Circulatory System: Blood Vessels Exercise 32. Structure of Artery and Vein.
Blood vessels - general structure
description
Transcript of Blood vessels - general structure
![Page 1: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Blood vessels - general structure
• Three major types of blood vessels are : arteries, capillaries and veins
• The walls of all blood vessles except capillaries are composed of three distinct layers (tunics) surrounding a space (lumen).
• The tunics are from inside to outside – Tunic intima - endothelium, simple squamous epithelium
– Tunica media - circulary arranged smooth muscle and elastic fibers interspersed with sheets of elastin
– Tunica adventitia - collagen
![Page 2: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Arteries
• Elastic arteries - conducting arteries– arterial pulse
• Muscular arteries - distributing arteries
• Arterioles
![Page 10: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Capillaries
• Continous capillaries
• Fenestrated capillaries
• Sinusoids
![Page 11: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Capillary Beds
• General structure - terminal arteriole ---------> metarteriole -------------> thoroughfare channel -----------------> postcapillary venule (PICTURE)
• Vascular shunts
• True capillaries
![Page 12: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Veins
• Venules
• Veins
• Venous sinuses
![Page 13: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cardiac Output
CO = SV x HR
SV = EDS - ESV
• Therefore to regulate CO we can alter HR or SV– SV can be altered by alteruing either EDS or ESV
![Page 14: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Regulation of SV
• Preload - Starling Law of the Heart
• Contractility
• Afterload
![Page 15: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Regulation of HR
• Neuronal - sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal)
• Chemical– Hormones
– ions
• Other factors
![Page 16: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Definition of variables
• Blood pressure- P =F/A the force exerted on wall of blood vessel per unit area
• Resistance - the opposition to flow mainly in the periphery PR or TPR
• Blood viscosity - opposition to flow related to the thickness of blood
• Total BV length
• Total BV diameter
![Page 24: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Relationships among the variables
• BP = CO X TPR
• Resistance
– directly proportional to BV L
– directly proportional to 1/r4
– Directly proportional to blood viscocity
• BF = difference in BP in different parts of the vascular system / TPR
![Page 25: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Relationships among the variables
• MAP = dBP + 1/3 pulse pressure– pulse pressure = SBP - DBP
• BP and BF velocity in different parts of vascular system
![Page 26: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Control of BP
• A Short term -
1 neural controls
• Cardiovascular center
• baroreceptor initiated reflexes
• chemoreceoptor initiated reflexes
• higher brain involvement
![Page 32: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Control of BP • 2 Hormones• adrenal medulla hormones
• ANF atrail natriuretic factor
• ADH antidiuretic hormone
• Angiotensin II
• EDF endothelium derived factors
• NO nitric oxide also called endothelium derived relaxing factor EDRF
![Page 33: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Control of BP
• 3 Drugs and chemicals• alcohol
• inflammatory chemicals -histamine , kinins
![Page 34: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Control of BP
• B Long term -
1. kidney regulation
![Page 35: Blood vessels - general structure](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052702/5681481f550346895db54a00/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Capillary filtration