Blurring Home And Work Boundaries

Blurring Home and Work Boundaries:

Integrating Paid Work, Domestic Work and Family

Tracy Kennedy, Julie Amoroso & Barry Wellman

Mobile communication and social policy: International conference October 9-11, 2009

Center for Mobile Communication Studies, Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

NetLab, Department of Sociology University of Toronto

“New communications technologies are rapidly obliterating distance as a relevant factory in how we conduct our business and personal lives…. The story today is not only the diminishing importance of distance, but also the mobility and ubiquity of technology.”

Frances Cairncross (1997)

The Death of Distance

In 2000 ~1.4 million WAH people in Canada (10+% of population)

In 2005: Canadians WAH a mean of 17 hrs/week 71 percent of home workers spent less

than 10 hrs/week WAH Problem: the amount of time people

spend WAH varies, and so will their experiences…

Workplace mobility:Working at home (WAH)

Heightened awareness of work and family challenges

New social policies:“to ensure that the administration evaluates and develops policies that establish a balance between work and family” (The White House, 2009).

Work-Life Balance

WAH provides: Versatility & Flexibility Permeable boundaries

between home & work spheres Integration of childcare &

domestic work into the paid work day

Potential breakdown of household routines or efforts to separate home and work

Risk of over work Less or more time with family

depending on time spent WAH

Blurring Boundaries of Workplace & Home

What is the relationship between the percentage of time people work at home and how they integrate paid work, domestic work, and family life.

How are modern digital media, such as the internet and cell phones facilitating home-work connectivity?

Questions

• Population of 114,240 (2001 census) • 32 Page Survey:o350 adults: questions about

communication, information seeking, work at home, social networks, and more…

• 2-3 hour Interviews:o25% (n=87):survey follow up, household

routines & schedules, ICT use, network structure, and more…

Case Study: East York, Toronto(2004-2005)

92 Survey respondents:◦ questions about occupation, time spent WAH, ICTs

used 35 Interviews participants:

◦ follow up about, time spent WAH, tasks, ICTs used, routines, family

WAH Participants

Mean age of 42 years 51% women 69% married/common law 64% have children 39% have undergraduate university degree Mean annual personal income$55,000 CAD 32% Business, Finance & Administration

occupations 26% Social Sciences, Education, Government

Service & Religion occupations 18% Sales & Service occupations

Demographics of WAH in East York

Full-timers: 27% spend between 51 & 100% of their work week WAH ->mean of 29 hrs/wk

Part-timers: 26% spend between 16 & 50% of their work week WAH -> mean of 11 hrs/wk

Over-timers: 47% spend between 1 & 15% of their work week WAH -> mean of 5 hrs/wk

Different Home Workers

Full-timers: structured routine & integrate household tasks into their WAH

Part-timers: schedule around their workplace and home

Over-timers: don’t schedule or have a routine for WAH

How do home workers integrate paid work, domestic work and family life?

The more time people spend working at home, the more they schedule and integrate their paid and unpaid work tasks in the home.

The more time people spend working at home, the more contact they have with their partners via ICTs throughout the day – no matter where they are or what they are doing.

How are modern digital media, such as the internet & cell phones facilitating home-work connectivity?

Full-timers: use stationary landlines to connect with their partners, home most often

Part-timers: use cell phones, anywhere throughout the day; affordance for those who are always on the go

Over-timers: send more emails to their partners than the other WAH groups

ICTs of Choice -> Partners

Mobility & Ubiquity: Affordances

Diana, part-timer uses cell phone

Penny, over-timer uses email

“If I forget something and I call my husband [on our cell phones], he’ll pick something up on the way home, if necessary…”

“It’s faster. So when you have a busy work day, to quickly send an email and say: ‘Does this work for you?’ versus me picking up the phone and calling…”

“When we’re [home] there’s a thousand things going on and then the daytime comes: the girls are at school, he’s out of the way, Adam’s sleeping, and I think – ok, we need to do this this this and this. So, I’m not going to pick up the phone cause he’s at work and I don’t want to do that, but let me just send it so that way it’s out of my head - I’ve communicated, and when we get together tonight ‘oh yeah that email you sent me’. I do email him frequently for that purpose” Theresa, Full-timer


“[I connect with] my husband in particular, because my kids during the day are not online, they’re in school. But to my husband I’ll say -because I know he’s honestly on the computer a lot during the day. Not all day, but a lot, and I know he checks his emails frequently so I can usually catch him there. Not that he doesn’t have a cell phone all the time with him and stuff like that, but I’d rather just zip off an email to him and then, like I emailed him today, I can’t even think what it’s about, like ‘are you going to be home today after school to take the dog?’ You know, that type of thing”. Sally, Over-timer


Ensure that employee health, overtime regulation, insurance, ergonomic furniture, etc are considered

Union collective agreements cover WAH for health & safety standards and workers are not isolated from union representation or from training and promotion opportunities

Recognize the new internet era of white-collar workers at home and the ICTs they use, and provide tools & technical support

WAH Policy Considerations

WAH policies to help people deal with role overload and physical, mental or emotional fatigue associated with employee absenteeism -> flexible work locations

encourage organizations and governments to support WAH arrangements in varying capacities -> flexible work schedules

consult workers about their own needs and the needs of their family members -> flexible work provisions

Work-Life Balance Policies

The more time spent working in the home, the greater the integration & blurring of home & work boundaries

The mobility & ubiquity of ICTs facilitate, complement & enhance communication between home workers & family members throughout the day

Households without borders

With Thanks…Tracy [email protected]

Julie [email protected]

Barry [email protected]/~wellman

NetLab, Dept of SociologyUniversity of Toronto

725 Spadina Ave.Toronto, ON M5S 2J4

Blurring Home And Work Boundaries

Education

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