Blood Composition Powerpoint

8/10/2019 Blood Composition Powerpoint

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 10.1 10.31

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 10

Blood

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook


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Blood

Slide 10.1a Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The only fluid tissue in the human body

Classified as a connective tissueLiving cells = formed elements

Non-living matrix = plasma


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Adults have~5 Liters of

blood.


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Physical Characteristics of Blood

Color range

Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red

Oxygen-poor blood is dull red

pH must remain between 7.35 7.45

Blood temperature is slightly higher thanbody temperature


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Blood Plasma

Slide 10.3

Composed of approximately 90 percentwater

Includes many dissolved substances

NutrientsSalts (metal ions)

Respiratory gases

Hormones

Proteins

Waste products


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Plasma Proteins

Slide 10.4

Albumin regulates osmotic pressureClotting proteins- help to stem

blood loss whena blood vesselis injured

Antibodies- help protectthe body from

antigens


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Formed Elements

Erythrocytes = red blood cellsLeukocytes =

white blood cells

Platelets =cell fragments


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Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

The main function is to carry oxygen

Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes

Biconcave disksEssentially bags of hemoglobin

Anucleate (no nucleus)

Contain very few organelles

Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1


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HemoglobinIron-containing protein

Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen

Each hemoglobin molecule has fouroxygen binding sitesEach erythrocytehas 250 millionhemoglobinmolecules


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Sickle Cell Anemia A substitution mutationof a single base in thegene for the proteinhemoglobin replaces

glutamic acid withvaline. As a result redblood cells sickle andclog small bloodvessels.


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Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle cell anemiaoccurs chiefly in blackpeople who live in themalaria belt in Africa

and their descendants.

Anopheles mosquito carriesthe malaria parasite.


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Blood Type


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ABO Blood Groups
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svghttp://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svg


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Link to Wikipedia prevalence chart
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type


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Rh factor


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Whole Blood Transfusions

Plasma Transfusions


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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Crucial in the bodys defense againstdisease

These are complete cells, with anucleus and organelles

Able to move into and out of bloodvessels (diapedesis)

Can move by ameboid motionCan respond to chemicals released bydamaged tissues


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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood

Normal levels are between 4,000 and11,000 cells per millimeter

Abnormal leukocyte levels

Leukocytosis Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml

Generally indicates an infection

Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level

Commonly caused by certain drugs


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Types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes

Granules in their

cytoplasm can bestained

Include

neutrophils,eosinophils, andbasophils


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Types of Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

Lack visiblecytoplasmicgranules

Includelymphocytes andmonocytes


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Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Multilobed nucleus with fine granules

Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

EosinophilsLarge brick-red cytoplasmic granules

Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic

worms


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Granulocytes

BasophilsHave histamine-containing granules

Initiate inflammation


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Agranulocytes

LymphocytesNucleus fills most of the cell

Play an important role in the immuneresponse

MonocytesLargest of the white blood

cellsFunction as macrophages

Important in fighting chronic infection


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PlateletsDerived from ruptured multinucleatecells (megakaryocytes)

Needed for the clotting process

Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm 3


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HemophiliaInherited disorder that results in diminishedclotting ability

Even small cuts can belife-threatening; plasma

transfusions are necessaryGenes involved in bloodclotting are on theX-chromosome

Occurs more frequentlyamong boys


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Fate of Erythrocytes

Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteinsWear out in 100 to 120 days

When worn out, are

eliminated byphagocytes in thespleen or liver

Lost cells are replacedby division ofhemocytoblasts


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Control of Erythrocyte Production

Figure 10.5


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Control of BleedingLoss of too much blood leads to hypoperfusion, AKA shock.

The signs of Shock:1. Altered mental status (e.g. anxiety,

restlessness, combativeness)

2. Pale, cool, clammy skin

3. Nausea and vomiting

4. Vital signs change

a. Pulse increases, becoming weak and thready

b. Respirations increase, becoming shallow andlabored

c. Blood pressure drops

d. Other signs include thirst, dilated pupils, andcyanosis


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Control of BleedingTo Stop Bleeding:

1. Apply direct pressure to the site of bleeding.2. Elevate the wound above the level of the heart (if

possible)

3. Pressure points: Arms=brachial artery,Legs=femoral artery

4. Cold application (inconjunction with other

techniques)5. Tourniquet (this is a last

resort)


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Control of BleedingHemostasis phases are completed within 3-6 minutes

after vessels are broken.1. Platelet plug formation platelets, normally repelled by

endothelium, become sticky and cling to exposed collagenfibers. A platelet plug (AKA white thrombus ) forms

2. Vascular spasms anchored platelets release serotonin,which causes the tunica media in blood vessels to spasm,decreasing blood flow locally.

3. Coagulation (a) injured tissue releases thromboplastin , (b)a phospholipid on the surface of platelets, PF 3 , interacts with

thromboplastin initiating the clotting cascade.4. Fibrin precipitates an enzyme in the blood plasma, called

thrombin (converted from prothrombin), joins solublefibrinogen into long fibrin molecules.


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Hemostasis

Link toHemostasis
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm

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