Blood PPT with cardiovascular system

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. C h a p t e r 11 The Cardiovascula System !lood PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Ha Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Human anatomy and Physiology, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn

Transcript of Blood PPT with cardiovascular system

C h a p t e r
11
 
•  A circulating transport system
 – A pump (the heart)
 – A fluid medium (blood):
• Contains cells suspended in a fluid matri
 
• !o transport materials to and from cells
 – "ygen and carbon dioide
 – #utrients
 – $ormones
&&'& lood has several important functions and uniue physical
characteristics
*unctions of lood
• +estriction of fluid losses at in,ury sites
• -efense against toins and pathogens
• Stabilization of body temperature
Composition of lood
• %hole lood . /0 of body 1eight (2ilograms)
 –  Adult male: 3 to 4 liters5 Adult female: 6 to 3 liters
 – 7lasma (330):
• uantitative analysis of this portion of blood represents the hematocrit
($C!) reading or pac2ed cell volume (7C;)
 
!he Composition of %hole lood
 
*igure &&'&
 
 – Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes:
• !ransport oygen
• 7art of the immune system
 – Platelets (Thrombocytes):
 
lood Collection and Analysis
 – $igh viscosity
 
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!he Composition of 7lasma
solvent9 in transport9 temp regulation9 site of
metabolic reactions
 – aterials plasma and I* echange across capillary
1alls:
7lasma 7roteins
• "lbumi!s (4@0)
steroid hormones5 maintains osmotic pressure of cells
• #lobuli!s (=30)
steroid'binding proteins . alpha9 beta9 and gamma types
• $ibri!oe! (60)
 – olecules that form clots and produce long9 insoluble strands of
fibrin
7lasma 7roteins
• In 1hich dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin
• "ther 7lasma 7roteins
 – &0 of plasma:
• 8nzymes and hormones
7lasma <ases
• Carbon dioide – produced by cell
respiration
7lasma #utrients
•  Amino acids
• onosaccharides  – Stored as glycogen in liver or converted to fat
• Eipoproteins  – Chylomicrons: carry fat to muscle and adipose cells
 – ;E-E – carry triglycerides made from ecess dietary carbs
 – E-E – from ;E-E once triglycerides are delivered
 
• Frea – amino acid metabolism
• Fric acid (nucleotide metabolism)
• ilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism)
7lasma 8lectrolytes
 – 7otassium
 – Calcium
 – agnesium
 – Chloride
 – icarbonate
 – 7hosphate
 – Sulfate
&&'= +ed blood cells9 formed by erythropoiesis9 contain
hemoglobin that can be recycled
 
+ed lood Cells
bloodGs formed elements
 – !he red pigment that gives 1hole blood its color 
• "yhemoglobin bright red5 deoyhemoglobin purple
 – inds and transports oygen and carbon dioide
 – B3@9@@@9@@@ molecules per cell5 four oygen
molecules per hemoglobin moleculeJ
 Abundance of +Cs
microliter of 1hole blood
 – *emale: 6B–33 million
• &ematocrit (pac2ed cell volume9 7C;): percentage of
+Cs in centrifuged 1hole blood
 – ale: 6@–36
Structure of +Cs
• Eac2 nuclei5 live approimately &B@ days
• !hin in middle and thic2er at edge
 – Importance of +C shape and size:
• $igh surface'to'volume ratio:
• -iscs bend and fle entering small capillaries
Figure 19–2d
+ed lood Cells
$emoglobin Structure and *unction
 – #ormal hemoglobin (adult male):
• &6–&> gKdE 1hole blood
 – #ormal hemoglobin (adult female):
 
$emoglobin Structure and *unction
• $emoglobin releases oygen
 
 Abnormal $emoglobin
• +C *ormation and !urnover 
•  About = million +Cs per second
 – acrophages of liver9 spleen9 and bone marro1:
• onitor +Cs
 
• $emoglobin +ecycling
• $eme to biliverdi! 
• $emoglobin brea2do1n products in urine due to ecess hemolysis
in bloodstream
 – $ematuria:
 
• Iron +ecycling
 – !o transport proteins (tra!sferri!)
hemosideri!)
*igure &&'6
+C *ormation
• +C 7roduction
• "ccurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marro1) in adults
• Stem cells mature to become +Cs
• $emocytoblasts
• yeloid stem cells: become +Cs9 some %Cs
• ymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes
 
*igure &&'3
+ed lood Cells
• +egulation of 8rythropoiesis
•  Amino acids
absorption
• Iron
 – pernicious anemia:
 
+ed lood Cells
• #egative feedbac2 mechanism
 – Chemoreceptors in 2idney and liver detect lo1 blood oygen
 – 8rythropoietin is released from 2idney and liver into circulation
 – 8rythropoietin targets red bone marro19 stimulating
erythropoiesis
8rythropoiesis
-estruction of +Cs
1orn +Cs
heme
• $eme is bro2en into biliverdin then
bilirubin them bile
 
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
lood !yping • !here are antigens present on the cell membrane surface of our
erythrocytes (+Cs)
produced against non'self antigens
• If the +Cs antigen (donor) and plasma antibody (recipient are the
same9 the serious condition of hemolysis (bursting) of +Cs 1ill
occur 
• In the laboratory9 this situation can be simulated9 ho1ever the result
is termed agglutination clumping of red blood cells
• #ormal cells are ignored and foreign cells attac2ed
 
lood !yping
• lood types
• !ype blood antigen on +Cs
• !ype A blood both antigen A and on +Cs (universal
recipient)
 
lood !yping
antibodies against +Cs antigens that are not our
o1n
• 7ersons 1ith !ype blood develop Anti'A antibodies
• 7ersons 1K !ype A blood do not develop either Anti'A
or Anti' antibodies
antibodies
lood !yping
 – 8ither +h positive (+hH) or +h negative (+h−):
• "nly se!siti'ed +h− blood has anti'+h antibodies
• 8rythroblastosis fetalis
 – +h'negative mother becomes pregnant 1K +h'positive fetus
 – -uring birth9 babyGs blood enters motherGs circulation and she produces anti'
+h antibodies
 – other conceives second +h'positive fetus
 – otherGs anti'+h antibodies can no1 pass through the placenta and enter
fetusG circulation
 
*igure &&'/a
*igure &&'/b
 
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&&'3 !he various types of 1hite blood cells contribute to the
bodyGs defenses
%hite lood Cells
•  Also called leu2ocytes
• %C functions
 –  Attac2 abnormal cells
%C Circulation and ovement
 
%C Circulation and ovement
• Characteristics of circulating %Cs
 – $ave amoeboid movement
 – Some are phagocytic:
%hite lood Cells
• !ypes of %Cs
 Agranulocytes
!ypes of %Cs
!ypes of %Cs
!ypes of %Cs
 –  Also called polymorpho!uclear leukocytes 
 – 3@0 to /@0 of circulating %Cs
 – 7ale cytoplasm granules 1ith:
• 7hagocytosis of foreign particles (disease organsims and debris)
• Increased in acute bacterial infections
 
!ypes of %Cs
 –  Also called acidophils
 –  Attac2 large parasites
• #itric oide
• Cytotoic enzymes
inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells
• +elease histamine9 a vasodilator 
!ypes of %Cs • asophils – stain deep blue
 –  Are less than &0 of circulating %Cs
 –  Are small
•  (antibodies attach and cause mast cell to burst9 releasing allergy
mediators)
 
!ypes of %Cs
 –  Are large and spherical
 – 8ngulf large particles and pathogens
 – Secrete substances that attract immune system cells
and fibrocytes to in,ured area
 – Increased during typhoid fever9 malaria9 and mono
 
!ypes of %Cs • Eymphocytes – live several months to years
 – B@0 to =@0 of circulating %Cs
 –  Are larger than +Cs
 –  Are part of the bodyGs specific defense system
• !'cells – directly attac2 microorganisms and tumors5 produce antibodies
that act against specific foreign substances
• 'cells – increased during !9 1hooping cough9 viral infections9 tissue
re,ection reactions9 and tumors
-ifferential Counts
 – Eeu2ocytosis %C over &@@@@9 eg9 appendicitis
 – Eeu2openia %C less than 3@@@5 eg9 typhoid fever9 flu9 measels9
chic2en po9 AI-S9 polio
 – Eeu2emia abnormal production of immature leu2ocytes
•  Average %C count 3@@@'&@@@@Kmm= blood
 
%C *ormation
 – %hich produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
• yeloid Stem Cells
ecept lymphocytes
• Eymphoid Stem Cells
 
*igure &&'3
 
 
 
 
&&'4 7latelets9 disc'shaped structures formed from
mega2aryocytes9 function in the clotting process
 
7latelets
system
•  Are removed by spleen
 
7latelets
&&'/ $emostasis involves vascular spasm9 platelet plug
formation9 and blood coagulation
7hases of $emostasis
• Consists of three phases
 – Coagulation phase
7hases of $emostasis
• !he ;ascular 7hase
 – !hree steps of the vascular phase:
• 8ndothelial cells contract:
• 8ndothelial cells release:
 – local hormones: e!dotheli!s
• 8ndothelial plasma membranes become Mstic2yN:
 – seal off blood flo1
7hases of $emostasis
• !he 7latelet 7hase
 – Platelet adhesio! (attachment):
 – 7latelet aggregation (stic2 together):
7hases of $emostasis
• !he Coagulation 7hase
 – lood clotting (coaulatio!):
 – form three path1ays
Figure 19–12a
*igure &&'&@
*igure &&'D
$emostasis
• "utside bloodstream
 – .!tri!sic path-ay:
 
Clot +etraction and +emoval
 – !a2es =@ to 4@ minutes
Clot +etraction and +emoval
• !hrombin and tissue plasmi!oe! activator  (t'7A):
 – activate plasmi!oe! 
 – 7lasminogen produces plasmi!:
• -igests fibrin strands