. For more information on bivy sacks, see the section titled “Shelters.” Sleeping on Snow The importance of sufficient ground insulation cannot be overstated. This is particularly true when sleeping on snow. Sleeping Bags

Temperature ratings are not guarantees of warmth. There is no set industry standard, so a bag rated at 20°F by one manufacturer may leave your teeth chattering when the temperature hits 35°F, while another bag rated at 20°F may keep you warm down to 15°F. Synthetic vs. Down and Shell Fabric

See discussion under jackets/parkas. The only point to emphasize is that Primaloft™ compresses more than Polarguard™6, a serious consideration taking into account your sleeping bag uses much more insulation material than a jacket. So compression becomes a significant factor. Another plus about Primaloft™ is that it drapes the body and feels more like down than Polarguard™. All about Baffles 6 Polarguard Delta comparisons seem to be about the same as Primaloft.

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Are you “baffled about baffles?” Each manufacturer claims that their baffling system is vastly superior to the competitors. Who to believe? This one is easy: ignore the hype about baffles; in high quality bags they all work about the same.

Features to look for in a Sleeping Bag

It’s all about how the bag fits you. Try out several manufacturers and see

which one your body fits better. Trim cut bags are warmer and lighter than large cut bags, but they get

claustrophobic. Zipper guards or stiffener fabric is a must to help guard against zipper snags. Draft tubes by the zippers stop warm air loss and cold air coming in. Neck draft tubes help lock the warm air in the bag and are highly

recommended. Contoured foot box helps the feet fall into a natural position. Tight foot boxes

will lead to cramps, cold feet, and a poor night’s sleep. Differential cut in material allows down to expand to its full potential. A contoured hood will keep the head warmer. Cinch the neck draft tube down and cinch the hood tight and turn your head.

Does the hood turn when you sleep and your face stay in the fresh air? If it doesn’t, keep shopping.

Notes from the Field: The down bags that continually get top rating year after year are made by Western Mountaineering7. Feathered Friends is a close second in quality, but loses top dog position due to narrower cut. Top rated Primaloft™ bags are made by Integral Designs, and most other major manufacturers. Sleeping Bag Examples: Brand Style / Temp / Weight Model / Name Mountain Hardwear Synthetic / 15 F / 44 oz Ultramania +15 North Face Synthetic / 20 F/ 42 oz Cat’s Meow Marmot Down / 30 F / 11 oz Hydrogen Mountain Hardwear Synthetic / 32 F / 31 oz Ultramania +32 Marmot Synthetic / 40 F / 21 oz Pounder Montbell Down / 40 F / 18 oz UL Hugger #5 Marmot Down / 15 F / 21 oz Helium Montbell Synthetic / 35 F / 37 oz Super Stretch Burrow Bag

#4

7 Their bags are consistently rated the warmest yet also are the lightest on the market! They don’t advertise where they get their down from and they conservatively rate it as 750+ fill. But the rumor on the street is that they get their down strictly from Canada!

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Tech Tips

Never go to sleep with wet clothes on; always change into dry clothes, and remember to put on your clean night time socks!

As you climb out of your sleeping bag in the morning, turn the bag inside out and squeeze all the air out of it several times. This will expel the warm MOIST air that has collected overnight before it can condense or freeze inside your bag.

Dark colors both inside and out are preferred for your sleeping bag. They help in absorbing the sun’s heat and therefore speed up drying times of your bag.

Never sleep with your mouth inside the bag; the moisture from your breath will condense in your bag and make the insulation wet and inefficient.

Synthetic bags feel colder initially when you get into to them; to stop from getting chilled see next tip.

Do not crawl into your sleeping bag if you are already chilled; instead do some exercises and warm your body up, then get into your bag.

If you sleep cold, eat some high fat/carbohydrate snacks before you go to bed. Also have a warm drink such as hot chocolate/apple cider. This will give your body energy to produce heat throughout the night.

Keep your hat either on your head or close by. If you wake up chilled, put on the hat first.

Warm water bottles/pee bottles help keep you bag warm at night. To help it stay warm even longer, put the bottle in a sock.

While you can dry some items in your bag, socks and gloves, do not attempt to dry large articles of clothing like pants or sweaters. Too much moisture will be driven off of these and be absorbed by your sleeping bag. This makes for dry clothes but a wet bag.

If there is a lot of dead space in your footbox, stuff extra clothing or stuff sacks down there, anything to take up the room and help insulate your feet.

If you don’t have a neck collar, bunch an extra shirt around your neck to cut down on the heat loss.

For Women Only

Women’s bags will keep women warmer because they are cut shorter and are a smaller diameter in the shoulder and larger in the hips. Some have more insulation in the foot area.

Sleeping Pads

Insulating yourself from the ground is more important than insulating yourself from the cold air. The ground will conductively suck the heat out of your bag and body, so you need to have some form of insulation from the ground.

There are two types of pads available. The first type is the self-inflating pad, which constitutes a foam pad surrounded by a nylon airtight outer cover. This style of pad has a valve that allows the user to manually inflate and seal the mattress. The other type of pad is a closed cell foam pad, which is a simple pad with no fancy covering on it.

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Self Inflating Pad Closed Cell Pad

Heavy Light Expensive Cheap

Can Pop or Leak Idiot Proof Usually Warmer Can be used as sit/stand pad with

crampons on Common Closed Cell Pads Brand & Model Advantage Disadvantage Blue foam pad at REI Cheap, warm enough Easily Destroyed, you will

replace every season! Ridge Rest by Cascade Designs

Durable, warm enough, durable

Catches snow in grooves

Z Rest by Cascade Designs Folds into section instead of rolling, durable

Less insulation than Ridge Rest

Liberty Ridge Foam Pad Cheaper than Ridge or Z Rest, does not collect snow, durable

Gossamer Gear Foam Pad Cheaper than Ridge or Z Rest, does not collect snow, durable, varied widths

Harder to fine, order online.

Evazote by Zotefoams Supposedly the best expedition foam pad on the market, comes in .5 inch thickness, does not collect snow, extremely durable, flexible down to -70 degrees F

Hard to fine, must order through Pro Mountain Sports in Seattle or MEC in Canada, most expensive closed cell foam pad listed in this chart.

The second choice you have is whether to buy a full length or 3/4-length pad. I personally do not understand adding the extra weight of a full-length pad when you will have an abundance of items around camp that you can use to insulate the footbox of your sleeping bag from the ground. You can use climbing ropes, stuff sacks, backpacks, boots, extra clothing, food, etc. The choice is yours, but I’ve already carried a rope up 3000’, why not use it? Notes from the field: I have known many people who have popped their self-inflating pads. It can be psychologically depressing and physically cold to sleep on a deflated pad. If you use this type of product, you should bring a second lightweight foam pad as backup. Repairing self-inflating pads in winter conditions is often times not possible.

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Tech Tips Down bags need thicker insulating pads because the down on the bottom of

your bag will compress more than synthetics do. Dimpled Pads such as Cascade designs Z-Rest and High Country Mt.

Washington, create dead air space for warmth without adding weight. They also have the advantage of collecting water in the dimples, keeping it from spreading over your entire sleeping bag. In the morning just lift the pad and dump out the water.

Removable bivy pads from your backpack help cut down on weight. This can be your second pad in winter.

Pee Bottles (recommended)

Pee bottles are almost mandatory when the temperature dips. Don’t believe me? Try the cold shuffle in high winds to relieve your self one night, and you will become a convert. When using a pee bottle, keep the bottle inside the sleeping bag; it now becomes a warm water bottle for you. (Make sure you close the lid tight!) If you do place the pee bottle outside the bag you will probably wake up to find frozen pee in it. Try explaining to your partners why they have to waste fuel and time so you can melt out your urine. Many people use a Nalgene 48oz Wide mouth canteen for their pee bottle. It has an odd shape and rolls up after emptying to save space. No matter what bottle you use, Mark / Identify / Set Apart / Make Distinct your pee bottle.

Tech Tips

Emptying oneself of urine will allow you to sleep warmer. Go to the bathroom in the great outdoors before you go to bed. During the night, use your pee bottle.

FOR WOMEN ONLY

Lady J to Save the Day Women can use a pee bottle! All you have to do is kneel in the tent and use your funnel, letting the flow into your bottle. It is a little difficult to do this when your partner is beside you (“Hey Jason, look over there!”), but is preferable to getting up and going out in the cold wind. One product that allows this is called a Lady J, available through Campmor for the princely sum of $7.00. Another product, available at REI, is called the Freshette and is priced at $20. It includes a hose, which makes it easier to write your name in the snow (and fill a pee bottle). These products are some of the best inventions for outdoor women, and can be used to relieve yourself “just like the guys do,” while standing 10 feet away and facing the bushes. Pee funnels are highly recommended for any and all outdoor adventures from day trips to expeditions.

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Shelters For SAR, we are focusing on tarp shelters. Tents are nice, but heavy, bulky, and not practical for SAR work. For your own information, you can find out more about tents in the appendix. Many people think of snow caves, which are great for intense winter storms in colder environments, but they are time consuming, energy consuming, and not practical for SAR work. Tarp shelters are self-sufficient, versatile, lightweight, low bulk, and work well as a shelter when needed. Again, we are thinking of survival vs. comfort. Those with more experience with tarps shelters usually find that correctly set up, tarps provide more than adequate shelter for protecting oneself from the elements.

Tarps

Tarps come in a range of materials from the classic blue woven plastic available at a Wal-Mart to Thermolite material to the newer Sil nylon tarps. The older styles are cheaper, much heavier, and much bulkier. The Sil tarps are made out of silicone-impregnated nylon. They are amazingly light, and you will pay $100 or more for one of these treasures.

The newer tarps come in a variety of styles and cuts. Some are a basic rectangle with various tie-out points; these tend to be the most versatile and can be put up in a variety of configurations. Others are cut to make more specifically shaped shelters. Some require the use of a pole, stick, or trekking pole to hold-up the center of the tarp.

Integral Designs, Black Diamond, MSR, and Go-Lite are among the companies with more unique lightweight tarp shelters. These shelters have been cut and sewn with tie loops already in place and usually have a specific configuration to how they are pitched. The Tyvek Alternative? Many lightweight backpacking websites give instructions and recommendation as to how you can make your own tarp and groundsheet from Tyvek by Dupont. In general,Tyvek is very strong, tear resistant, possibly waterproof, and lightweight. There are several variations of Tyvek on the market. Typically, you must by tyvek by the spool. Some fabric and industrial fabric stores will sale Tyvek cut from a spool. They usually sale it by the yard. House Wrap Tyvek The traditional Tyvek found on the sides of houses is called “House Wrap” Tyvek and weights 2 oz per yard. This is also known as the “hard” Tyvek. On several websites, this material is considered to be “functionally waterproof”…..whatever that means. This material is stiff, makes that traditional aluminum foil noise, and would make a strong tarp. Here are a couple of resources for House Wrap Tyvek:

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Dancing Light Gear - Standard Housewrap Backpacker Camper - Standard Housewrap (Also sells tyvek ponchos) Kite Tyvek This is also known as the soft Tyvek. There appears to be a variety of weights. Kite Tyvek is usually only recommended for a groundsheet. Here are a couple of resources for Kite Tyvek: Into the Wind - 1422R 1.15oz "Kite Tyvek" Quest Outfitters - 1443R 1.25oz "Kite Tyvek" Kitebuilder.com - 1443R 1.25oz "Kite Tyvek" The Ultralite OmnicovR® Ground Sheet - Made of DuPont™ Tyvek® Material Concepts sells this version of Tyvek. The website is: http://www.materialconcepts.com/products/tyvek/ground-sheet/ • On their website, they list several uses for this material including: Tent ground

sheet , Tent floor guard, Rain fly, and Ground cover • This material is listed as durable, rip and tear resistant, breathable, water-

resistant, washable, light weight and easy to store. • There is a hard style and a soft style. • The material comes in pre-cut 8’x10’ sheets. Tyvek Considerations • When attaching a rope or cord to the corner of the Ultralite OmnicovR®, use a

sheet-bend knot to achieve the strongest tie downs. • Never use traditional grommets; instead, use fabric clips, spring clamps, or tarp

and fabric fasteners. • Tyvek can be sewn or glued. Barge cement has been reported to work well on

this material. • Tyvek® is slippery and should not be used in applications where it is walked

upon. • Tyvek® should not be used near heat, flames, or sparks, so please use caution

around the campfire. • Tyvek® ground sheets can be hand washed with mild soap. Or, they can be

machine washed in cold water on a gentle cycle. No bleach. Drip dry only. Do not put in a dryer, dry clean, or use an iron on Tyvek®.

• If you want to soften the hard Tyvek, consider washing the material with a pair of tennis shoes is a front loading washing machine.

Pitching a Rectangular Tarp

If you need instruction on how to pitch a tarp and/or how to use a tarp on snow, please consult the appendix.

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Bivy Bags

First, some definitions. The term "bivy bag" is of course a nickname for the more formal "bivouac bag." A bivy is simply a sleeping bag cover that closes up against the weather, closing you inside. They can be quite claustrophobic if you get caught in a storm, but they do provide shelter. High quality bivys usually weigh less than two pounds and are made with a waterproof-breathable material on the top, and a waterproof, durable, coated nylon on the bottom. Cheaper alternatives include heavy-duty extra large trash bags and rolled 4-ply plastic. They are cheap, uncomfortable, should not cover the face completely, and will trap condensation.

There is a lot of misinformation about bivy bags and what their limitations are in the mountains. First of all, bivy bags are designed as an emergency shelter from storms. They are not designed for prolonged camping. Think about what a bivy does; it is a waterproof enclosure from the elements. It therefore protects you from moisture from the outside, but allows condensation to build on the inside. This condensation over time will soak your sleeping bag. There are places where bivy bags do excel: they help out immensely in snow caves, and they work well in places where tents and tarps are impractical. They are also an insurance policy when you may not make it back that evening. Still interested in bivy bags? Check out these unique bags. Name Weight Retail

Price Pros & Cons

Bibler Winter Bivy 9 ozs $110 Made with EPIC fabric, packs very small Lightweight Water Resistant only

Integral Designs Endurance Bivy

11 ozs $130 Made from Pertex fabric. It is very water resistant, but won’t work alone in a down-poor rain.

Integral Designs Overbag Bivy

18 oz $240 Heavier than others listed

Montbell 6.3 oz $125.00 No zipper, entrance is at head only MPI Products Extreme Pro Tech Bag

12 ozs $ 30.00 Vacuum packed emergency space bag that is very warm. Once opened it can never be put back into its package.

Notes From The Field: Newer Gore-Tex XCR and equivalent bivy bags are much more breathable than the older styles. Also consider features like an opening about waist area for a rope to go through to a harness inside the bag and the amount the bag will zip open. Longer zippers allow easier entry into the bag, but are more likely to leak.

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Stoves, Cookware, Hydration, Eating Stoves For SAR, we are focusing on stoves for individual needs.

There are several types of stoves on the market, and we will concentrate on the two most popular types. They are liquid gas (white gas) or canister gas stoves. While canister stoves are simple and reliable, they begin to falter as the temperature drops. Another problem with canister stoves is that as the party size increases and the days in the field grow longer, the canisters become prohibitively heavy. These canisters are also inconvenient to pack out and the seals tend to crack and leak in extreme cold. However, they should not be ruled out, and can be used in mild winter conditions like those typically experienced in San Bernardino Mountains. You should know that somewhere between 20-40 degrees F, depending upon the fuel mix, these stoves’ performance will drop dramatically. You will find that the liquid gas stoves will prove superior in winter conditions.

Features to look for in Stoves

Windscreen / heat reflectors that run around the pot. They should be easy to

adjust for different pot sizes. Heavy specially designed heat exchangers are not necessary except on long (14 days or more) expeditions.

A stove stand of some sort is necessary in the snow. Whether you use a shovel or a base designed for this purpose, just bring something.

Repair kits are mandatory for the stove; you should be able to completely field strip and rebuild your stove.

How much fuel do I bring?

Effective fuel management means the stove goes on once per meal period and never goes off till you are done with everything (cooking, cleaning, melting snow for water). This is why in the winter, teams will be carrying two pots, so one is always on the stove.

Experience plays a key role in who runs the stove; a novice can easily use 25% more fuel than a seasoned veteran. Fuel usage depends upon many variables: experience of stove operator, temperature, cook time of foods, are you cooking in a tent or vestibule, is your stove burning clean, altitude, etc. As a general rule of thumb I use the following numbers:

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Light Conditions Wet snow, not very

compact, temperatures in the 20 – 40 degree range

4 - 6 ounces per person per day

Moderate Conditions Compacted snow, temperatures in the 0 – 20 degree days, or altitudes above 12,000 feet

6 - 8 ounces per person per day

Extreme Conditions Melting ICE, or hard snow with temperatures at or below 0 or altitudes above 16,000

8 - 10 ounces per person per day

Please note your fuel usage may vary. Notes from the field: While there are many stoves to choose from on the market, the most universally used stove in the backcountry is the MSR Whisperlight Series. (The MSR XGK is the most universally used stove in expedition high altitude climbing but the turbojet powers of this stove are overkill for our mountains. If you use this stove, you and your partner will not be able to hear each other until meal time is over.) These stoves are tough, reliable and easy to maintain. The Jetboil stove and MSR Reactor are interesting options. They each combine both the pot and stove into one unit. The built-in heat exchanger makes these stoves the most efficient canister stoves on the market. New reports indicate that the MSR Reactor is better at lighting in cold environments.

Tech Tips

If you are particular about floaters in your water, bring some coffee filters or fine mesh strainer to strain the water.

Extra water left over after melting snow can be preserved by burying the pot in the snow at least 1 foot deep. Chances are you will still have water and not ice in the morning.

Cooking in a tent reduces fuel consumption, but can also add moisture to your tent. Lighting the tent on fire reduces pack weight, but could endanger your life. Carbon monoxide poisoning lets you test the idiot proof-ness of your gear.

To cut down on bulk buy a stove that will fit inside the cooking pot you plan to use. Also stuff other items in the pot to save pack space.

A white gas stove is ubiquitous in the United States, if running low on fuel you might be able to bum some off of other groups or expeditions. Don’t do this in your SAR uniform.

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Tech Tips Continued

White gas spilt on the flesh in very cold conditions can cause instant frostbite. Be very careful. Touching a fuel canister in extreme cold can cause contact frostbite. In these conditions, use liner gloves or wrap your canister in duct tape to insulate it from your skin.

Cooking Pots

The main decision you have to make about pots is what material and what size. Pots come in a choice of three materials that are as follows.

Aluminum Steel Titanium

Cheap Moderate Exorbitant Light Heavy Very Light Bends easily Hardest to bend Moderate to bend Some hot spots on bottom

Good heat distribution Hot spots on bottom leads to burning food

Transfers heat almost as well as titanium. Food cools quickly.

Transfers heat the worst (longer boil times). Food stays warmer.

Transfers heat the best (quicker boil times). Food cools fastest.

After you choose the material, what size pot(s) do you need? This varies with

what you are cooking, but large pots are great for melting snow. I use the following pot sizes. 1 person one 1 L pot 2 - 3 people one 1.5 L pot and one 1 L Pot

Tech Tips

Always start with some water in the bottom of the pot. If you try to melt snow with no water, you will burn the pot and the water will taste burned.

Black pot bottoms help transfer heat and use less fuel. Pot grippers are needed; if you have leather gloves along, use those and save

weight. Avoid using polypropylene gloves because they melt.

Water Bottles / Hydration

The crème de la crème of winter mountaineering water bottles is the Hunersdorf Expedition Water Bottle. If you bring these, your coolness factor has just doubled. They have everything you want in a water bottle. They remain flexible down to -40°F. They have a wide mouth. They have an easy to open top with big grips that you can use with mittens on.

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However, Nalgene bottles work just fine for California conditions. Avoid metal water bottles for obvious reasons.

Water bottle insulating covers (optional)

These are a luxury in southern California, a necessity in severe climates. There are several available on the market; the ones made with urethane foam are the most popular. Urethane foam absorbs water, so don’t spill. Simple neoprene such as Forty Below is OK, but will not keep water very warm. The best product for keeping water warm and having a nice hot drink at lunch time, is the OR insulator. But like we mentioned, don’t get it wet or it can freeze up inside the foam. Notes from the Field: If you are going into an area where insulating covers become mandatory, consider investing in a lightweight vacuum thermos. This will allow you to keep coffee or tea hot even in the coldest climates. While it is heavy, a dose of warm liquid at -10°F can do wonders to the psyche of the climber.

Tech Tips Lexan bottles do unique things as the mercury dips to the negative numbers;

they can contort and shatter. If there is a chance that your water may freeze, travel with your water bottle

upside down. The water will not freeze in the threads. Don’t have a water bottle cover? Just use an extra sock, works almost as well

and saves weight. Don’t spill water on your sock. Water mixed with sugar items (Gatorade, lemonade, etc) will freeze at a lower

temperature than plain water. FYI: 90 proof peppermint schnapps freezes at -19°F. Leave your water filter at home; they become frozen and cracked in sub-

freezing temperatures. Chemical treatment of water takes longer to work in cold weather. Refer to

the manufacturer’s timetable. Letting your water freeze in your water bottles overnight is a waste of fuel.

Sleep with your bottles to keep them from freezing.

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Water Bladder with insulating hose (optional, not recommend)

Personal choice, but even with the insulating hose the water will freeze when the mercury dips. Blow back after each sip to clear the tube. If the water freezes in the bladder, it can be impossible to defrost. Have backups available. Many BMC instructors will tell you that sucky tubes just suck. If you like easy access to your water, consider a small 16oz water bottle that can be clipped to your harness or outside of your pack. You can still reach it without taking off your pack.

Insulated Cup

I saw one in a mountaineering gear catalog for $29. I bought mine at Wal-Mart for $5. These are great to have and well worth the weight. Look for tall skinny ones; they will keep the product hot longer.

Eating Utensil

Lexan spoons work the best.

Lighter / Matches

Bring a few lighters if you are bringing a stove, they tend to get lost, freeze, crack, break, etc. A good idea is to keep one lighter with your stove, one in a ‘camp stuff sack’ and one on a cord attached to your knife and flashlight. It is recommend that you have waterproof matches as a survival item. Knife / Multitool

Think small and light.

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Personal Needs and Miscellaneous Gear

Sunscreen and Lip Balm This stuff does expire; make sure yours is current. Get the strongest SPF

rating available in the largest, most cost-effective size. You can buddy up with people if you want to. Then transfer it into you own smaller bottle that is appropriate for the trip.

Make sure that your lip balm really has sunscreen in it. The tube will have an SPF rating on it. There have been many sun burnt and blistered lips due to this oversight. Also, carry several tubes of lip balm; this is the one item that you always seem to lose.

Tech Tips Sunscreen does freeze. When the temperature dips, keep the tube close to

the body and easily accessible so you can have it when you need it. If sunscreen does freeze, the emulsion will separate. With most manufactures,

just shaking the bottle will re-emulsify the product. It does not lose its potency by freezing.

If working in extremely sunny conditions remember to sunscreen the INSIDE of your nose and ears. They do get burnt - trust me.

If you are very sun-sensitive, consider zinc oxide. Yes, you look like a lifeguard, but you won’t get burned.

Personal Toiletries (some say these are all optional)

Normally, on a SAR mission you are gone for 48 hours or less. Bring them if you really need them. If so, bring toothbrush, toothpaste, baby wipes, deodorant, toilet paper, and a plastic bag to pack out used toilet paper. Consider bringing antibacterial gel. Of needed, bring contact lens solution, extra glasses, personal medication. Tampons should be packed out, not buried. Bring a small stuff sack to store the plastic bag inside.

Feminine Urinary Device (Optional for women) – see appendix VII

Headlamp LED lights are the hot ticket right now, and this field is evolving very fast.

Consider your main light to be a Headlamp with a 1 watt LED. The Petzl Tikka XP, Petzl Myo XP, Black Diamond Spot, Pricenton Tec EOS, and Mammut Lucido TX1 are all good headlamps with this newer technology. All of these lights are as bright as most traditional halogen lights, and a lot lighter in weight.

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If you like to light up the night sky and need more power, then consider a 3watt LED headlamp such as the Princeton Tec Apex or Black Diamond Icon. For your second light source consider something lighter and more of a backup such as a less bright but still good 3 or 4 LED headlamp. The Petzl Tikka Plus, Petzl Zipka Plus, Black Diamond Gizmo, and Princeton Tec Fuel are all good examples.

Tech Tips Going into extreme cold temperatures? You will need a headlamp system that

stores the battery next to your body to keep it warm, or use lithiums which perform better in the cold.

Prepare to use more batteries in the winter; daytime is shorter in duration and the cold sucks the juice out of batteries.

Nylon Cord

3mm nylon cord is less supple than parachute cord but the breaking strength is similar. Either will work.

Plastic Trash Bags

Should be black to help in melting snow and finding gear buried in snow. Avoid white bags, you may never find your cache.

Possible uses of the trash bags include:

Emergency Bivy bag Buried equipment cache Buried food cache Solar Still Emergency rain gear Vapor barrier Pack Cover To carry trash in

Other Miscellaneous Items • Compass • First Aid Kit • Watch (altimeter watches give you added points) • Food (2 days) • Notebook and pencil • Flagging Tape • Plastic Whistle • Map with waterproof case

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Miscellaneous Personal Equipment (Optional) Bandana

Protects neck and face from wind and sun. Latex gloves For handling dead bodies. Measuring Tape Standard tracking tool. Nesbit Stove Ultra-lightweight emergency stove. Signal Mirror Can also be used for personal grooming and hygiene.

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Backpack

When determining what size pack to buy, your height is not nearly as important as your torso length. A short-legged person and a long-legged person may be exactly the same height, but require different sized packs.

To measure your torso length, you will need some assistance and a flexible measuring device like a tailor's tape. Have a friend measure along your spine from the seventh vertebra (the bump where your shoulder meets the neck) down to a point even with the iliac crest (the top of the hip bones). The distance along your spine between those two points is your torso length.

When measuring for hipbelts, it is important to measure not the waist or where your pants ride, but in the center of your hipbone (1/2 inch below the top of the hips) where the hipbelt should be worn. When trying on a new pack, make sure you fill it with your expected weight to see how it really handles and fits you. I recommend taking your average expected equipment and loading up the pack to help determine if it is the appropriate size for your needs.

Features to look for in a Backpack

Pay special attention to the hipbelt, since this is what is going to be

supporting your weight. Is there enough padding for you, does it fit you well, does it have enough expansion for yearly weight fluctuations?

Look for durable coated fabric that resists tears and is water repellant. Treated nylon reduces the need for a rain cover.

Daisy chains and gear lash points are handy. Storm collars should extend 12 inches or longer. Shovel pockets are very useful. Floating top pocket is great if you carry team gear and need to expand. Compression straps that reduce loads or compress pack when it is not full. Crampon attachments (not on top). Ice tool loops or tubes. A single compartment pack will be lighter. The newer nylons will also shave ounces off your pack.

Features to avoid Zippers: you will need some, but the fewer the better. They are heavy,

freeze, and bind up. Top pockets that turn into fanny packs – better solution is to carry a light

daypack when needed. One size fits all packs – they don’t. Hydration bladders and crampon attachments in or near the top of a pack. It

makes the pack top-heavy. Adventure racing style packs - don’t support 30lb+ loads.

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Backpack Examples: Brand Size Model / Name Deuter 65 + 10 liter Aircontact Lite Deuter 60 + 10 liter ACT lite (women’s) Osprey 65 liter Atmos 65 Mountain Hardwear 63 liter Intention 65 (women’s) Gregory 69 liter Makalu Pro REI 69 liter Ridgeline 65 (women’s

available)

Tech Tips Backpack straps that hang loose become miniature flogging whips in high

winds. Either cut them down or have the ability to secure all excess straps. Removable and usable bivy pads help cut down on weight. This can be your

second pad in winter. Keep all pack buckles closed, otherwise snow/ice will get into the buckle and

freeze, making the buckle system useless. Easiest way to cut down on your overall pack weight is buy a pack that weighs

less! There are backpacks that weight over 9 lbs when empty. If you substitute a backpack that weighs only 4 pounds you will have just shed 5 lbs of weight that you carry.

For Women Only

Many manufacturers are finally making packs just for women. They are making smaller torso lengths and also redesigning the hip belt to better follow the curves of a women’s hip. Some backpack manufactures are now offering different waist belt options for women, you just need to ask.

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Packing Your Backpack Stay organized. Know where each item is stored in your pack. This will enable

you to find the items you need quickly, and prevent you from unpacking everything to find one small item.

Use color-coded stuff sacks, and arrange items by their use. EXAMPLE: I have a stuff sack (light blue) called my camp sack. In it are the items I will only use in camp; consequently it is in the bottom of my pack.

Compression stuff sacks reduce bulk, especially with sleeping bags. Trash bags are an excellent way to line and waterproof the inside of your

pack. Place less-needed items on the bottom. Keep inflatable pads and water bladders away from crampons. Utilize the space well. Avoid “dead” unused space. Condense items as you can. Example: some stoves will fit in a pot. Keep shell layers and softshell jacket easily accessible. Distribute heavier items symmetrically on the spine of your body. Avoid a

pack that leans right or left.

Compression Stuff Sacks (recommended) Compression stuff sacks are different from regular stuff sacks in that they compress the articles placed inside. These sacks become incredibly useful during the winter because they allow you to compress your high volume items down to more manageable sizes.

Tech Tips Put only items in your compression stuff sack that you use around camp. If

you put your jacket into it and need while hiking, you will waste valuable daylight in getting it out.

Never store any items in a compression stuff sack. Down and synthetics will lose loft never to regain it again.

High quality down can be compressed for 48 hours and will re-loft to its original size, cheap down will not!

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Ice Axe An ice axe is an essential tool for safe travel in the mountains in winter, and will perform many different functions at different times and in different situations. Its main uses are:

• To provide extra stability (to help prevent a slip occurring), by acting as a third leg.

• To provide a self belay in the event of a slip occurring (the shaft is driven down into the snow).

• To provide a brake in the event that a slip turns into a slide. • To cut steps in hard snow when crampons aren't being worn. • To provide extra security on steep snow slopes, when used in conjunction

with a rope to construct bucket seats, snow bollards, and buried-axe belays. • To aid with climbing ice, hard snow, frozen turf or rock (when 'mixed' climbing

in winter). The pick is used to hook onto bulges or steps, swing into ice, or twist into cracks.

The length of an effective ice axe depends on two things: your height, and what

you intend to do with it. A shorter axe is used by shorter people. On Northwestern volcanoes, which are not very steep, the axe is used mainly to aid uphill walking, probe weaknesses in the snow, or self-arrest in the event of a fall. I would recommend a 70 cm axe here. As the routes become steeper and more technical, the shorter 60 or 55 cm axe works well, though it becomes less useful as a walking stick. On steep water ice (opposed to glacial ice, which is compacted snow), climbers opt for two shorter technical tools. These are less useful for the mountaineering functions like walking, belaying, probing, or self-arresting and will not be addressed here. Notes from the Field: The following mountaineering ice axes have very good reputations: Black Diamond Raven, Petzl Cosmique Light, Charlet Moser Chardonnet, Grivel Pamir, Omega Pacific Mountain Axe. Two axes to stay away from Camp Nuptse and the Lucky Mazama.

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Tech Tips

Avoid using the adze of the axe as a hammer, you could bend or break it, and will make sharp dents in the tops of your pickets. Instead, use the top of the axes head and whack straight down. If doing this, make sure your leash is not UNDER the tool’s head or will trash the runner.

Plastic handle grips make it hard to plunge the tool into the snow; they also tend to become brittle in single digit temperatures.

Ultra lightweight axes are fine for glacier travel and occasional use. They suffer when you try to cut steps, use the pick in ice, or do other heavy duty work.

When it is cold, a lot of heat can be lost from your hand to the head of an ice axe even when wearing heavy mittens. To stop this, take and old sleeping pad and cut a piece out that fits in the palm of your hand and goes most of the way down each side of the head of the axe. Duct tape it on to the top of the axe.

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Crampons

There are three types of bindings that are used to attach crampons to a boot: step-ins, Newmatics (hybrids), and strap-ons. Crampons are matched to your boot; therefore, your boot determines which crampons you can use.

Step-ins are designed for boots with both a heel and toe bail. They are quickest to put on and if adjusted correctly on a stiff boot, they are very secure.

Newmatics are designed for boots that only have a heel bail slot and not a toe bail slot; they use a strap to keep them attached to the front of the boot.

Strap-on crampons come in two types. The antiquated ones use a series of straps that criss-cross over the boot to hold the crampon on. The newer strap-ons use a system of plastic or nylon attachment points and are superior because they are easily put on, and more field-adjustable.

For SAR work, modern adjustable strap-on crampons are the most

appropriate. They are lightweight and versatile to a variety of boots, both rigid and semi-rigid.

Features to look for in Crampons

Buy flexible or semi-rigid crampons. Rigid crampons are for steep ice climbing. Lightweight crampons can be nice; the aluminum ones are less durable than

steel, but if you only “may” need them, they save about 1/3 of the weight. Glacier or general walking crampons consist of 10 -12 points and have all the

teeth pointing down except for the front points. Slightly more aggressive crampons have a set of secondary angled points behind the crampons. Either style will do.

Crampons that have no adjustment screws mean one less item to break or lose. If your crampon does have screws or nuts, you must bring a repair kit with spare parts and tools to use them. Newer crampons are easily field adjustable without screws.

Crampons should be easy to put on and take off, even with gloves on. Crampons Examples: Brand Style Model / Name Black Diamond Strap-on, 10 point Contact Strap Petzl Strap-on, 12 point Vasak Flexlock Petzl Newmatic, 12 point Vasak Leverlock Black Diamond Step-in, 14 point Sabertooth Pro Step-in

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Tech Tips Most crampon manufactures make different size toe bails to fit narrow or

extra wide boots. Call them and they will usually send you out a specially sized one at minimal cost.

Break a toe bail? Make a quick fix by wiring the crampon to the boot. Nowhere to carry your crampons? Try rolling them in your non inflatable

sleeping pad and lashing them to the outside of you pack. Snow balling problems? The cheap lightweight solution is to treat your

crampons with a good coating of silicone spray before leaving home. It will wear off, but it is effective. Want to go high tech? Buy anti-bot (anti-balling) plates for snow balling problems, or make a pair out of plastic and bailing wire.

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Snowshoes

The plain truth is you simply cannot buy one pair of snowshoes that will work well in every snow condition you will encounter. Size does matter, at least when you are looking for snowshoes, and each manufacturer has different sizes for different weights (you plus your gear). It’s best to check with their recommendations for correct sizing.

Features to look for in snowshoes: Anodized aluminum frame or molded plastic deck. Upturned toe for easier maneuvering and minimal snow build-up. Solid decking of Hypalon, molded plastic, or other synthetic material that has

been proven to handle the cold. Toe and heel crampons underfoot for traction. Side rails for traction.

Features to avoid Ratcheting buckle systems can be problematic and tend to pop open when

stressed under serious mountaineering conditions. Leather or standard plastic straps or decking, because when it gets cold it is

brittle and breaks easily. Top brands will have special cold resistant plastic. Notes from the field For serious winter mountaineering (steep, rough terrain) you need snowshoes that have side rails and aggressive cleats. It is also preferred that you have televators for uphill hiking. Check out the MSR Denali Evo Ascent or Lightning Ascent. These are specifically designed for mountaineering (steep traverses, ability to handle moderate ice, able to cross rocks and cliff bands). The Denali’s also have a unique tail system that lets you shorten or lengthen the tail of the snowshoe for the conditions present.

Tech Tips When buying snowshoes, wear your regular glove system and try putting on

the bindings with your gloves on. If you are hiking alone or breaking trail for a group in deep powder, you will

need larger snow shoes than if you share trail breaking. When descending a slope it is usually easier to make your own path in

moderate to deep powder than to follow a leader.

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Ski Poles or Trekking Poles

Virtually any good quality adjustable trekking or ski pole will do. Just make sure that you have a snow basket on them, and the adjustments work in freezing conditions. If you are looking to buy a pair, one of the most popular and highly respected on the market is the Black Diamond Flicklock™ series.

Notes from the Field: Black Diamond makes a conversion for their ski poles that turns them in ice axe substitutes. These can be helpful in stopping a slide on moderate slopes, but are not a true replacement for an ice axe. Also, Black Diamond makes trekking poles with a “flicklock” which many users think is a better and more stable lock that the traditional turn to tighten method.

Tech Tips Wrap several layers of duct tape around both ski poles about 6 inches down

from the regular grip. When traversing slopes or going uphill use the duct tape as an alternate grip. This is also a handy place to carry your essential duct tape.

On particularly steep traverses in fresh powder, turn the ski pole around and plunge the top/handle into the snow and grip near the basket. You will be able sink the top in deeper and gain more stability this way.

Going into deep powder, replace those little baskets on the end of your poles with large powder baskets. They can be hard to find: try Mammoth or online.

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Other Technical Equipment (Required)

Avalanche Transceiver

IMPORTANT NOTE All current avalanche transceivers transmit on 457kHz. If you or your team has any transceivers that transmit solely on 2.275kHz these transceivers

should be retired.

With the exception of the above, note all that really matters with an avalanche beacon is that you: A) know exactly how to make use of one quickly, and B) take steps to ensure you never have to rely on it. Before any outing, you and your partners should review the use of one of the receivers, and then take turns burying one out of sight and having party members track it down. Also, carefully review recent weather reports and the impact this may have on avalanche conditions. Then, if necessary, dig a snow pit for an on-the-spot assessment of the snow stability. New Digital Avalanche Transceivers The Mammut Pulse and Pieps DSP are three antenna digital transceivers that have changed the industry forever. These devices seem to allow searchers to work more quickly and efficiently on a regular basis. They can search in a more direct method than traditional analog transceivers. Many ski patrol and backcountry enthusiasts would recommend these for those who are interested in purchasing their own. The Tracker DTS is a dual antenna transceiver that is still widely sold and is cheaper than the Pulse or Pieps DSP. It is a well-reviewed transceiver that many regard as a close second to the Pulse or Pieps DSP.

Harness

You can use your regular Search and Rescue harness. However, if you have a bulky, thick, heavy SAR harness, consider a lightweight alpine harness instead. All that padding on the thick SAR harness will absorb more water in a snow environment. Also, you already will have a heavy load, so it’s good to shed weight when possible. If you intend to do winter mountaineering, definitely buy an alpine harness.

Features to look for in a Harness All nylon construction (no felt, it traps moisture) Drop-able leg loops so you can enter and exit the harness while wearing

crampons. Highly adjustable leg loops that allow you to add and subtract insulation while

being tied in.

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Comfort is important because as you begin to tackle harder routes you will be hanging in your harness longer and longer. Do not worry about padding: your clothes take care of that. But the harness has to “fit you”.

Examples of winter mountaineering harnesses include Arcteryx A300a Alpine harness, Black Diamond Alpine Bod, Yates 8000 Meter Harness, Camp Coral, , and Petzl Luna (woman specific).

Snow Shovel In SAR, you will be using your shovel to build a shelter, to rescue a fellow team member in an avalanche, to rescue a patient in an avalanche, and to build snow anchors. Most of these activities have a need for speed and urgency. Thus, it is recommend that you use a shovel with a handle that is easy to deploy and use. Shovels without handles are light, but also less efficient in digging out an avalanche victim.

Features to look for in Snow Shovels The handle is the most important part of the snow shovel; you have a choice

of a D handle or a T handle. Try both out with gloves and mittens on. This is a personal preference, but I have found that most people prefer a D handle, especially with mittens on.

Check to see how long the telescoping poles pull out. It can be a real back breaker to dig snow walls with a short shovel.

Metal shovels are generally superior to plastic because plastic shovels won’t move hard snow and can buckle when they hit ice. IMPORTANT: read Tech Tip.

Extras – Shovels can be used to store saws or avalanche probes. If these items are important to you, look for those options.

Tech Tips When traveling as a group and using tents, make sure at least one member

has a plastic shovel. This is the shovel used to dig out the tents. Metal shovels tend to rip and destroy tents.

Metal shovels make acceptable stove stands. Drill a couple of holes near the middle of your metal shovel so you can use it

as an emergency deadman anchor. The pre-drilled holes at the top make for a less secure deadman.

Try to find a shovel that fits over the handle of your ice axe, and you won’t have to carry the handle. Just be wary of a hurting back.

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Carabiners (4 Lockers, 1 Pear Shape Locker – 5 total)

Carabiners should have large gate openings and be able to be manipulated with gloves on. Screw gates work the best, because they are universal, and some auto lockers are almost impossible to use with gloves on. It would be a smart idea to have all your carabiners rated at least 30 kN so that they can be used in rescue systems. The exception here is your pear shaped carabiner, which can be rated less than 30 kN.

Helmet

Simple-to-adjust helmets are useful because of the different hat systems you might be using.

PMP (prusik-minding pulley) with prusik

Lightweight is the optimum word for winter mountaineering. Petzl makes a Mini PMP that weighs 3 ozs.

Dynamic Callout Rope

9-10mm X 100’ high dynamic rope. Must be UIAA rated as a single rope. If possible try to get a “dry” rope. This is a rope that has been treated with a hydrophobic coating.

Cordelette 7 or 8 mm X 25-30’ piece of rope tied together with double fisherman’s. Climbing cordelettes made with vectran can also be used if you already own these.

Bailout Rings Solid NON-WELDED type. Aluminum is fine. If you use Titanium rings you will be awarded style points.

Purcell Prusik Set or Personal Ascending System

Webbing 40’ (2 pieces of 20” – 30” long) Rappel Device ATC or tube style device: the idea is lightweight.

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Technical Equipment (Optional) Altimeter Extremely handy navigating and weather forecasting tool. Ascender(s) (lightweight)

Petzl Tiblocs work great; again, think weight. Smoke Flare For signaling and also allowing the helicopter pilots to judge wind direction and wind speed.

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Appendix I How to Pitch a Tarp

Tarps can make a very lightweight and versatile shelter. They are so convenient and can be adapted to a variety of pitches depending on the site, the need, and the weather. Here are a few pitches that can be employed.

For Winter SAR, you may encounter pitching a tarp in snow. You should consider that the warmth of your shelter will depend on the volume of the enclosed space. Do not make the shelter larger than it has to be. It should house you and not much else.

With a sil-nylon shelter, you can erect a tent-like shelter as depicted below. Notice that the sil-tent/tarp is supported by nylon cord attached to the trekking poles.

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Another good option is a trench with a tarp for a ceiling. Look at the image below. You could build something similar out of a trench dug into snow.

Below are the classic ways of pitching a tarp.

Lean To: This is a very basic set up, only good in nice weather. Use two trees as the supports and two stakes. If trees aren't available then you can use trekking poles and four stakes.

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Modified Lean To: This pitch gives better protection than a normal lean to and better general cover area. Use two trees as the supports and two stakes. Then use trekking poles to add some support and lift to the tarp.

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Flying Diamond: This is a very weather-worthy shelter that is easy to set up. Start by tying a corner to a tree. Then pull out the opposite (diagonal) corner to the wind and stake it down. Then stake down the other two loose corners. Climb in and use your pack or a trekking pole to prop it up if you want more headroom. If you don't have a tree, then you will need another stake and a trekking pole for the entrance.

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A-Frame: Also a simple set up, it works better in bad weather than the lean-to or modified lean-to. To make an A-frame you need two trees and four stakes. If trees are not available, use trekking poles and six stakes.

Modified A-Frame:

This is a simple modification of the A-Frame, and very similar to the modified lean-to. The difference between the two is the modified lean-to starts off as a lean-to with added support and clearance using trekking poles in the center of the tarp. In a modified A-Frame, you use trekking poles to bring up one side like a front porch. Set up requires four stakes, two trees and two poles.

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Trapezoid: This more complex set up requires a little work. If you use a tree, then tie the center of the short side (8') to a tree, pull the tarp into the wind and stake out the far corners. Then come back to the end against the tree and stake in those corners. Then use a couple more stakes to secure the tarp sides where necessary. Once the tarp is set, move in and use a pack or trekking pole to give a little more height to the tarp. If a tree isn't available, then you will need another stake and a trekking pole for the entrance. This is the most weatherproof set up I've used.

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APPENDIX II

What’s the best way to clean a down jacket or sleeping bag?

Down products can, and definitely should, be cleaned when they start to accumulate oils. If your bag or jacket has started to lose loft, or the fabric is badly discolored, it is time for the bag to be washed. Body oils, hair oils, lotions and cosmetics are all acidic and will slowly decompose down. Oils also contaminate laminated fabrics like Gore-Tex™. Heavy contamination may cause delamination. Down Suds™ is the best soap for restoring down to its optimum oil and acid level after use. It is essentially the same soap used by down processors with some added stain removers. Do not expect Down Suds™ to remove all the stains. You can spot treat stains soon after they occur with soap or cleaning solvent. After time, the stain bonds with the nylon and cannot be removed without causing damage to the down. You can use solvents to remove sap or tar. Try to move the down away from the spot you are treating. Use an absorbent cloth on the reverse side, and use many small applications rather than flooding the area and spreading the stain. PTFE laminated fabrics including Gore-Tex™ and DryLoft™ do not require different treatment than other fabrics.

Do not dry-clean your down products. Dry-cleaning strips an excessive amount of oils from the down. In addition, dry-cleaning fluids remain in the bag for weeks. We are sure you do not want to be zipped up inside a bag giving off carbon tetrachloride or perchlorethylene. And worse, dry-cleaning usually does not even get the bag clean. Exterior stains may be removed, but residue is left in the down. Either wash the bag or jacket yourself by carefully following the detailed cleaning instructions, or have an experienced cleaner wash your bag using a special down soap.

With most jackets, machine washing is possible. Use Down Suds™ in any machine. Apply the soap directly to stained or heavily soiled areas. Soak for 15 to 60 minutes. Run through a normal cycle. Laminated items (Gore-Tex™ , etc.) will have to be positioned nylon side out in order to spin properly. It is important to have the load balanced. When it is finished, if you can squeeze out suds, rinse again. For larger jackets, use a front-loading machine, preferably a double or triple load commercial machine. Again, soak if possible. If not, plan on running through two complete cycles. Good quality jackets are tougher than you might expect. Problems in washing nearly always come from the shell catching in the machinery or seams raveling out. To guard against snags monitor the wash closely or hand wash your jacket.

Hand washing is safest when attempting to clean your sleeping bag. Never use a top loading or agitator machine as this can damage the baffled construction of sleeping bags. To put your mind at ease it is nearly impossible to damage a bag by hand washing. It does require considerable effort, however. Should you choose this method, use a large tub or bathtub. Using Down Suds™ or a similar detergent, soak for up to an hour, but not longer. You will need to work at getting all the down

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submerged due to nylon’s tendency to trap air. Work the bag with your hands but do not twist or wring it out. It is very important to rinse several times until you cannot squeeze any soap suds out of the bag. If in doubt, rinse the bag again, since five or more rinses are not uncommon. Then roll, do not wring, your sleeping bag to get the excess water out. Place the bag in a large washing machine and select a delicate spin cycle to help remove the water and save on dryer time. Find a large, commercial dryer with good heat control, set to low heat and run the dryer then check for hot spots on the dryer drum. If you find some, find another dryer or air dry only. Don’t just tumble the bag until it feels dry, that may not be enough. Carefully feel the down insulation. If you still feel lumps, no matter how small, then your down is still wet! Keep drying the bag until our clumps are gone, and you will then have a clean sleeping bag with its original loft.

Tech Tips Keep your bag in its stuff sack and put the whole thing underwater, the air

has already been forced out and you won’t have to fight submerging an air filled bag. Remember to turn laminated bags inside out before placing them into the stuff sack. Once the bag is wet, remove from the stuff sack and start washing.

Throw a couple of tennis balls into the dryer to help break apart clumps of down; this will help speed drying and increase the loft of your bag.

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Appendix III: Snow Wands

Wands are a cheap and effective way to avoid getting lost when traveling on snow. On a glacier climb, backcountry ski or snowshoe trip, you may set off under a bright sky with perfect visibility, with your summit clearly in view. By midmorning, however, clouds may settle in, engulfing you in a dense, moist whiteout in which you may not be able to distinguish up slope from down, let alone terrain features. Under these conditions, a series of well-placed wands can lead you safely back to base camp or the trailhead with a minimum of wasted time. The trick is to prepare for poor visibility at the outset by having one member of the party place wands in the snow. The exact distance varies on surrounding topography and size of party involved. On the return, you only need to follow the trail of wands to retrace your steps, with one person retrieving the wands as you descend. It is often necessary to wand only a portion of the route, and a bundle of 50 to 100 wands, weighing only a couple of pounds, will cover almost any one or two day trip.

Wands have several uses in addition to route marking. They may be used to mark a cache of food or equipment. They can be placed to form a "screen" to ensure that you do not overshoot your base camp, cache, trailhead, etc. You may chose to use wands to mark a hazard such as a hidden crevasse, weak snow bridge, undercut snow bank, or cornice. You can use them to mark snow cave tops and entrances to covered-over ice caves. Even if you do not mark an entire route, a well-placed wand in the right spot will prevent you from missing a critical turn on your return. And finally, a bundle of wands makes a great splint! To make wands, go to your local garden supply store and buy some thin bamboo garden stakes. These are usually about a three feet long and dyed green. Some of them will be too thin or crooked to use for wands, but most are just right. You will also need a roll of duct tape, a roll of reflective surveyor's tape and a marking pen. Using a thin, sharp pocketknife, split the thick end of the bamboo about 1.5". Fold an 8" piece of surveyor's tape in half, and slip the middle fold through the slit in the stake. Loop the tape over its free ends and pull it snug. Once the fluorescent tape is in position, wrap duct tape around the split at the top of the stake to secure the tie. It is a good idea to write your initials on one end of the surveyor's tape so that you (or someone looking for you!) can distinguish your wands from others on the mountain.

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Appendix IV: Tents

Winter mountaineering tents (4-season tents) are of two types: Single wall and Double wall. Single wall tents are tents made of one layer of waterproof fabric. Single wall tents weigh less but take more experience to use. This is because the occupants must understand the venting system of the tent and use it to its maximum capability, lest condensation will build up. Single wall tents are quieter in storms because you don’t have the flapping of the rain fly of doubled wall tents. They also take less time to set up.

Single Wall Tents Double Wall Tents Quieter in storms Nosier in storms Lighter Heavier Quicker to set up Takes more time to set up Shed snow and rain very well You will usually have to do tent

maintenance by brushing off snow throughout storms

Experience needed to use properly and avoid condensation

Idiot proof if you set it up right; condensation is a minimal problem

Whatever tent you decide to buy, remember to get into it before you buy it.

Bring your sleeping pads and your sleeping bags and get you and a buddy to try it out. There are many tents that say they are two person but are really 1 ½ person. Buyer beware.

Features to look for in Tents Lots of storage pockets for organizing items. Gear loops to hang wet gear from for drying, or to set up drying lines. One-piece floors. Light colored tent body to keep you happy in those 4 day blizzards. Sturdy guy-out points for tying down; don’t forget to check the guy-out points

on the rain fly. Many times these are weaker than the tent, even though they take more abuse.

Full-coverage rain fly. Steep walls to shed snow and resist wind. Vestibules for storage.

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Features to Avoid

Solid fiberglass poles tend to break, are heavy, and a sign of a cheaply manufactured tent.

Too large a tent footprint requires a large lot to set up on, and lots of snow architecture to build the appropriate snow walls.

Metal zippers of any kind, because they freeze and gum up. Extremely small tents – the nylon burrito syndrome.

Notes from the Field Want a bomber four-season tent that often graces the sides of Denali and Everest? Look at Wild Country’s Tornado, Tempest and Typhoon models. There is nothing inherently special about these tents, they are not lightweight; as a matter of fact they are heavy. They don’t have any super duper features, but what they do have is bombproof reliability. The seams stay together, the fabric doesn’t tear, the fly stays attached and the poles don’t break. These tents are perfect beginner tents. Looking for an ultra lightweight single wall tent? Try the Stephenson Warmlite series.

Tech Tips

When the wind comes a-whipping, use your climbing rope and crisscross double strands of rope over your tent. Anchor these with axes, screws, skis, etc. This gives the added benefit of not relying on your tent fabric, which can tear in high winds.

Attach 12” looped Bungee cord to your tent guy line loops, and then attach your regular guy lines to the bungee cord. When staking out your tent stretch the bungee cord semi-tight. This set-up will relieve stress on your tent, guy line and anchors during high winds.

Carry a sponge and small whisk broom to keep snow and water at bay in your tent.

Is the weather nasty? Consider carrying your tent on the outside of the pack or in an easy to reach pocket. When the time comes pull tent out, throw your packs inside and erect it posthaste. Tents such as the Bibler I tent™ are particularly handy in foul weather since to erect them you crawl inside and put the poles up out of the elements. Something to think about when buying a tent.

When camping in deep snow, 1 gallon freezer bags filled with snow make great deadman anchors for your tent. (Snow stakes work, but are heavier and bulkier.)

Vent, Vent, and vent your tent as much as possible. Wet clothing is the enemy in the winter, not the cold. The few degrees of warmth you gain are not worth the hassles of wet clothing or sleeping bags that result from condensation.

Don't fold your fly or tent, instead stuff it like a sleeping bag. If you fold it, creases will form in the same places, and that is where leaks develop.

Store tents with zippers unzipped. Stuffed tents put pressure on zippers when zipped up.

Make sure the tent is dry before you pack it away for storage.

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Appendix V

LEATHER UP HIGH - Conrad Anker This spring I wore a pair of the new Trango Extremes to 7000 meters on the

north side of Everest. I made two forays to this cold spot in single leather boots. Using single leather boots at altitude is not a new game. The early pioneers of this practice hark back 75 years to the same slopes on Everest where we hoped to discover clues into the disappearance of Mallory and Irvine. More recently high cold peaks have been climbed in single leather boots - Makalu, Cho Oyu, Denali and Cerro Torre to name a few.

For climbs under a day the single leather boot is ideal. You go out, crank all day, come home and dry your boots in an effortless manner. Given warm socks and good circulation single leather boots have proven to be lighter and more precise than the larger and heavier plastic boot technology. Therein lies the appeal. They just work better. The challenge arises on multi-day outings, where the climber needs to dry the boots after each day. Given a secure gaiter pant system, the majority of the moisture generated in your boot is from your own perspiration. This moisture must be managed in such a fashion that the insulation does not absorb it. The single leather boot is not as efficient as a plastic shell with a removable liner. Unquestionably the double boot system is warmer and easier to keep dry. Yet climbers go to some wicked cold climates with single leather boots. What gives?

Knowing how wet your feet will be after ten hours of post-holing or twenty pitches of steep mixed climbing is something you can only gain via repeated journeys into the wild. By testing the limits of your single leather boots before you get to altitude you know how far you can push the boots in higher colder places. VBLs, Gore-Tex™ and neoprene socks, and anti-perspirants all can help manage moisture. Remember that easy outs are not an option at high altitude and frozen feet are way grim. The repercussions carry far beyond the individual - the whole team pays for such a mistake.

Knowing the route you plan on climbing is a second factor in being able to use single leather boots in the high mountains. Once you start moving you generate warmth. If you keep moving, usually you'll stay warm. If you stop and the circulation of warm blood is reduced your feet will get cold. Single leather boots are ideal for snow slogs and moderate alpine solos, routes where the pace remains constant through out the day. Climbs requiring belayed pitches on cold, shady high altitude faces are not the place for single leather boots.

Single leather boots are good for many purposes: increased agility on technical ground, saving weight, going fast, and long approaches with heavy packs where a boot with hiking rocker and flex makes a big difference. One must ask if these benefits are worth the increased risk of cold injuries. For a long cold multi-day climb I would opt for the traditional plastic double boot with a closed cell foam liner. For a quick ascent on technical terrain I am comfortable with and a cozy camp to return to a single leather boot would work fine.

Know your feet, know your boots, and know your limitations. Lightweight boots can be empowering on the right climb. For other climbs, the terrain requires an expert evaluation of the conditions and a willingness to accept the consequences of the increased risk.

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Appendix VI: Plastic Boot Modifications Many experts have claimed that any plastic boot should be modified after purchase to fit a foot better. We are in that group. Most people can get away without modifications and never know the difference, but often simple, inexpensive or free adjustments, additions or modifications can make a world of difference. Shell Stretching - Like downhill ski boots the shells of plastic mountaineering boots can be stretched to fit wide feet. All this entails is removing the liner, heating up the shell and applying pressure in any areas that are too narrow. This generally works best on the sides of boots. Superfeet™ makes a very nice but very expensive device for stretching the instep of a boot but very few stores are willing to purchase it as it is seldom used. We have found that lacing a boot in a less than ordinary manner is the best way to address this problem if a qualified boot fitter with the instep stretcher cannot be found. No plastic mountaineering boot fits wide feet very well. In the past we simply bought longer boots (larger sizes are also wider) to fit wide feet but the performance decreases dramatically. If you have an E or greater foot, shell stretching is the best way to get good performance, warmth and comfort. Insoles - Custom or after-market insoles are almost universally superior to the insoles that come with a new boot. Custom insoles are expensive but often worth it. A custom insole is formed to fit the individual foot. By cradling the foot precisely, the boot performs better, the foot tires less, and the foot stays warmer. Of great benefit on big mountains is the ability to walk down hill for several days without slamming toes into the front of the boot. Unlike standard insoles the custom fit generally does not allow the foot to slide over the insole easily when walking down hill. Superfeet™ makes a very nice insole that is much less expensive than a custom insole and performs well.

Insoles can also be used to take up room. Often a boot is the right length but feels sloppy on a foot. Usually this can be fixed by adding a second flat insole under the one in the boot. This is also a trick for warming up a boot. A good percentage (up to 60% by some tests) of heat is lost through the sole of a boot. A second insole slows conduction of heat through the boot. On big mountains the second insole can be removed up high if needed to accommodate extra socks. Some feel the extra insole will keep feet warmer than extra socks, but we know of no conclusive tests that settle this argument, as the material used in the second insole would play a great role in determining this. Nevertheless, this little trick allows a slightly bigger and perhaps warmer boot to perform very well.

Heel Cups and Pads - A common problem in plastic mountaineering boots is heal lift and loose spots. Like downhill ski boot the inner boot can be padded to take up unused space that allows a foot to move inside the boot. These pads are placed outside the inner boot. Common places to put them are around the ankle and directly above the heel. Go to a good boot fitter for these - if placed poorly blisters are the usual consequence.

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Heel cups are simply a partial insole that can be placed under another insole or used by themselves. By lifting the heel, the area the heel is lifting within is removed and performance increases - often dramatically. We recommend this as the starting point for addressing heel lift. If you have a very high instep, padding works better in most cases, as lifting the heel places the instep uncomfortably close to the top of the boot - the supply of blood to the foot moves over the bone though this region, and pressure here is a common cause of cold feet.

Raichle Thermoflex™ Liners - Down hillers likely already know about these wonderful inventions. Coupled with a custom insole, it is unlikely you can get a better fitting boot. An idea stolen from the downhill industry, these liners are of heat moldable foam. They replace the liners that come standard. The liner is heated until soft, placed over the foot and in the boot. The boot is laced and the liner is allowed to cool. With a good boot fitter the outcome is the best fitting and warmest boot on the planet.

These liners are made to fit downhill boots and are much higher than standard mountaineering inner boots. They are quite flexible so they can be left at this length or cut down. If cut down the top begins to fall apart unless sewn shut. These liners also compress over time. Reheating and refitting will fix this but is only effective up to 5 times before they begin to permanently flatten. These liners are around $200. For most it is not worth the effort and cost but is a dream fix for those of us with feet of unusual proportions or in need of a very warm boot. These liners are thicker than most standard inner boots so it may not be possible to add them to boots that fit tight. If you are looking for a new boot consider a slightly larger boot to accommodate them. Another company that offers a similar product is Intuition. The liners are thermo-moldable Ultralon EVA foam and come in various heights so they do not need to be cut down. Many manufacturers are realizing the demand for thermofit liners, and are selling boot models with integrated moldable liners. Although they can be molded at home in your oven, the warranty does not cover an “accidents,” so it is recommended that you take them to a boot fitter with special equipment made for this purpose.

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Appendix VII: Personal Feminine Urinary Device (FUD) An elective (but recommended) device for women in the alpine mountaineering environment is a Feminine Urinary Device (FUD). These devices come in handy when you need to go to the bathroom but are layered in various coats of winter clothing and confined to a harness. It’s very cumbersome not to mention time consuming. Along with these obstacles many times the weather is freezing, snow is blowing, or possibly even confined to your shelter waiting out a blizzard. What then? That is where these devices come in handy. FUD’s are a way women can urinate with minimal or no undressing (depending on model) and even stand up to urinate with nothing to empty … unless of course you are confined to a shelter waiting out a blizzard. Even then it is easy and discreet. There are a handful of models out there from various manufacturers. Below a few will be discussed. Costs range from $7-22. • Freshette This is the most expensive of the devices but for a good reason. This model is the most anatomically designed stand-up model. It isn’t soft flimsy plastic so there are no worries of spills or splashes. It is also reusable and comes with a zip-lock travel pouch to store it in. Very lightweight. • Pee-Zee Made of non-absorbent plastic is also a stand-up and reusable model. It is a similar concept as the Freshette but not as anatomically designed. You can check this model out at: http://pee-zee.tripod.com • Travel Mate This is also a reusable model. Check out at: www.whenyougottago.com • P-Mate Disposable. Just thought I’d mention it so you can see various models. This one is good for use in an outhouse, a public restroom, or even car camping where you can dispose of it after use.

• Lady J Lady J is popular among the aviation community since it is found on pilot product websites. It is reusable but there are different models so watch out not to get the one that looks like a bedpan and weighs 1 lb. Look at the Lady J Portable Urinal for Women because they also make products for men. Overall for our SAR use the Freshette seems to be the best choice among mountaineers and climbers. It also happens to be the most expensive, $22 [But I also found it to be the easiest to find locally without having to purchase Online]. It’s only fair to list a variety for you to do your own research and to make your own decision. One may work better for you or you may prefer one style over another … its about what works best for you.

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Appendix VIII: Insulating Materials by Boy Scout Troop 17, Elmhurst, NY

1. Wool - Natural Fiber • Advantages - Depending on texture and thickness of the fabric 60-80% of wool cloth can be air. Wool can absorb a fair amount of moisture without feeling damp and still retain dead air space. It releases moisture slowly with minimal chilling effect. It can be tightly woven, therefore wind resistant. Relatively inexpensive. • Disadvantages - wool can absorb water, as much as one third of the garment weight, making it very heavy. Can be itchy and uncomfortable for some people including allergic reactions. 2. Cotton - Natural Fiber • Advantages - wicks water • Disadvantages - absorbs moisture, loses dead air space, difficult to dry, useless in cold weather 3. Fleece or Pile Fabrics - Synthetic Fiber • Advantages - similar insulating capacity as wool. Absorbs less water and dries quicker. Manufactured in different amounts of loft and insulation. Allows for flexible layering. • Disadvantages - poor wind resistance. 4. Polypropylene and Hydrophobic fabrics - Synthetic Fiber • Advantages - plastic fiber that offers dead air space and cannot absorb water. Wicks water vapor effectively away from body (source), which will then evaporate. 5. PolarguardTM, HollofilTM, QuallofilTM - Synthetic Fibers • Advantages - does not absorb water and dries quickly. Polarguard - is produced in large sheets, Hollofil - is similar but hollow to increase dead air space, Quallofil - furthers the concept by creating four holes running through the fiber. • Disadvantages - bulky and heavy. 6. PrimaloftTM, MicroloftTM, ThinsulateTM - "Super thin" Synthetic Fibers • Advantages - ThinsulateTM twice as warm as down, PrimaloftTM and MicroloftTM have similar warmth to weight ratios as down, they all retain, relatively, their insulating properties even when wet. • Disadvantages - ThinsulateTM is 40% heavier than down, all relatively expensive. 7. Down - Natural Fiber • Advantages - very efficient insulator, lightweight, very compressible. • Disadvantages - absorbs water and, when wet, loses insulating properties, some people are allergic to down, compressibility requires good insulation under sleeping bag (foam pad), good construction a must (baffles to prevent shifting), relatively expensive.

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8. Radiant Barriers - aluminum Principal of radiation used in "Space Blankets", in some bivy sacks and sleeping bags. 9. Vapor Barrier Systems How It Works - when worn near (not directly on skin) body it keeps the water vapor near the skin. Humidity level rises to the point where the body will sense this and shut off insensible perspiration. This prevents evaporative heat loss and slows dehydration. • Advantages - impervious to water, may require fewer layers. • Disadvantages - does not work for everyone, effective for some people in some conditions, generally more effective if you do not sweat a lot or in situations of rest such as sleeping.