Blood Lecture Images

8/2/2019 Blood Lecture Images

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Why Have A Circulatory System?

Pump Pipes Liquid


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Blood = Fluid connective tissue

Formed elements in plasma.


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3 Components of Cemtrifuged Blood

Plasma

Buffy Coat

RBCs


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Blood Physical Characteristics

Color

Viscosity

Volume

Temperature


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Blood pH

pH = log (1/[H+])

7 is

>7 is


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Blood - Functions Distribution

Regulation

Protection


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Plasma

48-58%

53-63%

90%

Whats dissolved?


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2 solutions separated by a semi-permeable

barrier. Water can pass through the barrier, butred particles cannot.

Which direction will water flow?

Which side (A or B) has the higher osmoticpressure?

A B

Osmotic Pressure


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Plasma Proteins: Globulins

Transport

Metal ions

Lipids

Fat-soluble

vitamins.

Antibodies Made by plasma

cells during theimmune response.


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Resist changes in...

Why are they necessary?

Albumin

Bicarbonate (HCO3-

)

Buffers

SolutionA

SolutionB

10mL of HCl were added to A and its pH dropped by 4 units.

10mL of HCl were added to B and its pH dropped by 1 unit.

Which solution is the better buffer?


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Erythrocytes

Small (7.5um).

4-6 million per L of blood.

No nucleus and no organelles.

Biconcave disks.

Stuffed with...

Transport


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Hemoglobin2 alpha chains/2 beta chains

4 heme groups4 irons

Oxyhemoglobin

Reduced hemoglobinCarbaminohemoglobin


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Blood cell production

Where?

Hemocytoblasts.

Hemopoiesis


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Where does it occur?

Stem cell?

Metal?

Erythropoietin

Erythropoiesis


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As a hemocytoblast differentiates into an RBC:

- What must be lost?

- What must be made?

- What shape change occurs?


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Born in the

Circulates for 120d

Swallowed by a macrophage

Erythrocyte Life Cycle

M h


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Heme Globin

Hemoglobin

Macrophage


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Globin

Amino acids

Back into the plasma

for reuse/recycling


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Heme

Bilirubin Iron


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Heme

Bilirubin Iron

Carried by transferrin

to the liver

Stored in the liver as

hemosiderin or ferritin


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Heme

Bilirubin Iron

Carried byalbumin to the

liver

Secreted into the smallintestine as part of bile

Metabolized bybacteria and excreted

in feces and urine

Consider a bruise The initial color is due to blood in


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Consider a bruise. The initial color is due to blood inthe interstitial spaces.

As a bruise turns purple, green, and then yellow, whatmust be occurring?

What must be occurring as the yellow color fades away?

A l ti f bili bi th ki d


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An accumulation of bilirubin can cause the skin andsclera to take on a yellowish hue.

C b id bl k Hb bi di it f O


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1.Plasma EPO levels

2.Red blood cell count

3.Blood viscosity

4. % of blood occupied by RBCs

5.% of blood occupied by plasma

Carbon monoxide blocks Hbs binding site for O2.Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor.

Cigarette smoke contains both.

If a non-smoker began smoking a couple packs aday for a few weeks, how would this affect his:


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Leukocytes (WBCs)

The only formed elements with a

Site of leukopoiesis?

From what cell are they derived?

L k t (WBC )


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Make up


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Perform diapedesis.

Why is this necessary?

Leukocytes (WBCs)


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How does a WBC know when/where toperform diapedesis?

Chemotactants


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1. Granulocytes. Contain stained granules.

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

2. Agranulocytes.

Lack stained granules. Lymphocytes

Monocytes

2 Classes of Leukocytes (WBCs)

N t hil
http://casesblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/video-neutrophil-chasing-bacteria-set.html


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Neutrophils

60% of circ. WBCs.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Bacteria killers.

Live up to a few days.

E i hil
http://casesblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/video-neutrophil-chasing-bacteria-set.html


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Eosinophils

3%

Kill parasitic worms.

Live about 5 days.

B hil


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Basophils


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Lymphocytes

30%

Relatively small # in blood.

Most are in lymphatic tissues.

Can live for years.

2 main types: T lymphocytes control/coordinate/kill

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)


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Monocytes

6%

Become macrophages

Can live for months.


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60%

30%

6%

3%

1%

Platelets


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Platelets Cell fragments

Hemostasis

Thrombocytes

150,000 450,000 per L

of blood

Platelets


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Platelets

Where are they produced?

From what stem cell are they derived?

Thrombopoiesis and thrombopoietin


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H t i


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Hemostasis

Set of processes that stop bleeding and promotehealing of damaged blood vessel walls.

Vascular spasm

Platelet plug formation

Coagulation

Vascular Spasm


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Vascular Spasm

In response to damage, vascular smooth muscle will

contract and this will cause: The diameter of the vessel to:

Blood flow through the vessel to:

Blood pressure within the vessel will to:

Platelet Plug Formation


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Mass of platelets covers the damaged area.

Whats the point?

What replaces it?


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Damage to the bloodvessel

Collagen is exposed

Platelets stick to theexposed collagen andrelease chemicals

Chemicals attractmore platelets


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C l i


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Coagulation

Clot formation

Well focus on the last steps

of coagulation:

Formation of prothrombinactivator

Formation of thrombin

Formation and cross-linking of fibrin

Making Prothrombin


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Intrinsic path Begins in response to

damage to the bloodvessel wall.

Many steps.

Disadvantage?

Advantage?

Making ProthrombinActivator

Making Prothrombin


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Extrinsic path Begins in response to

certain chemicalsreleased by damagedtissues outside thebloodstream.

Few steps

Disadvantage?

Advantage?

Making ProthrombinActivator

Making Thrombin and Fibrin


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Making Thrombin and Fibrin

Prothrombin Activator

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin

Wh t d fib i d ?


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What does fibrin do?

Forms a mesh aroundthe damaged area.

Cross-links

Traps

Koagulation


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Koagulation

Clot Retraction


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Clot Retraction

Platelet contractile proteins

Squeezes serum out

Draws edges together.

Sets the stage for repair.

Fib i l i


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Fibrinolysis

When?

Tissue plasminogenactivator

Plasminogen Plasmin


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Heart attacks are often

caused by blood clotsblocking coronary bloodvessels. What could

streptokinase do to helpsomeone who is having aheart attack?

Normal Clot Growth


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Normal Clot Growth

When?

Procoagulants vs. Anticoagulants

Quick removal

Inactivation

Things that promote abnormal coagulation:


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Things that promote abnormal coagulation:

Rough blood vessel lining

Pooling of blood

Things that impair coagulation:


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Things that impair coagulation:

Mosquito saliva contains an enzyme called apyrase.Which of the following is it most likely to do?


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Which of the following is it most likely to do?

a. Inhibit fibrinolysis

b. Promote thrombin production

c. Inhibit platelet aggregationd. Promote fibrin production

Individuals with atrial fibrillation can have blood pool in their

atria. What danger could this pose?

Causes the destruction of red bone marrow. This

would cause the bodys ability to: Transport oxygen to:

Fight infection to:

Prevent blood loss to:

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