Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers -...
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Blueprint Reading and Drafting
for Plumbers, 2nd Edition
Michael A. Joyce
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1
1
Blueprint Symbolsand Abbreviations
CHAPTER
1.1 INTRODUCTIONBlueprint symbols and abbreviations are an essential aspect of designing and reading blueprints. Reference toindustry standard information allows an individual to be productive on a job site and eventually become flu-ent in interpreting most situations arising on a project. Use the information in this chapter to learn commonabbreviations and symbols used throughout this book and in the plumbing industry.
1.2 DESIGN INTENTDesign intent is the expected and often the only possible outcome of a complete project or piping system. Anarchitect or engineer establishes a design based on various factors, such as adherence to codes, customerexpectations and desires, and intended layout of a building. Locations of plumbing fixtures, sizes of piping,and the type of fixtures or products are examples of design intent that are communicated with blueprints. Anarchitect or engineer designing a building or piping system is communicating design intent with a blueprint.Design intent can vary with each specific project or installation. The actual piping locations within walls andceilings typically require coordination on a job site and design intent is used to locate points of reference anddesired termination locations. Abbreviations and symbols are used to communicate designs without addingtoo much information that would clutter the blueprint. Illustrating plumbing fixtures located within a bath-room is an example of expressing design intent with abbreviations and symbols. If conflicts occur whileattempting to satisfy the intended design, written permission must be submitted to architect to change theinitial intent. In some instances, a bathroom fixture, such as a toilet location may not be capable of beinginstalled where intended due to conflicts with structural beams or joists. In this case, the plumber would com-municate with the architect to relocate the fixture. This may change the physical location of the fixture, butdoes not change the design intent of having the fixture within the bathroom.
OBJECTIVESUpon successful completion of this chapter, a student should recognize the following:
■ Common plumbing blueprint symbols andabbreviations
■ Basic electrical and HVAC blueprint symbolsand abbreviations
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2 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
1.3 COMMON PLUMBING ABBREVIATIONSNot all abbreviations are industry standard and use of abbreviations must include a legend. A legend is a list-ing of abbreviations that indicate design intent. An architect creates a legend reflecting abbreviations used forthe specific project. Table 1.1 includes some abbreviations that may be used in the plumbing trade. All abbre-viations listed are capitalized, but some are actually written in a legend with lowercase letters. Some abbrevi-ations listed in Table 1.1 are more relevant for ordering material than expressing a design. Additional abbre-viations are included in Table A.6 in Appendix A. Some abbreviations have multiple meanings, while othersare similar, but very different. An example of similar abbreviations having different meanings is C-C indicatescenter-to-center of two fittings and C � C represents copper-by-copper when ordering material.
Table 1.1 Common Plumbing Abbreviations
Abbreviation Stands For
ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
AFF Above Finished Floor
AG Aboveground
BD Building Drain
BFP Backflow Preventer
BM Bench Mark
BS Building Sewer
BT Bathtub
BTU British Thermal Unit
BV Ball Valve or Butterfly Valve or Branch Vent
C to C or C-C or CC Center-to-Center
C � C Copper-by-Copper
C � C � C Copper-by-Copper-by-Copper
C to F Center-to-Face
C � F Copper-by-Female
C � M Copper-by-Male
CF or CU FT or FT3 Cubic Foot/Feet
CI or C. I. Cast iron
CI or CU IN or IN3 Cubic Inch
CMU Concrete Masonry Unit
CO Cleanout
CP Chrome Plated or Control Point
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 3
Table 1.1 Common Plumbing Abbreviations (continued)
Abbreviation Stands For
CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
CV Circuit Vent
CW Cold Water
CY or CU YD or YD3 Cubic Yard
D Diameter
DEG or ° Degree
DF Drinking Fountain
DFU Drainage Fixture Unit
DH Double Hub
DR Drain or Drainage
DW Dishwasher
DWG Drawing
DWV Drainage Waste and Vent
E to C or E-C or EC End-to-Center
E to E or E-E End-to-End
ECO End Cleanout
EWC Electric Water Cooler
EWH Electric Water Heater
F to F or F-F Face-to-Face
F Fahrenheit
FB Fixture Branch
FCO Floor Cleanout
FD Floor Drain and Fixture Drain
FF Finished Floor
FIG Figure
FIP Female Iron Pipe
FLG Flange
FLGD Flanged
FLR Floor
FPS or F/S Feet Per Second
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4 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
Table 1.1 Common Plumbing Abbreviations (continued)
Abbreviation Stands For
FS Floor Sink
FT Foot or Feet
FTG Footing and Fitting
FU Fixture Unit
G Gas
GAL Gallon
GALV Galvanized
GI Galvanized Iron
GND Ground
GPF Gallons Per Flush
GPH Gallons Per Hour
GPM Gallons Per Minute
GPS Gallons Per Second
HB Hose Bib (Bibb) or Horizontal Branch
HD Heavy Duty or Hub Drain
HTR Heater
HW Hot Water
HWH Hot Water Heater
HWR Hot Water Return
ID Inside Diameter
IE Invert Elevation
IN Inch
INV Invert
IPC International Plumbing Code
IPS Iron Pipe Size
IW Indirect Waste
JS Janitor Sink
KO Knock Out
KS Kitchen Sink
L or LGTH Length
LAV Lavatory
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 5
Table 1.1 Common Plumbing Abbreviations (continued)
Abbreviation Stands For
LB Pound
LH Left Hand
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
LPS or L/S Liters Per Second
LV Loop Vent and Low Voltage
MAINT Maintenance
MATL Material
MAX Maximum
MECH Mechanical
MH Manhole
MIN Minimum
MISC Miscellaneous
MS Mop Sink
N North
NH No Hub
NPS National Pipe Size
NPT National Pipe Thread
NTS Not To Scale
OD Outside Diameter
OS&Y Outside Screw and Yoke
PE Plain End or Polyethylene
PEX Cross Linked Polyethylene
PLG Plumbing
PLMG Plumbing
POC Point Of Connection
PRV Pressure Reducing Valve
PSI Pounds Per Square Inch
PVB Pressure Vacuum Breaker
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
QTY Quantity
R Radius
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6 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
Table 1.1 Common Plumbing Abbreviations (continued)
Abbreviation Stands For
RED Reducing or Reducer
RH Right Hand
RI Rough-In
RPZ Reduced Pressure Zone Valve
S Sink or Sewer
SA Shock Absorber
SAN Sanitary
SCH Schedule
SF or FT2 or SQ FT Square Foot or Square Feet
SH Single Hub
SHR Shower
SHWR Shower
SK Sketch or Sink
SPEC Specifications
SS Stainless Steel or Sanitary Sewer or Soil Stack or Service Sink
SV Stack Vent or Safety Valve or Service Weight Pipe
SVCI Service Weight Cast Iron
T&P Temperature and Pressure
TBM Temporary Bench Mark
TEMP Temperature
TLT Toilet (see WC)
TP Trap Primer or Tie-in Point
TYP Typical
UG Underground
UNO Unless Noted Otherwise
UPC Uniform Plumbing Code
UR Urinal
VB Vacuum Breaker
VERT Vertical
VIF Verify In Field
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 7
Table 1.1 Common Plumbing Abbreviations (continued)
Abbreviation Stands For
VS Vent Stack
VTR Vent Through Roof
WC Water Closet (see TLT)
WCO Wall Cleanout
WH Wall Hydrant or Water Heater
WM Washing Machine or Water Meter
WS Waste Stack
WSFU Water Supply Fixture Unit
YD Yard
Add Your Abbreviations
Table 1.2 is for you to include specific abbreviations not included in Table 1.1 that are discussed in a class-room or used on a job site. Using Table 1.2 is creating a specific legend similar to an architect creating a list-ing for a project. Additional abbreviations are included in Table A.6 in Appendix A.
Table 1.2 Add Your Plumbing Abbreviations
Abbreviation Stands For
1.4 COMMON PLUMBING SYMBOLSSymbols are used throughout the construction industry to illustrate typical devices, equipment, fixtures, pip-ing systems, and other specific items. Many projects require engineers and architects to create non-typicalsymbols relating to job conditions, similar to those depicted in Figures 1.1A and 1.1B. Common symbolknowledge is essential in reading blueprints, regardless of the type of construction. All the piping-related sym-bols in Figures 1.1A and 1.1B are generic and do not represent a specific pipe connection or material type.
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8 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
6
P3
6
P3
TOP HALF OF CIRCLE INDICATES SECTION (SIDE) VIEW DETAIL NUMBER
BOTTOM HALF OF CIRCLE INDICATES BLUEPRINT PAGE THAT THE SECTION (SIDE) VIEW DETAIL CAN BE REVIEWED
DETAIL SYMBOL
DETAIL 6, DRAWING P3
SECTION SYMBOL
SCOPE OF SECTION (SIDE) VIEW
ARROW INDICATES DIRECTION OF VIEW
TAIL INDICATES TOTAL SCOPE OF THE VIEW
ALL PIPING RELATED SYMBOLS ARE GENERIC AND DO NOT REPRESENT A CONNECTION OR MATERIAL TYPE. MANY PLAN VIEWS ARE ALSO USED ON SECTION AND SIDE VIEW DRAWINGS
CHECK VALVE (ARROW INDICATES FLOW DIRECTION)
GATE VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL)
GLOBE VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL)
BALL VALVE (HANDLE ILLUSTRATED IS OPTIONAL)
TEE UP (PLAN VIEW)
TEE DOWN (PLAN VIEW)
90 DEGREE FITTING UP (PLAN VIEW)
90 DEGREE FITTING DOWN (PLAN VIEW)
45 DEGREE OFFSET (PLAN VIEW)
P-TRAP (PLAN VIEW)
FIGURE 1.1A ■ Common plumbing symbols.
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 9
COLD WATER (SINGLE DOT)
HOT WATER (DOUBLE DOT)
HOT WATER RETURN (TRIPLE DOT)
VENT (CONTINUOUS DOTTED LINE)
TANK TYPE TOILET (WATER CLOSET)
BATHTUB
LAVATORY
KITCHEN SINK
SHOWER
URINAL
HOSE FAUCET
CAP
REDUCER
FIGURE 1.1B ■ Common plumbing symbols.
You will learn later is this book in depth about three views that piping is illustrated on a blueprint. Plan, side,and isometric views are the three views used to communicate design intent of a piping system. A plan viewis a view from the top of a piping system, a side view, which is also called a section view, is viewing a portionof a system or building from the side, and an isometric view is a three-dimensional view. Plan view symbolsin Figure 1.1A of fittings, such as tee up, are also used in the same manner when illustrating a tee toward youwhen illustrating a side view. Notice next to relevant symbols in Figure 1.1A “Plan View” is written in paren-thesis. This is for lesson purpose only and would not be included in a design.
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10 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
Add Your Own Symbols Below
Use Table 1.3 to add your own symbols as needed for further classroom study or job site use.
Table 1.3 Add Your Plumbing Symbols
Symbol Stands For
1.5 COMMON ELECTRICAL SYMBOLSAND ABBREVIATIONS
A plumber coordinates installations with other trades, and knowing basic electrical symbols and abbreviationsassist in communicating with electrical contractors. As with plumbing symbols and abbreviations, the elec-trical trade has industry standard and non-typical symbols and abbreviations. Some abbreviations are used forall aspects of the construction trade, such as AFF representing above finished floor. This abbreviation indi-cates the height above a floor of specific portions of a design, such as the height of electrical switches, plumb-ing fixtures, and ceilings.
Basic Electrical Symbols
A plumber must possess basic knowledge of other trade symbols to coordinate his or her work. Figures 1.2A,1.2B, and 1.2C exhibit some of the more common electrical symbols used in the construction trade. Aplumber would not have to know every electrical symbol, but would refer to the blueprint page (legend) indi-cating the meaning of a symbol.
Basic Electrical Abbreviations
Understanding electrical abbreviations is not crucial for installing plumbing systems, but is often importantwhen coordinating installation activities or designs. Basic knowledge and understanding abbreviations allowsan individual to discuss project requirements in a thorough and professional manner. Table 1.4 shows themore common electrical abbreviations used in project blueprints today.
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 11
M
J
WP
R
S
S3
CONDUCTOR OR WIRE
CROSSING CONDUCTORS (NOT CONNECTED)
CROSSING CONDUCTORS (CONNECTED)
TERMINAL OR BINDING POST
SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW (SPST) SWITCH
MOTOR
GROUND
CIRCUIT BREAKER
CEILING OUTLET
CEILING OUTLET, RECESSED FIXTURE
JUNCTION BOX
DUPLEX RECEPTACLE
WEATHERPROOF RECEPTACLE
RANGE RECEPTACLE
FLOOR RECEPTACLE
SINGLE POLE SWITCH
THREE-WAY SWITCH
FIGURE 1.2A ■ Common electrical symbols.
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12 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
or
S
+
-
L
T
P
COMBINATION SWITCH AND RECEPTACLE
DISTRIBUTION PANEL
SERVICE PANEL
SWITCH, DOUBLE THROW (GENERAL)
FUSE
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
LAMP
2 POLE DOUBLE THROW SWITCH(TERMINALS SHOWN)
SINGLE RECEPTACLE
FAN (MOTOR)
HOMERUN
EXIT SIGN
PULL CHAIN
THERMOSTAT
FIGURE 1.2B ■ Common electrical symbols.
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 13
Table 1.4 Common Electrical Abbreviations
Abbreviation Stands For Abbreviation Stands For
AMP Amperage KW Kilowatt
D Dryer MV Millivolt
DW Dishwasher NEC National Electrical Code
EF Exhaust Fan R Range
FACP Fire Alarm Control Panel S Switch
G Ground V Voltage
GFI Ground Fault Interrupter W Washing Machine
KVA Kilovoltage Amperes WP Weatherproof
Add Your Own Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
Use Table 1.5 to add your own symbols and abbreviations as needed. Through your classroom studies or jobsite experience you can use this listing for future reference.
Table 1.5 Add Your Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbols/Abbreviations Stands For
SYMBOLS FOR RECEPTACLES HAVING AN ATTACHED ABBREVIATION INDICATE DESIGNATION OF RECEPTACLE
AMPERAGE RATING MAY ALSO BE ATTACHED TO RECEPTACLE SYMBOLS.EXAMPLE: 20 = 20 AMPS AND WP = WEATHERPROOF
THIS SYMBOL INDICATES A 20 AMP WEATHERPROOF DUPLEX RECEPTACLE
20
WP
WP = WEATHERPROOF GF = GROUND FAULT REF = REFRIGERATORW = WASHING MACHINE R = RANGE D = DRYER
FIGURE 1.2C ■ Common electrical symbols.
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14 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
EF
SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSER
RETURN AIR DIFFUSER
FLEXIBLE DUCT
90° ELBOW WITH TURNING VALVES
SQUARE TO ROUND TRANSITION
EXHAUST FAN
PNEUMATIC THERMOSTAT
ELECTRICAL THERMOSTAT
HUMIDISTAT
4' × 2' TROFFER DIFFUSER
FIGURE 1.3A ■ Common HVAC symbols.
1.6 COMMON HVAC SYMBOLSAND ABBREVIATIONS
As with electrical symbols and abbreviations, a plumber does not have to know all details of an HVAC (heat-ing ventilation and air conditioning) system to install a plumbing system. For anyone responsible for coordi-nation or designing of a plumbing system, basic knowledge and understanding of HVAC symbols allows fora productive and professional approach to a project. A plumber is more likely to coordinate with the HVACtrade than the electrical trade on larger projects. Ducts and piping often compete for the same space in corri-dor ceilings and mechanical equipment rooms. A mechanical contracting company often installs plumbing,heating, and air conditioning systems. An employee for a company installing multiple systems may have toknow more symbols and abbreviations than a plumber installing only plumbing systems. Figures 1.3A and1.3B illustrate many common HVAC symbols.
HVAC Abbreviations
Table 1.6 list common abbreviations a plumber may encounter on a blueprint. Notice the abbreviationFD stands for fire damper, while that abbreviation stands for floor drain or fixture drain when relating itto plumbing.
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 15
Table 1.6 Common HVAC Abbreviations
Abbreviation Stands For
AC Air Conditioning
AHU Air Handling Unit
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers
ASHVE American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers
BD Balancing Damper
BOD Bottom of Duct
BTU British Thermal Unit
CFM Cubic Feet Per Minute
EF Exhaust Fan
FAI Fresh Air Intake
BD
DD
MANUAL BALANCING DAMPER
SUPPLY BRANCH TAKE OFF WITH MANUAL BALANCING DAMPER
DUCT MOUNTED SMOKE DAMPER
BOTTOM FLAT TRANSITION
TOP FLAT TRANSITION
TWO-DIRECTIONAL SUPPLY DIFFUSER
FOUR-DIRECTIONAL SUPPLY DIFFUSER
FIGURE 1.3B ■ Common HVAC symbols.
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16 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
Table 1.6 Common HVAC Abbreviations (continued)
Abbreviation Stands For
FCU Fan Coil Unit
FD Fire Damper
FOB Flat On Bottom
FOT Flat On Top
HTG Heating
HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
RA Return Air
RAG Return Air Grille
RTU Roof Top Unit
SA Supply Air
SAG Supply Air Grille
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association
SD Split Damper
TOD Top of Duct
VAV Variable Air Volume
VD Volume Damper
Add Your Own HVAC Abbreviations and Symbols
Use the space in Table 1.7 to add your own symbols and abbreviations as needed. Add to this listing to havefor future reference on a job site.
Table 1.7 Add Your HVAC Abbreviations and Symbols
Symbols/Abbreviations Stands For
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 17
SUMMARYUnderstanding common blueprint abbreviations and symbols is important for anyone trying to progress inblueprint reading and drafting. A blueprint is a visual representation of a project condensed onto paper.Abbreviations and symbols are necessary to maintain clear design intent without having too much informa-tion on a page or within a detail. The three views used to illustrate design intent of a piping system are plan,side (section), and isometric.
An individual must be able to recognize specific symbols and interpret project requirements to estimateand construct based on architectural or engineering designs. Abbreviations are used in every aspect of a designand a plumber must have a thorough knowledge of plumbing abbreviations and basic knowledge of othertrade abbreviations.
As your training progresses with this book, you can refer to the abbreviations and symbols in this chap-ter until they become recognizable. Additional abbreviations are in Appendix A of this book. More importantthan knowing them as you study is remembering them during employment. An employer expects an employeewith training to use learned skills to increase productivity.
ASSIGNMENT 1.1
Common Plumbing Abbreviations
Complete the blank areas of abbreviations or their meaning in Table 1.8.
Table 1.8 Common Plumbing Abbreviations A through D
Abbreviation Stands For
ADA
Above Finished Floor
BTU
C-C
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
Cleanout
CW
Drainage Fixture Unit
DF
Drainage Waste and Vent
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18 ■ Blueprint Reading and Drafting for Plumbers
ASSIGNMENT 1.2
Common Plumbing Abbreviations
Complete the blank areas of abbreviations or their meaning in Table 1.9.
Table 1.9 Common Plumbing Abbreviations E through J
Abbreviation Stands For
ECO
Electric Water Cooler
EWH
Floor Drain
HW
Inside Diameter
IE
Iron Pipe Size
JS
ASSIGNMENT 1.3
Common Plumbing Abbreviations
Complete the blank areas of abbreviations or their meaning in Table 1.10.
Table 1.10 Common Plumbing Abbreviations K through W
Abbreviation Stands For
KS
Lavatory
LH
North
Outside Diameter
PRV
Pounds Per Square Inch
VIF
Vent Through Roof
WH
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CHAPTER 1 Blueprint Symbols and Abbreviations ■ 19
ASSIGNMENT 1.4
Design Intent
1. Locations, sizes, and types of products are part of a design intent.
True _____ False _____
2. Design intent is illustrated on a blueprint. Actual routing or placement of piping must becoordinated on a job site.
True _____ False _____
3. The physical locations of fixtures are part of design intent.
True _____ False _____
4. The size of piping is not part of design intent.
True _____ False _____
5. Abbreviations and symbols are not used to show design intent.
True _____ False _____
ASSIGNMENT 1.5
Plumbing Symbols
1. On the line below each symbol, fill in the correct identification of each symbol in Figure 1.4 basedon a plan view.
SINGLE DOT DOUBLE DOT CONTINUOUS DOTS
FIGURE 1.4 ■ Plan view symbols.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.