Blood: Structure and function · 2019. 10. 23. · RBC Protein: Hemoglobin Iron: About 70 percent...
Transcript of Blood: Structure and function · 2019. 10. 23. · RBC Protein: Hemoglobin Iron: About 70 percent...
1
Blood: Structure and function
2
Bell Work
Define Hematology.
What does a Hematologist do?
3
StandardOutline the in-depth normal structure and function of blood and related components. Summarize appropriate medical texts in order to list signs and symptoms of common blood diseases and disorders associated with each. Define the following common laboratory procedure, both normal and abnormal, and provide the reasoning for why the test should be obtained:
complete blood count
Complete metabolic panel
Fasting lipid panel
Hgb A1C
4
At the conclusion of class today I CAN:
Outline the normal structure and function of blood components by observing and recording a visual representation of each
Work with small group to describe the functions of plasma proteins
5
Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.
http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
6
Hematologist
A medical doctor who applies this specialized knowledge to treat patients with blood conditions.
http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Blood-Disorders.aspx
7
What makes up our blood?
RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundantcells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow andcontain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to ourcells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part ofthe immune system and destroy infectious agents calledpathogens.
PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood thatcontains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fightinfection.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that arecarried in the plasma; they clot together in a process calledcoagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
8
Blood Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVOzKrcTNis
9
10
Blood Cells
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Make up 45% of total volume of blood
Hematopoiesis: Process of blood formation, occurs in bone marrow
11
Erythrocytes
What is the other name for Erythrocytes?
Live about 120 days
Make up 99% of blood cells
Are formed in bone marrow
Carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Carry carbon dioxide and waste away from tissues
12
Iron
is an essential element for blood production.
About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells of your blood called hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues.
13
Think-Pair-Share
What protein is contained in RBCs that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What is another important role of this protein?
What happens when there is not enough of this protein?
What mineral is lacking?
What is the shape of erythrocytes?
Why is the shape important?
14
RBC Protein: Hemoglobin
Iron: About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells
Shape of Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with very shallow centers. This shape optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas exchange. It also enables them to fold up as they move through narrow blood vessels
15
Leukocytes (?)
What is another name for leukocytes?
Five different types
Formed in bone marrow
Help to fight off infection
Phagocytosis: engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris
Classified as: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
16
Granulocyte vs Agranulocyte?
Agranulocytes: one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm (jelly-like fluid that fills a cell)
17
Neutrophils
Granulocyte
40–60% of WBC; most numerous
Phagocytosis
Mainly bacteria
Many-lobed nucleus
Increase numbers in bacterial infections
18
Eosinophils
Granulocyte
0–4% of WBC
Assist inflammatory response
Increase numbers in allergic reactions, skin infections, and parasitic infections
Phagocytosis
19
Basophils
Granulocyte
0–1% of WBC; least common
Assist in inflammatory response by releasing substances such as histamine and heparin
Phagocytosis
20
Lymphocytes Agranulocyte
20–40% of WBC
Produce antibodies
Increase numbers in viral infections
B cells: Produce antibiodies
T cells: aid the immune system What organ produces
these?
21
Monocytes
Agranulocyte
3–8% of WBC
Phagocytosis
Largest in size
Effective against chronic infection
Leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues
22
Apply what you have learned…
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with bacterial meningitis?
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with the flu?
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with hay fever?
23
Platelets
Small, irregular-shaped cell fragments
Life span 5–12 days
Necessary for blood-clotting process
24
Plasma
Yellowish liquid portion of blood
92% water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume.
Supplies critical proteins for blood clotting (fibrinogen) and immunity
25
26
Activity
Make sure you have an image drawn for each blood component.
Next you will work with your small group to describe the proteins found in plasma and their functions.
Day 2
28
Bell Work 3-13
1. What mineral is lacking if you have a low erythrocyte (RBC) count?
2. What is a type of WBC that produces antibodies and increases in viral infections.
3. What type of WBC leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues?
4. Which type of WBC would be high due to a bacterial infection?
5. What are the main components of blood?
29
Bell Work Answers
1. IRON
2. Lymphocytes
3. Monocytes
4. Neutrophils
5. RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Plasma and Platelets
30
Hematology and Coagulation
Hematology—is the study of blood in health and disease.
includes problems with the RBCs, WBCs, platelets, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen.
Proteins involved in bleeding and clotting (hemostasis and thrombosis).
31
What is Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury.
Creates a clot.
Opposite of hemorrhage
32
Hemostasis
Primary: Platelet plug formed
Secondary: platelet plug is reinforced by fibrin. Coagulation factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Process is called the Coagulation Cascade
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLIEeUP_e-Y
33
34
Coagulation
Coagulation the process by which a blood clot is formed
involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors.
Secondary phase of hemostasis
35
Thrombosis
Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels. There are 2 main types of thrombosis:
Venous thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks a vein. Veins carry blood from the body back into the heart.
Arterial thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks an artery. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.
36
What causes Thrombosis
Disease or injury to the leg veins
Not being able to move around (immobility) for any reason
A broken bone (fracture)
Certain medicines
Obesity
Inherited disorders
Autoimmune disorders
Medicines that increase your risk of clotting
37
Blood
Transports nutrients, gases, medications, wastes, and other substances throughout the body
Average adult has 5–6 liters of blood Females have less blood than males
Blood samples classified 3 ways: Whole blood
Plasma
Serum
38
Whole Blood
Mixture of blood cells and plasma
When obtaining a sample there must be an anticoagulant present to prevent the blood from clotting
39
Centrifuge
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube.
40
Centrifuge Machine
41
Blood Donation and Centrifuge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWwM71SNpJ8
42
Diagnostic Medicine StandardStandard 18, Outline the in-depth normal structure and function of blood and related components. Summarize appropriate medical texts in order to list signs and symptoms of common blood diseases and disorders associated with each. Define the following common laboratory procedure, both normal and abnormal, and provide the reasoning for why the test should be obtained:
complete blood count
Complete metabolic panel
Fasting lipid panel
Hgb A1C
43
Blood Types Are the categories which define the
differences in human blood due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies
antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells
antibodies are in the blood plasma
43
44
Genetics of Blood Types
Your blood type is established before you are BORN,by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and onefrom your FATHER.
These genes determine your blood type
45
What are blood types?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes,
there are 6 possible combinations.
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B
OO = Type O
AB = Type AB
46
Blood Types
Depend on the antigens and antibodies an individual inherits from their parents
Can be determined by the:
ABO grouping system
Rh factor blood grouping system
Heart Smarts: antigens are substances which trigger an immune
response; antibodies are molecules produced by the body to attach
to and destroy antigens
46
47
The ABO Grouping System Categorizes blood into one of four
types:
type A- has A antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and B antibodies in the blood plasma
type B- has B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and A antibodies in the blood plasma
47
48
The ABO Grouping System
Categorizes blood into one of four types:
type AB- has both A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in the blood plasma
type O- has neither A or B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells but has both A and B antibodies in the blood plasma
Heart Smarts: transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood
components from one individual to another; infusion is the
introduction of a fluid other than blood to the body such as saline or
glucose solution
48
49
How common is your blood type?
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%
50
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood?
People with TYPE O- blood are called
Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB+
blood are called Universal Recipients,
because they can receive any blood type.
Rh + Can receive + or -
Rh - Can only receive -
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient
51
Put your thinking caps on!!
If a type A+ recipient receives blood from a type O+ donor, why do the A and B antibodies in the type O+ blood not attack the recipient’s blood?
52
Blood Type Compatibility
Is extremely important to know in order to avoid agglutination
agglutination
is the clumping of particles
results when incompatible blood types are mixed within the body and the antibodies of one blood type react against the antigens of the other
can result in kidney failure and death
Heart Smarts: agglutination would occur if a person with Type A
blood received a Type B blood transfusion; agglutination would be
the result of the antibody Anti-B attacking the antigen B found in
Type B blood
52
53
Blood TypesBlood
Type
Antigen on
RBC
Antibodies in
Plasma
Can Give
Blood To
Can Receive
Blood From
A A Anti- B A and AB A and O
B B Anti- A B and AB B and O
AB AB Neither AB AB, O,
A and B
O Neither Anti- A or
Anti- B
A, B,
AB, or O
O
Heart Smarts: blood donor gives blood and a recipient receives
blood
53
54
Rh Factors
Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeysto learn more about the human anatomybecause there are certain similarities betweenthe two species. While studying Rhesusmonkeys, a certain blood protein wasdiscovered. This protein is also present in theblood of some people. Other people, however,do not have the protein.
The presence of the protein, or lack of it, isreferred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
If your blood does contain the protein, yourblood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If yourblood does not contain the protein, your bloodis said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
A+ A-
B+ B-
AB+ AB-
O+ O-
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
55
Rh Grouping System
Involves the presence or absence of the Rh factor, another antigen, on the red blood cell's surface if Rh factor is present the blood is Rh+
if Rh factor is not present the blood is Rh- person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies
naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance)
person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood
person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems
55
56
Giving Blood
Take 15 minutes to do an Internet Search
1. What is whole blood donation?
2. What is whole blood used for?
3. How long does donating take?
4. What are the requirements for donating WB?
5. How often can I donate?
https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/learn/types-of-donations-blood-products/
57
Answers1. 1 pint of blood/ most common
2. Blood Transfusions/separated by blood type and sometimes components like plasma
3. 7 minutes for procedure. About an hour to answer extensive health questions.
4. Age, no tattoos/piercings in 6-12 mos, no pregnant, no blood thinner, sexual history, travel limitations
5. Donate q56 days
58
Use the whiteboard to record your answers and we’ll compare.
1. Ivan is in surgery and needing to receive a blood transfusion. The doctor gives Ivan Type B blood. Based on this information, which blood types could Ivan be?
2. 2. Ella is donating blood at a local blood drive. She has Type O blood. Based on this information, which blood types could be recipients of her blood?
59
3. June wants to know her blood type. She knows the antigens on her red blood cells (RBC) are A and the antibodies in her plasma are Anti- B. What blood type is June?
4. John received a blood transfusion and became extremely sick. He has Type O blood and received Type A blood as his transfusion. What could be the cause of his sickness?