BLOOD

BLOOD

BloodTransports substancesMaintains homeostasisType of CT composed of cells w/in a noncellular matrix

Hematophobia= fear of bloodBlood and Blood Cells2 components1. cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) 45%2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste) 55%

Hematocrit- volume of blood cells in a sample, should be 45%. The remaining fluid is plasma 55%.

3 types of blood cellsRed blood cells- erythrocytesWhite blood cells- leukocytesPlatelets- therombocytes

Red Blood CellsBiconcave shape5 mil/ cubic millimeterLacking nuceliDo not divideFormed in bone marrow= HemotopoeisisLive 120 days phagocytized by liver and spleen

RBC FunctionTransports O throughout body, picks up COHemoglobin= molecule which combines with O to transport it

Oxygen LevelsOxyhemoglobin- oxygen rich- bright redDeoxyhemoglobin-not carrying O- bluish red

Elements Critical to RBC ProductionFolic AcidVitamin B12Iron- needed to synthesize hemoglobinAnemia= too few RBC

Erythropoietin secreted by kidneys stimulates RBC formationWhite Blood Cells Function- defend the body against disease- causing agents

Granulocytes- granular cytoplasmAgranulocytes- lacking granular cytoplasmGranulocytes- 3 typesNeutrophils- very active in phagocytosis of bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds60% WBC- most common

2. Eosinophils- attack parasitesControl allergic reaction2 % WBC

3. Basophiles- produce Heparin(prevents blood clots)Produces Histamine(causes inflammatory reaction)1% WBC

Agranulocytes- 21. Monocytes- precursors of macrophatesPhagocytosis- bacteria, debris, other cells6% WBC

2. Lymphocytes- main constituents of the immune system which is a defense against the attack of pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protistaYield antibodies/ arrange them on their membrane30% WBC

Platelets (thrombocytes)Help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in damaged vesselsArise from cell in bone marrow called megakaryocytesThese cells fragment and release small sections (platelets) of cytoplasm into circulationLess that the size of a red blood vessel

HOMEWORKPg 530 1-3Pg 533 1-3Pg 534 1-2Pg 537 1Pg 539 2-4Blood PlasmaLiquid portion of blood92% waterTransport nutrients, gases , vitamins, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH

Plasma Proteins1. Albumins- made in liver , maintain osmotic pressure and blood volume(blood pressure)2. Globulins- 3 groups: alpha, beta, gammaAlpha& Beta- from liver, transport lipids and fat soluble vitaminsGamma- from lymphatic tissues, antibodies for immunity3. Fibrinogen- from liver, largest molecules of plasma proteins- important for blood clotting. Major event in blood clotting is the change of fibrogen into fibrin. HemostasisProcess of stopping bleedingCoagulation causes the formation of blood clots3 key events

1. Blood vessel spasm- damaged vessels stimulate muscle tissue in wall of blood vessels to contract. Slows or stops blood flow, lasts several minutes. Platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains the muscle spasm longer

Platelet plug formation- platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a plug

3. Blood coagulation- most effective, forms a blood clot(hemotoma) . Injury causes an increase in the release of coagulants. Main event- conversion of fibrinogen into long protein threads called fibrin.Tissue damage= production of prothrombin activatorProthrombin- converted to thrombinThrombin acts as a enzyme to cause change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets and blood cells to form a hemotomaThrombus= blood clot abnormally forming in a vesselEmbolus= clot moves and becomes lodged in another placeCoagulation- thickening of blood to form a clothttp://www.dnatube.com/video/2680/Hemostasis

Blood DiseasesAnemia- iron deficiencySickle Cell Anemia- genetic disorderSickle shaped blood cellsPain, lethargy, organ failure, stroke

Leukemia- type of cancerOverproduction of wbc- take place of rbctreatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation

Infectious Mononuclosis- Mono-viral infection

Blood Poisoning- Septicemiainfection enters blood stream- can be deadly treated with antibiotics

Thrombocytopenia- low production of plateletsBleeding and bruising

Hemophila- genetic disorderFailure of blood to clotTreated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents

Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome

Females XH XH normal

XH Xh carrier

Xh Xh hemophiliac

Males X HY normal

X h Y hemophiliac

HEART

Systemic Circulations- delivers blood to all body cells and carries away wastePulmonary circulation- eliminates CO and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

Structure of The HeartHeart Size about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist). Located in the mediastinumThe distal end of the heart is called the apex.

Coverings of HeartPericardium- encloses the heart (like a bag) Visceral- innerParietal- (outer, attached to diaphragm, sternum and vertebrae)Pericardial cavity- contains fluid for the heart to float in, reducing friction

Wall of HeartEpicardium outer layer, reduces frictionMyocardium middle layer, mostly cardiac muscleEndocardium thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

Heart Chambers and ValvesYour heart is a double pump. Circulation is a double circuit: Pulmonary (lungs only) Systemic (rest of the body)

Heart has 4 chambers: 2 Atria thin upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins.. Right and Left Atrium2 Ventricles thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive blood from the atria above them. Force (pump) blood out of the heart through arteries. Right and left ventricle.Septum separates the right and left sides of the heart

Valves of the Heart allow one-way flow of blood. 4 total2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV)bicuspid valve or mitral valve- Between left atrium and ventricletricuspid valve- Between right atrium and ventricle2 semilunar ValvesAortic Semilunar or just aortic valve. Between the left ventricle and the aortaPulmonary Semilunar, or just pulmonary valve. Between the left ventricle and the aorta

Arteries/VeinsSuperior and Inferior Vena Cava- lead to right atrium carrying deoxygenated blood from all parts of body.Pulmonary Trunk- divides into left/right pulmonary arteriesPulmonary Arteries- carry deoxygenated blood to lungsPulmonary Veins- bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atriumAorta- large artery carrying oxygenated blood to body from left ventricle

Path of Blood through HeartDeoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the vena cavaDeoxygenated Blood moves into the right ventricle Deoxygenated Blood goes out the pulmonary arteries and heads to the lungsOxygenated Blood returns from lungs and enters the left atriumOxygenated Blood moves into the left ventricleOxygenated blood moves out of the left ventricle through the aorta and to the body

Superior vena cavaInferior Vena Cavahttp://www.mydr.com.au/heart-stroke/animation-how-your-heart-pumpshttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12504Skeleton of the Heart- dense connective tissue holding the heart and valves in place

Name the Valves

The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous cords called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole.

Heart ActionsCardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole.