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Paleolithic/Neolithic Era

The first humans migrated out of Africa (A)They migrated across the Bering Ice-Bridge (B)They Migrated first to Europe and Asia, and then into the Americas

River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamia: Location: Fertile Crescent - Rivers: Tigress/ Euphrates (A)Nile: Location: Egypt - River: Nile (B)Harappa: Location: India - River: Indus (C)Shang: Location: China - River: Yellow/Huang He (D)

A

B

B

A CD

B

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Early Civilizations

Sumer and Babylon are two of the early Fertile Crescent civilizations discussed this year

Catal Huyuk, Aleppo, and Jericho were Neolithic Civilizations we “unearthed” this year.

The Phoenicians were traders in the Mediterranean Basin. Their city-state, Carthage was the only state to survive the Babylonians. They would fight the Romans during the Punic Wars. They were known for trading in purple dye.

Carthage is located at “A”

A

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The Hebrews (Jerusalem)

The Hebrews originally settled in Canaan They were expelled by King Nebuchadnezzar, and the Babylonians (who are known for the

Hanging Gardens) The Diaspora – or expulsion of the Jews – lead them to Egypt where they were enslaved Moses lead the Hebrews on the Exodus back to Jerusalem

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Persia

Cyrus the Great is known for his tolerance during the Persian Empire. Persia became an imperial monarchy – meaning the monarch (leader) consulted a counsel

before making decisions Cambyses was not as tolerant as his father Cyrus, but expanded the empire into Egypt Darius I further expanded the Empire to the Indus River Persia’s western extent was Anatolia

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Greece

The mountainous geography of Greece lead it to develop a government of city0states Each city –state had a different government Athens was a direct democracy Sparta had a military culture and was an oligarchy The bodies of water surrounding Greece are : The Aegean Sea, The Mediterranean Sea, The

Ionian Sea

Rome

Alexander’s Empire

Alexander the Great came from Macedonia He expanded the Empire from Greece, in the West, to the Indus River, in the East, and

conquered Egypt – in fact, Cleopatra was of Macedonian decent

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The Roman Empire (After the Republic)

Rome began as a Monarchy on the Palatine Hill (A) (Remember Romulus and Remus) It was then a Republic – the 12 Tables (Roman Law) were written and posted at the Forum After brutal civil wars, Julius Caesar headed the first Tetrarchy – he was murdered by his

senators Then his nephew, Octavius/ Augustus Caesar headed the second Tetrarchy, and became the

first emperor of Rome after killing Marc Antony and Cleopatra This would mark the beginning of Pax Romana – Roman Peace

The Roman Split

In 400 AD Rome was divided by Diocletian Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium, naming it Constantinople

o This city was idea of trade, and far away from Germanic Invasionso The Western half of Rome falls in 476 AD (Romulus Augustus was emperor)

A

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The Byzantine Empire

The Eastern portion of The Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire Emperor Justinian expanded the Empire He built the Hagia Sophia and created Justinian’s Code – a codification of all Roman laws The Byzantine Empire also presered classical Greek and Roman works The Capital was loacted at Constantinople between the Black and Aegean Seas

The Holy Roman Empire

Charlemagne was crowned the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire He was a Frankish King The Church of the Holy Roman Empire was the Roman Catholic Church The Pope was the head of the Church

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The Islamic Empire

Muhammad was the first Muslim Caliph The Empire/ Religion began on the Arabian Peninsula. (A) This is where the holy cities of Mecca

and Medina are. The Kaaba is located in Mecca He died, leaving no successor The Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates expanded the empire Charles Martel defeated Muslim Armies at the Battle of Tours in France

Islamic traders from The Arabian Peninsula (A) would spread Islam into Northern Africa

A

A

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China and India

The first Chinese “Empire” was the Qin Dynasty after the Warring States Period The Shang Dynasty was built between the Yellow/Huang He (D) and Yangtze (E) rivers The Indian Empires were located between the Indus (A) and Ganges (B) rivers – The Ganges had

a deep spiritual meaning for Hindus Indo-Aryans migrated to India through the Himalayas and Hindu-Kush mountains The Golden Age of India was the Gupta Empire

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African Kingdoms

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all located in the North Western quadrant of Africa, in the Saharah region

They grew because of their proximity to Arab caravan trade routes They traded salt for gold Axum developed south of Nubia along the Red Sea Axum was Christain, which Songhai, Mali, and Ghana developed into Islamic kingdoms Great Zimbabwe was a kingdoms of South Eastern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo

Rivers, it is characterized by the massive walls surrounding the city Timbuktu was a center for learning and trade, built by Mali’s Mansa Musa – an Islamic king

The Meso-American Civilizations

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The Aztec were located in the dry valley of Central America – their capital was Tenochtitlan The Mayans and Olmecs were found in the Rainforests of central America – the Mayan capital

was Chichen Itza (The Maya were ruled by a king) The Incan Civilization was located in the Andes Mountains in South America – the Incan capital

was Machu Picchu. The Inca had a very well developed Road system – like the Romans and Persians

Nation states in Europe

Map of Middle East and Asia

1 – France

2 – Spain

3 – England (Great Britain)

4 – Holy Roman Empire

5 – Italy (Papal States)

6 – Portugal

7 - Greece

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1 – India 2 – China 3 – Iran (Persia) 4 – Ottoman Empire

(Ottoman Turks) 5 – Russia 6 – Saudi Arabia 7 – Japan 8 – Seljuk Turks 9 – Pakistan 10 - Korea

Mongol Empire

The Mongols originated in Mongolia, north of China – they were brutal warriors Kublai Khan successfully conquered China Batu Khan conquered Russia – naming it the Khanate of the Golden Horde Ivan the Great would liberate Russia (Moscow) from the Mongols