Blood, Lymph & Immune System CH 9

• Blood, lymph and Immune systems share common cells, structures, and functions

Blood

• A connective tissue– Composed of plasma (liquid medium),

solid components are suspended within• 8% of total body weight• Erythrocytes• Leukocytes• Thrombocytes

Blood Cell Formation

• Formed in Bone Marrow: Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and the long bones of arms and legs

• Develop from a Stem Cell

Blood Cell Development

• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis = development & maturation of blood cells– Erythropoiesis– Leukopoiesis– Thrombopoiesis

Following Maturation

• Blood leave bone marrow and enters circulation

• Red Blood Cells• White Blood Cells• Thrombocytes

Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Erythrocytes

• Most numerous of circulating blood cells

• Have an iron-containing compound Hemoglobin– Carries and exchanges

O2 for CO2• Live 120 days

White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Leukocytes

• Protect against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances

• Remove debris from injured tissue• Aid in the healing process• Can enter tissue spaces – Inflammation & Immune response

• Two groups: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

• Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Neutrophils

• Most numerous leukocyte in the circulation

• Highly motile and Phagocytic• First cell to phagocytosis at the site of

injury or infection

Eosinophils

• Release substances that neutralize toxic compounds

• Increase during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations

Basophils

• Release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged

• Histamines: initiate inflammation• Heparin: anticoagulant

Agranulocytes

• Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Monocytes

• Mildly phagocytic within the blood• In the tissue become macrophages –

ingesting pathogens, dead cells,

Lymphocytes

• B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cellular immunity)

• Custom made immune response aimed at specific antigens

• Release potent chemicals that rupture the cells of what it attacks

Thrombocytes/Platelets

• Smallest formed elements found in blood

• Initiate blood clotting– Series of reactions of specific factors

Blood Types

• Four Groups: A, B, AB, and O• Based on specific antigens on the

surface of RBC’s• Rh Blood factor– Negative or Positive

Lymph System

• Consists of a fluid called Lymph– Monocytes and lymphocytes are

suspended• Network of transporting vessels

lymph vessels• Includes nodes, spleen, thymus,

tonsils

Functions of the Lymph System

• Spleen: filters cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, infectious agents

• Thymus: transforms lymphocytes into T cells

• Tonsils: masses of lymphatic tissue, filters that protect the upper respiratory tract

Lymph System Flow

• Blood Capillaries seep extracellular fluid

• Some extracellular fluid enters lymph capillaries

• Lymph eventually enters Lymph nodes

Lymph System Flow Cont.

• From R upper body enter Right Lymphatic Duct draining into Right Subclavian Vein

• From the rest of the body enters Thoracic duct draining into left subclavian vein

• Re-deposited into circulating blood, becoming plasma, cycle begins again

Immune System

• Layers of resistance– Innate & acquired

• Immunocompetent:

Anemia

• Oxygen Carrying capacity of blood is deficient

O2 O2

RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s

You’re Weak

Causes of Anemia

• Erythropenia: Decrease in Circulating RBC’s

• Hypochromasia: Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin

• Hematocrit: Decrease in the volume of packed

erythrocytes

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• Infectious Disease• Caused by Human Immuniodeficiency

Virus (HIV)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEx

RHL7D_NI&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R

WbprBw-yGE&feature=related

Allergy

• Acquired abnormal immune response

Autoimmune Disease

• Failure of body to distinguish between self and non-self

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3BvQT_KX3Y

Myasthenia Gravis

• Autoimmune Disorder• Affects the Nueromuscular Junction• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt0efT2xk2Y

Exacerbations & Remissions

• Exacerbations are flare ups• Remissions are latency (hidden/undistinguishable)

periods

Edema

• Abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body

Causes of Edema

• Hypoproteinemia, poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increases capillary permeability and heart failure.

Ascites

• Closely associated to Edema• Fluid collects in the peritoneal or

pleural cavity• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p

vuvlcgbG90

Hemophilia

• Is a hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired– Sex gene linked– Hematomas, and hemarthrosis

Infectious Mononucleosis “kissing disease”

• Acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus– Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly

Leukemia

• An oncological disorder of the blood-forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells– Often the white blood cells– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImG

8LpVEzbU

Hodgkin Disease

• A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes– Dyspnea and dysphagia

Kaposi Sarcoma

• Malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue.

Bacteremia

• Presence of viable bacteria circulating in the bloodstream usually transient in nature

Graft Rejection

• Destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient’s immune system

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

• After bone marrow transplant, the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host’s tissues

Hematoma

• Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel

Hemolysis

• Destruction of RBC’s with a release of hemoglobin that diffuses into the surrounding fluid

Lymphadenopathy

• Any disease of the lymph nodes

Septicemia

• Serious, life-threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections (blood infection or blood poisoning)

Serology

• Laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies, antigens, or immune substance

Titer

• Blood test that measures the amount of anitbodies in blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune status

Blood Culture

• Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

• Series of tests that include hemoglobin; hematocrit; RBC, WBC, and platelet counts; differential WBC;

Differential Count (Diff)

• Test that enumerates the distribution of WBC’s in a stained blood smear by counting the different kinds of WBC’s and reporting each as a % of the total examined

Hemoglobin (Hgb) value

• Measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample

Hematocrit (Hct)

• Measurement of the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

• Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot, screens deficiencies of clotting factors and effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy

Prothrombin time (PT)

• Test that measures the time it takes for the plasma portion of blood to clot. It is used to evaluate portions of the coagulation system

Lymphadenography

• Radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium

Lymphangiectomy

• Removal of a lymph vessel

Transfusion

• Infusion of blood or blood components into the bloodstream– Autologous: recipient’s own blood– Homologous: Donors blood

Transplantation

• Grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another

Abbreviations

• AIDS RBC• PT WBC• PTT• CBC• Hgb• Hct• HIV• IV

Medical word elements

• Erythr/o lymph/o• Granul/o lymphangi/o• Hem/o myel/o• Hemat/o phag/o• Immun/o plas/o• Leuk/o ser/o• Lymphaden/o thromb/o

Medical Word Elements

• Xen/o a- /an-• -emia macro-• -globin micro-• -graftmono-• -osis poly-• -penia allo-• -phil• -poiesis