Blood & the Cardiovascular System Anatomy & Physiology.
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Transcript of Blood & the Cardiovascular System Anatomy & Physiology.
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Blood & the Cardiovascular System
Anatomy & Physiology
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Homeostatic Functions of Blood
______________________transports needed nutrients and gases to cells and transports waste products away from cells
Protection: ______________________ through phagocytosis and antibodies; clots to protect against blood loss
_______________: of _____________________ by neutralizing levels of CO2, lactic acid, etc.; regulates body temp.; controls volume of blood flow to different areas
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General Characteristics
Red in color (NOT BLUE): due to _______________________ protein on RBC’s
____________: thicker and stickier than water Slightly alkaline: pH = ________________
– Acidosis: too acidic (too many H+)– ____________: too basic (too few H+)
Volume: avg. male = 5-6 litersavg. female = ________ liters
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Blood Plasma
Liquid portion of blood _____ water and ____ dissolved elements
– Formed elements, gases, metabolic wastes, nutrients & hormones
– ________________________________
________________________________– Adjustments made in order to maintain
homeostasis
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Formed Elements
___________________ aka Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Anucleate cells; few organelles ________________: % of RBC’s to total
blood volume– 95% of formed elements– 1000 RBC:1 WBC
Function: to transport O2 & CO2– Hemoglobin: ___________________________________________________________________
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Formed Elements
________________ aka White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Make up less than ____ of blood volume Function: used in body’s defense
– ____________________: the ability to exit the blood stream to conduct an immune response
– Positive chemotaxis: _____________________
________________________________________
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Formed Elements
Thrombocytes aka ________________ Fragments of complete cells 1/10 size of RBC; shaped like an oval
disc Function: _______________________
_________________________________
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Hemostasis
Mechanism to stop bleeding– __________________: smooth muscle is
stimulated to contract to bring broken ends of vessel together; lasts less than 30 minutes
– Platelet Plug Formation: platelets become large and sticky and form a PLUG
– Coagulation: __________________________________________________________
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Hematopoesis
Blood cell formation ____________________________________ _________________: hormone released by
kidneys to initiate RBC formation; release initiated by low blood O2 levels
Hemocytoblast: _________________ in red marrow; constantly dividing to replace lost RBC’s– RBC lifetime expectancy: __________________– Dead RBC’s eliminated by phagocytes
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Blood Disorders
____________: blood clot in vein or artery
Embolus: free floating thrombus; can be trapped in vessel __________
________________
Hemophilia: inability to clot
Anemia: _________ O2 carrying capacity– Low RBC’s– Low hemoglobin
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Blood Disorders
Sickle Cell Anemia: ________________ that clog vessels and impairs blood flow
________________: excessive RBC’s causing increased viscosity & ________________________________
Leukemia: increased numbers of ___________; function abnormally
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Blood Groups and Transfusions
Antigens: _________________________; the body recognizes them as “self” or “foreign”; stimulates immune system to release a defense (antibodies) against “foreigners”
Antibodies: recognizes antigens and decides if they are “________________” or “__________”
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Blood Groups & Transfusions
Agglutination: ________________________ when antigen and antibody don’t match; leads to clogging of small vessels
_________________________: when blood types don’t match causing: ________________________________________________________
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Rh Blood Type
Rh(+): ________________________________________________________
Rh(-): person without Rh antigens on RBC’s
____________________: process by which an Rh(-) person develops anti-Rh antibodies due to exposure to Rh(+) blood
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Rh Blood Type
Example: pregnant mother with Rh- blood; baby with Rh(+) blood from father– First baby: anti-Rh antibodies produced but
no effect on baby– Second baby: anti-Rh antibodies enter fetal
circulation causing hypoxia and anemia– Disorder called: _____________________
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The Heart
Function: Lies between the lungs in the thoracic
cavity Approximately the
_______________________________ Weighs less than a pound
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Anatomy of the Heart
_____________: pointed, inferior aspect of the heart
_____________: broad, superior aspect of the heart
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Walls and Coverings: 3 layers
Pericardium: ________ that holds and protects the heart; holds pericardial fluid
Epicardium: __________________ of heart wall; serves to protect the heart
Myocardium: ring-like arrangements of cardiac muscle; the part that ______________________
___________________: lines inside of heart chambers & blood vessels; reduces friction between wall and blood flow
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Heart Chambers
Two atria– ____________________– Do not aid in pumping– Filled with blood from
veins and acts to fill ventricles with blood
– Separated by _________
____________________– Fossa Ovalis: remains of
fetal heart opening
Two Ventricles– _______________
_______________ (actual pumps)
– Propels blood into circulation
– Thicker walls than atria– Separated by
________________________________
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Heart Valves: Atrioventricular Valves Atrioventricular Valves (____________)
– Located between atria and ventricles– Anchored to heart walls via ____________________________– Tricuspid Valve: lies between _____
atrium and ventricle; has 3 cusps– __________________ Valve (mitral valve):
lies between L atrium and ventricle; has ____________
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Atrioventricular Valves Continued Function: permits _______________ of
blood from atria to ventricles ONLY upon atrial contraction
Ventricular contraction forces the AV valve flaps up, causing them to close off the opening to the atria and directing the _____________________________________________________________
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Heart Valves: Semilunar Valves
__________________ Valves– Located between the ventricles and their
major arteries1. ___________________________: between
R ventricle and pulmonary artery
2. ___________________________: between L ventricle and aorta
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________________ Valves Continued Function: to _____________________
of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary trunk and aorta
Ventricular contraction forces SL valves open (& AV valves shut)
Ventricular ________________ causes closure of SL valves, preventing backflow
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Blood Flow Through The Heart
1.) Blood enters the R atrium and exits the heart via the L ventricle. In that time it leaves the heart to exchange gas in the lungs.
2.)Trace the path of blood flow through the heart naming all of the chambers, valves and vessels it passes through along the way!
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Supplying Blood to the Heart
Coronary Circulation:
The nutrients found in the blood cannot be absorbed from the internal chamber walls in order to nourish the myocardium
______________________: found at base of aorta; supplies heart with nourishing blood
___________________________: “waste” blood brought back to the R atrium
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Heart Physiology: Cardiac Cycle
The _________________________ of both atria and ventricles
These events make up ________________________
Beat rhythmically: atria beat, then ventricles; atria beat, then ventricles ETC.
Blood _______________ due to pressure changes
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Heart Physiology: Cardiac Cycle
Pressure changes:– __________________: state of
contraction; high pressure within that specific chamber
– Diastole: ________________________; low pressure within that specific chamber
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Heart Physiology: Heart Sounds
“Lub-Dup, _______________, lub-dup, pause, lub-dup, pause”
Cause: vibrational sounds of heart valve closures
________ = closing of AV valves with ventricular systole
________ = closing of SL valves with ventricular diastole
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Heart Physiology: Heart Conduction System Heart receives impulses from autonomic
system, but can beat ______________ nervous stimulation
___________________ INHERENTLY contract
Conduction system:
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Heart Physiology: Heart Conduction System _______________ (SA) Node: located
in upper wall of R atrium– aka “Pacemaker” – Initiates each cardiac cycle
• Generates electrical impulses causing atrial contraction
• ____________________________________
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Heart Physiology: Heart Conduction System Atrioventricular (AV) Node: located on the R,
inferior portion of the interatrial septum– _________________________________– Generates impulses down conducting fibers:
_________________________ (Bundle of His)– AV Bundle follows interventricular septum and
sends impulses left and right as it travels
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Heart Physiology: Heart Conduction System AV Node Continued
– At apex of heart, AV Bundle forms branches called _____________________
– Purkinje Fibers pass deep into myocardium and initiate ventricular systole
– Contraction occurs upward: a ____________________ motion from apex towards base of heart
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Circulation
_______________________: the route of blood between the lungs and heart
Systemic Circulation: the route of blood transport between the heart and all organs and tissues (______________________________)
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Circulation
Arteries: transports blood away from the heart– ________________– Lumen becomes
progressively smaller as the arteries branch
– Blood pressure ____________
_____________: same function as arteries– Thinner walls – Smaller lumens
Capillaries: microscopic vessels ________________
________________– Walls made of squamos
epithelium
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Circulation
Venules: returns “______________” blood to heart– Larger in diameter
than capillaries– Increase in size en
route to heart– Formed from the
_____________ of capillaries
Veins: returns “wasted” blood to heart– Larger walls than
venules– _______________:
walls able to distend/stretch
– ____________ blood pressure
– Blood flow variations• Muscular and
Respiratory pumps• One-way valves
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Circulation Irregularities
_____________________: weakened valves allows blood to pool and permanently stretch vein walls
_____________________: varicosities in veins surrounding anal canal
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Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): an instrument that records the electrical changes in the myocardium– ________________: myocardium
polarized– P wave: SA node fires; atria depolarized – QRS complex: AV node fires; ventricles
depolarized – T wave: ___________________________
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Cardiac Output (CO)
A measurable value that represents heart activity
________________ (HR): number of heart beats (cardiac cycles) per minute– Avg. adult 75 beats/min.
Stroke Volume (SV): ___________________ ejected by ventricles per heart beat– Avg. adult 70 ml/min.
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Cardiac Output
____________________
Avg. resting adult:
75/min X 70ml./min. = 5250 ml./min
-OR-
_____________________ pumped through the body EACH MINUTE at rest!
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Blood Pressure (BP)
The force exerted by blood against the inner walls of vessels
Highest pressure in _____________, lowest in ____________
Blood moves from high to low pressure Read using a _____________________ Systole/diastole: avg. adult = ________
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Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
1.) _____________________: increase in CO = increase in BP
2.) Peripheral Resistance (PR): the _______________________ produces when blood passes over vessel walls
• smaller lumens = __________________• greater blood viscosity = high PR• high PR = _________________
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Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
3.) Blood Volume: a measure of the amount of ______________________
____________________ present in the cardiovascular system
• _____________________________________