Blue Geen Algae
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Transcript of Blue Geen Algae
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Algae in Aquatic, Marine, and
Terrestrial Systems
General Biology, Systematics,
Ecology, and Environmental Impact
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Algae in Aquatic, Marine, and
Terrestrial Systems Polyphyletic group: multiple genealogies
Prokaryotic algae (cyanobacteria) and
Eukaryotic algae (protistans; not true plants)
Autotrophy
Body form: unicellular, filamentous, and
multicellular
Diverse group: Over 26,900 eukaryotic
algal species described.
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Divisions (Phyla) of Algae
Prokaryotic Algae
Division Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria or blue-green
algae) not the first photosynthetic organisms, but ancient (3.5
billion years based on fossil record)
one organelle is present in the form of simple, flattened
vesicles called thylakoids (2 photosystems present) Chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins; prochlorophytes are
related species that possess chlorophyll a, b, and (c)
Carbohydrate Reserve: Starch
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Single-celled to filamentous blue-
green alga or cyanobacterium
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Colonial Cyanobacterium
Gleocapsa
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Filamentous to semi-multicellular
Cyanobacterium Nostoc
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Filamentous Cyanobacterium
Oscillatoria
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Divisions of Eukaryotic Algae
Division Rhodophyta (red algae)
Division Chlorophyta (green algae)
Division Chromophyta (= Chrysophyta - golden
brown algae, yellow-green algae, diatoms; andPhaeophyta - the brown algae, for example, kelps)
Division Haptophyta
Division Dinophyta (= Pyrrophyta -
dinoflagellates)
Division Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
Division Euglenophyta (Euglena spp.)
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Photosynthetic Pigments & Food Reserves
Rhodophyta Chlorophyll a;phycoerythrobilin
Starch (-1,4-linkedglucan)
Chlorophyta Chlorophylls a & b Starch
Chromophyta Chlorophylls a, c1, c2;
fucoxanthin
Chrysolaminarin or
laminarin (-1,3-linkedglucan)
Haptophyta Chlorophylls a, c1, c2;
fucoxanthin
Chrysolaminarin
(-1,3-linked glucan)
Dinophyta Chlorophylls a, c2;
peridinin
Starch
Cryptophyta Chlorophylls a, c2;
phycocyanobilin
Starch
Euglenophyta Chlorophylls a, b Paramylon (-1,3-
linked glucan)
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Unicellular Green Alga
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Conjugation Sexual
Reproduction
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Filamentous Green Alga
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Colonial Green Alga
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Desmid - Cosmarium
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Diatoms
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Dinoflagellate Algae
Cellulose-containing
armor plates that give
them a sculptedappearance
most species found in
salt-water
environments
common cause of red
tides - algal blooms
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Euglenoids
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Red Algae
Porphyra - nori use to
wrap uncooked fish &
other food items
Smithora naiadum - a
epiphyte on eel and surf
grass
Pikea robusta
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Brown algae
Fucus sp.Nereocystis luekeana
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Alaskan Kelp Forest
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Beneficial Aspects of Algae
Food for humans Food for invertebrates and fishes in mariculture
Animal feed
Soil fertilizers and conditioners in agriculture
Treatment of waste water
Diatomaceous earth (= diatoms)
Chalk deposits
Phycocolloids (agar, carrageenan from red algae; alginates
from brown algae)
Drugs
Model system for research
Phycobiliproteins for fluorescence microscopy
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Detrimental Aspects of Algae
Blooms of freshwater algae
Red tides and marine blooms
Toxins accumulated in food chains
Damage to cave paintings, frescoes, and other
works of art
Fouling of ships and other submerged surfaces Fouling of the shells of commercially important
bivalves
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Red tide bloom
Prorocentrum micans
bloom
Associated withHurricane Floyd,
which ended a dry
summer
surface of water slick
with this dinoflagellate 9-21-1999
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Algal Bloom: Before and After
9-23-1999 9-29-1999
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Red Tide
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Satellite Imagery of Red Tides
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Toxic Phytoplankton & Human poisoning
Paralytic shellfish poisoning - saxitoxin
Neurotxic shellfish poisoning - brevetoxin
Ciguatera fish poisoning - ciguatoxin and maitotoxin Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning - okadaic acid
Amnesic shellfish poisoning - domoic acid
Cyanobacterial neurotoxins - anatoxins
Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins - microcystin, nodularin Dermatitis - lyngbyatoxin, aplysiatoxin
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Bird Sudden Death Syndrome
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Bird Sudden Death Syndrome
DeGray Lake, Arkansas; Eagles migrate to area in October and stay
through March
Eagles eat fish, the American coot, and other prey items
Winter 1994-1995, 29 eagles were found dead or died of aneurological malady
Winter 1996-1997, pattern repeated itself, leaving 26 bald eagles dead
Die-off of eagles has been reported in North Carolina and Georgia
Coots have been reported to suffer similar symptoms and mortality
outbreaks
Why? No one knows? Algal toxins?