BACKGROUND

The profits from the slave trade were tremendous. By the 1730s the British ships dominated the Atlantic slave trade. British merchant sold slaves in the West Indies, America and the Spanish colonies in South America. For the rest of the century, until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was the world's leading slave trader. The slave trade dominated the British economy. It supplied Britain with sugar, chocolate, rum and coffee to consume, American cotton cloth to wear and tobacco to smoke.

Between 1700 and 1810 British ships carried about 3.4 million African slaves across the Atlantic. From 1699 to 1807 there were 12,103 slaving voyages from British ports.

3,351 from London2,105 from Bristol

5,199 from Liverpool

Between 1630 and 1807 Britain’s merchants made around £12 000 000 profit from the 2 500 000 Africans who were bought and sold.

Topic 2: The Impact of Slave Trade on Britain and the Caribbean

Part 1: Impact on Britain

Key Questions:

What was the impact of the slave trade on Britain?

Case Study 1: Bristol Case Study2:

Liverpool Case Study 3:

Glasgow

Impact of Slave Trade on Britain1. Industrial Revolution

Two hundred years of trading in African slaves allowed Britain to become a world economic power and helped to finance the Industrial Revolution. British merchants involved in the slave trade became very rich. The rapid development of towns and ports involved in slaving was one visible effect of the trade. Profits from both the ships and the plantations flowed back to Europe to be invested in docks, quaysides, port facilities and related industries as well as fashionable country houses for those who prospered. Glasgow and Liverpool were transformed by their involvement.

The elegant homes of slave merchants and returned planters were echoed by impressive warehouses, banks and the offices of insurance and shipping companies. This is a picture of Ringers Tobacco Factory in Bristol. The manufacture of tobacco became an important trade in Bristol. Tobacco was imported from the West Indies and America, where it was cut by slaves.

The slave trade made Britain the world’s leading sea power. More ships were needed and thousands of jobs were created making ships, sails, ropes etc. The trade provided thousands of sailors with work.

Plantations throughout the Americas bought lots of British goods. Coal was required to fuel the processing of sugar. Agricultural equipment, seeds and plants, leather goods for the cattle and horses, whips to control the slaves – all crossed the Atlantic to the plantations. Planter’s homes also required imported goods from cutlery to glassware.

2. Increased Taxes

The government got most of its money from customs duties (tax) related to the slave trade. The government tightly controlled the trade and all slave ships had to be licensed.

3. Development of financial institutions

Banking and insurance services developed as a result of the slave trade. Many well-known British banks and businesses - Lloyds insurance market, Imperial Tobacco, the Midland Bank and more - grew out of slave labour and slave

dealing.

The expansion of overseas trade, especially in the Atlantic, relied on credit, and bills of credit (like modern day travellers cheques), which were at the heart of the slave trade.

Slave traders and planters badly needed credit. A slave voyage from Liverpool to Africa then on to the Caribbean, before heading home, could take 18 months. And each point of the trade – buying and selling Africans, buying and importing produce (mainly sugar) cultivated using the labour of enslaved people – involved credit arrangements.

The Bank of England was also involved. When it was set up in 1694, it underpinned the whole system of commercial credit, and its wealthy City members, from the governor down, were often men whose fortunes had been made wholly or partly in the slave trade.

Watch the following video clip:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zcnnvcw

TASK

Draw a mind map to summarise the impact that the Slave Trade had on Britain’s social and economic development

Case Study 1: Liverpool

Liverpool was late in entering the slave trade but she quickly outdid London and Bristol to become the number one slave port in the whole of Europe by the 1740s. By the end of the 18th Century, Liverpool had over 60% of the entire British trade and 40% of the entire European slave trade.

The slave trade made Liverpool one of the largest ports in the world and led to a big increase in the population of the town. New docks and warehouses were built and thousand were employed as dock workers etc. Liverpool became an important centre of shipbuilding. Many manufacturers and craftsmen moved to the town and worked making goods for the trade. The slave trade brought a lot of money to the town- many Liverpool merchants became very wealthy. Many of the public buildings in Liverpool (and private mansions) were built from the profits of the slave trade.

Why did Liverpool become involved in the Slave Trade?

A significant factor in Liverpool’s engagement in the Slave Trade was the port’s geographical position in the north-west of England, with ready access via a network of rivers and canals to the goods traded in Africa- textiles from Lancashire and Yorkshire, copper and brass from Staffordshire and Cheshire and guns from Birmingham.

1792- a ‘good’ year for slaving!

Ships coming out of England were as follows:

Liverpool 131

Bristol 42

London 22

Estimates state that over 40,000 African slaves were transported by Liverpool vessels alone.

From then, for the next 60 years, between 40 and 110 ships sailed each year laden with slaves.

How did the city profit from the Slave Trade?

There were 5 main ways the city made money from slavery:

1. Building & repair of slave ships2. Slave trading3. Slave produced goods e.g. cotton, sugar 4. Production of exportable goods e.g. pottery5. Insuring & Financing the above operations and

industries.

Profits could be huge: the ship “Lively” made a profit of 300% in 1737, although this was exceptional. Most ships could guarantee a 10% profit.

What was the impact of the Slave Trade on Liverpool?

In Liverpool, there were ten large merchant houses engaged in the slave trade and 349 smaller firms. Shop windows displayed shining chains and manacles, devices to force open the mouths of slaves who refused to eat, neck rings, thumb screws and other implements of torment and oppression.

Not all of Liverpool’s wealth came from the slave trade, but it was the backbone of the town’s prosperity. Slaving and related trades may have occupied a third and possibly a half of Liverpool’s shipping activity in the period 1750 to 1807. The wealth acquired by the town was substantial and the stimulus it gave to trading and industrial development throughout the north-west of England and the Midlands was of crucial importance.

In 1780 Matthew Street slave Trader William Davenport sent his ship HAWKE out to Africa at a cost of £5000. It returned with a profit of £10,000”

The last British slaver, the Kitty’s Amelia, under Captain Hugh Crow, a one-0eyed Manxman, left Liverpool in July 1807

TASK

On your map, colour in Merseyside and the key areas Liverpool merchants traded with.

Slave merchants such as Foster Cunliffe made a fortune. He was mayor of the city three times. In the 1730s, he sent three to four ships to collect African slaves each year. Other families such as the Leylands, Bolds and Kennions prospered in a similar way.

By the time the slave trade ended in 1807, Liverpool had established itself as one of the wealthiest and important places in the country, if not the world.What is the legacy of the Slave Trade in Liverpool?

The legacy of the slave trade can still be seen around Liverpool today, many streets are named after wealthy shipping merchants who made money from slavery including Penny Lane – named after James Penny and made famous in the Beatles song. There are however a number of Liverpool streets named after people who were against the trade.

Much of the city’s architecture takes its inspiration from the slave trade. Many buildings associated with the slave trade have African heads carved into them.

The town hall railings (built in 1754) have pineapples and elephants on them – reflecting the type of items that were brought into the area from overseas. – N.B. Ivory rather than elephants themselves!

Thomas Leyland – Slave Trader

Individuals such as, Thomas Leyland, gathered large personal fortunes as a result of their

involvement in the Slave Trade. Thomas Leyland won around £20,000 in a lottery and invested all of it in the slave trade. On one trip alone he made £12,000 profit. He invested his money in the banking industry and became an important figure in local politics. He was mayor of Liverpool three times.

Case Study 2 – Bristol

Bristol dominated the English slave trade in the first half of the 18th Century. It quickly became home to a booming sugar import trade, which was not overtaken (by Liverpool) until 1799. Sugar was the most lucrative of Bristol’s industries (It made the most money). The city’s quaysides and warehouses were joined by sugar refineries (to process the crude sugars shipped across the Atlantic from the slave plantations). With a booming British market for sugar to sweeten foodstuffs, but most of all for tea, Bristol grew in importance and stature.

The city was home to groups of prosperous sugar merchants and West Indian planters who returned home to retire to grand houses in the West Country. Inevitably, the city contains important architectural monuments to those links. Pero’s Bridge was named after a slave brought to Bristol from St Kitts by the famous

planters, the Pinneys; Guinea Street; Queens Square (home to the prominent sugar merchants) and the Merchants Hall. Most famous perhaps is No7 Great George Street (opposite), home of the Pinneys, who were planters in Nevis, and founders of a trading house involved in the West India trade.

The Sugar House, now a fashionable hotel and restaurant, was once a refinery and sugar house. It was here, and in similar buildings in other ports, where sugar was imported and then refined. The barrels of wet molasses and sugar were refined further locally before being cast into sugar loaves for distribution to shops. These were then sold to the armies of Britons who came to depend on

regular supplies of sugar for their drink and food.

Like the tobacco warehouses in Glasgow, Bristol’s sugar buildings are a reminder of the importance of imported tropical staples. They also remind us of the ways in which British life, particularly the nation’s sweet tooth is linked to the slave trade.

Heading: The Impact of the Slave Trade on Bristol

Your teacher will tell you if you should complete TASK A or TASK B

TASK A

Answer the following questions in full sentences.

E.g. The industry which was most important to Bristol in the 18th Century was…

Q1. What industry was most important to Bristol in the 18th Century?

Q2. In what way was this linked to the Slave Trade?

Q3. Explain why Bristol became an important city.

Q4. What evidence of Bristol’s links with the Slave Trade can be found in the city today (Give at least 3 examples)?

Q5. Draw a picture to help you to remember what you have learnt.

TASK B

Use the word bank below to copy and complete the following paragraph:

Bristol was very i____________ to the English slave trade in the first half of the 18 th Century. Until 1799, it was the biggest importer of S_____ and it made Bristol a lot of money. Sugar r__________________were built to process the crude sugars shipped across the Atlantic from the slave plantations. British people liked sugar to s___________ foodstuffs, especially t_______, which meant that Bristol became a very important city.

Lots of sugar m_______________ lived in Bristol and people who owned plantations abroad returned home to r__________ to grand houses. The buildings in Bristol give clues to its past. One famous building is No7 Great George Street which was once the home of the Pinney family who owned p_______________abroad and traded in Sugar.

Another building is “The Sugar House”, which is now a fashionable h__________l and r_____________. It was here, and in similar buildings in other ports, where sugar was i_______________ and then refined. The barrels of wet m_________ and sugar were refined and cast into sugar l__________ to be s__________ in shops.

Word Bank

Plantations restaurant Tea Important retire

loaves merchants imported Sugar refineries

sweeten hotel sold molasses

TASK – SOURCE WORK

The “How Fully” Question

Your Teacher will spend some time with you explaining how to answer this type of question.

Source A is from ‘A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade’ (2006) JW Griffiths.

Many cities such as Bristol benefited from the Slave Trade. Trade in sugar flourished as the British market for sugar to sweeten foodstuffs became increasingly popular. As a result of this, Bristol grew in importance and stature. Bristol made a fortune on the back of the Slave Trade. The demand for sugar continued to grow and many markets in Bristol expanded because of this. The impact of the sugar trade on Bristol can still be seen today, for example, The Sugar House, now a fashionable hotel and restaurant, was once a refinery and sugar house. It was here, and in similar buildings in other ports, where sugar was imported and then refined.

How fully does source A describe the impact the Slave Trade had in Britain? (6) (Your three pieces of recall for this should be about Liverpool)

Case Study 3 – Scotland and the Slave Trade

Glasgow and Ayrshire also had a role to play in the slave trade. Glasgow grew to be an industrial town because of raw goods like cotton and tobacco transported there from across the Atlantic. Glasgow became Scotland’s largest city, employing thousands in the industrial revolution.

Landowners had an interest in the tobacco trade and had the money to invest in ships. The noveau riche behaved outrageously with their new-found fortune. The Trongate in Glasgow’s Merchant City was their own private street. It was paved. They did not want to walk on muddy roads with the riff-raff as it would ruin their outfits. Poor people were beaten if they used the Trongate.

Merchants used the Tower at the Brigait to look down the River

Clyde to watch their ships coming in loaded with cargo from the colonies. Tobacco merchants set up a number of banks in order to deal with their bills of trading. The Scottish banking system grew as a direct result of the tobacco trade.

Watch the following video clip:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zt88q6f

New technology meant linen mills were able to convert to cotton mills to deal with the demand for clothing in Africa and on the plantations. Cotton soon replaced tobacco as the backbone of the Scottish economy. Money was invested in new inventions. Engines were designed to accelerate production. Factories developed which required skilled labour. Glasgow established a ship building industry and became a respectable industrial leader.

Merchants such as Richard Oswald, made a lot of money from the slave trade. Like the Robert Allason, his wealth was evident when he returned to Scotland and built Auchincruivie house. His wife, Mary Ramsay, was the daughter of a rich plantation owner in Jamaica.

The painting opposite is of a very successful Tobacco merchant of Glasgow, John Glassford and his family in 1776. He also provided slaves for Virginia planters. In fact, there was originally an enslaved African servant in the painting on the far left but he has been removed – why do you think the slave has been removed from the painting?

The legacy of Glasgow’s involvement in the slave trade can still be seen today. Street names, such as Buchanan Street are named after slave merchants and Jamaica Street after a colony. Virginia Street and the Kingston Bridge are all named after areas where Glasgow merchants traded and made their fortunes.

The building opposite is the Gallery of Modern Art, in Queen Street, Glasgow. It was formerly the home of the tobacco trader, William Cunninghame.

St Andrew’s Church stands in the heart of the Merchant City in Glasgow. It was built and paid for by wealthy tobacco lords. The houses in the square were the fashionable residences for the tobacco lords. They were close to their exclusive church. It has been described as one of the top six classical church buildings in Britain. It was the home of Robert Finlay, tobacco importer.

The Glasgow Slave Trail Challenge

THE CHALLENGE

RESOURCES

You have to create a tourist information leaflet called “A Slave Trade Trail of Glasgow. This should provide tourists with information about at least 5 key buildings that have historical links with the Slave Trade.

You can use information from your class notes and the following websites:

http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/History%201700-1830

http://glasgowpunter.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/glasgow-and-slave-trade-secret-history.html

http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/heritage/walk-around-glasgow

http://issuu.com/merchantcityglasgow/docs/merchant-city-history

You will also find a map of Glasgow in the History Prep Folder.

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Homework Task – Glasgow and the Slave Trade

Source A: Map of Glasgow, 1778

http://heritage.scotsman.com/places.cfm?id=456212006

For example George Buchanan was a tobacco trader who owned a plantation next door to

TASK

How many clues are there that Glasgow merchants traded in Tobacco and were involved in Slave plantations?

Your leaflet should include:

o Background Information about Glasgow and the Slave Trade.

o Images of the building

o Provide detail about each buildings original use and current use.

o You must also have a map of Glasgow and you should plot all 5 of your buildings on it.

Source B Tom Devine, ‘The Tobacco Lords of Glasgow’, History Today, Volume 40, Issue 5, 1990.

http://heritage.scotsman.com/places.cfm?id=456212006

For example George Buchanan was a tobacco trader who owned a plantation next door to

The Clyde ports [near Glasgow] had crucial advantages over their rivals in the south. The route to Virginia and Maryland north of Ireland was the shortest and quickest (by two or three weeks’ sailing time) which helped to reduce freight [transport] costs for Glasgow ship-owners. The Northern sea lanes were, in addition, much safer in time of war and so insurance premiums were significantly cheaper in for Scottish vessels over much of the 18th century…The Glasgow tobacco houses established chains of stores supervised by young Scottish factors which offered consumer goods, plantation equipment, money and credit in exchange for tobacco. The stores therefore ensured that enough tobacco was purchased in advance of the annual arrival of the tobacco fleets from the Clyde. The ‘stay in the country’ was therefore cut to a minimum, turn-around time in the colonial ports drastically reduced and much more effective use of shipping capacity assured.

TASK

1. Using Source B, explain why Glasgow overtook its other British competitors to become the major importer of American tobacco

2. Watch the video clip below and answer the following questions:

http://www.timelines.tv/index.php?t=2&e=4.

1. Why were 18th century Britons like us?

2. What did they consume in coffee shops?

3. What made Glasgow rich?

4. What was different about the Glasgow trade?

Exam Practice

1) Explain the impact of the Slave Trade on Britain (6 Marks)

2) How useful is Source A as evidence of the importance of the slave trade to British cities? (5 Marks)

Source A is from “Britain and the Slave Trade”, by a modern historian, published in 1995.

Source A

In 1700, Liverpool was a small fishing port. One hundred years later over 78,000 people lived and worked in the town. Liverpool’s wealth came from trading in slaves and cotton produced by slaves. Thousands of people found work because of the slave trade. More and more ships were needed. These had to be built and equipped. Gradually the prosperity of the whole town began to depend more and more on the slave trade.

3) How fully does Source B explain why the slave trade was important to many British cities? (5 Marks)

Source B explains why the slave trade was important to many British cities.

Source B

Cities in the west of Britain benefited from the Atlantic slave trade. By 1800, Liverpool profited most directly from the transportation of human beings as slaves. Glasgow and Bristol developed their own specialist areas which were linked to the trade. Glasgow had the largest share of the British tobacco trade and this helped the city’s economic development. Profits from the tobacco trade also contributed to the development of industry in Glasgow. In Bristol, merchants profited from the sugar trade. All of these activities were based on Britain’s involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.

The British Colonies

The first colonies of the British Empire were founded in North America (Virginia, 1607) and the West Indies (Barbados, 1625). In 1655 Jamaica was secured.

British slave traders started supplying African slaves to the British colonies to work on plantations.

Britain‘s involvement in the slave trade developed further in 1713, when the Treaty of Utrecht granted British slave traders the contract, known as the Asiento, to trade 144,000 slaves a year to Spanish South America.

After 1700, the numbers of slaves being transported increased greatly.

The Importance of Tropical Crops

Early colonisation of the West Indies and surrounding areas showed the potential to grow tropical crops commercially.

Crops included:

Tobacco Sugar Coffee

Cacao Cotton

TOPIC 2 BRITAIN AND THE

CARIBBEAN

PART 2:THE CARIBBEAN

The British Colonies

The importance of tropical crops such as sugar;

The influence of the British in the Caribbean

The negative impact of the slave trade on the development of the

These goods, especially sugar, were highly valuable because of their rarity in Europe.

Tobacco

The Caribbean and West Indies had grown tobacco in its early plantations. From the late 16th century tobacco had become extremely popular throughout the British Isles and Europe. Sir Walter Raleigh had made it fashionable in society. It was seen as a miracle medicine, curing anything from stomach ache to a gunshot wound, snakebites to bad breath. Tobacco was the most profitable export from the Caribbean in the early 1600s.

However, King James I was a man ahead of his time and disliked it immensely. He described smoking as a “custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs.” He was opposed to the use of tobacco and taxed it in England. Tobacco was difficult to grow and hard work all year round.

Sugar

In the 17th century sugar cane was brought to British West Indies from Brazil. At that time most local farmers were growing cotton and tobacco. However, strong competition from the North American colonies meant that prices in these crops were falling. The owners of the large Caribbean plantations decided to switch to growing sugar cane.

Sugar was often called ‘white gold’ and made massive profits for Europeans for over 300 years. Sugar cane was (and still is) difficult to grow. Planting, weeding, harvesting and sugar production involved hard work all year round. The plantation owners purchased slaves to provide the labour for this work.

TASK

Answer the following questions in full sentences:

1) What crops were grown in the Caribbean plantations?

2) Why did plantation owners begin to move away from growing tobacco?

3) Why was sugar known as “white gold”?

4) Why is sugar cane so difficult to grow?

Source A

Use Source A to answer the following questions:

5) What does ‘sugar production’ involved?

6) What are the dangers?

Sweet Riches!

The sugar cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th centuries. These plantations produced 80–90 per cent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe.

Almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. Until the abolition of slavery, the main source of labour was African slaves.

Between 1700 and 1709 the trade in sugar increased dramatically due to the increasing popularity of sugar to sweeten luxury drinks such as tea and coffee. In 1700, Britain's sugar consumption was 4 pounds (weight) per person, a century later that had risen to 18 pounds per person.

The increased availability and popularity of sugar was due to a gradual increase in the standard of living (whereas before only the very rich could afford such luxuries as sugar) and the discovery of more New World colonies which were ideally suited to the growing of luxury crops such as sugar.

By 1750, sugar surpassed grain as the most valuable commodity in European trade - it made up a fifth of all European imports.

The sugar market went through a series of booms. The rise in demand and production of sugar resulted from a major change in the eating habits of many Europeans. They began consuming jams, sweets, tea, coffee, cocoa and other sweetened foods in much greater volumes.

Taking advantage of this growing demand for sugar, the Caribbean islands set about increasing production. In Barbados, sugar amounted to 93 per cent of the island’s exports.

"If we have no Negroes, we can have no sugar, tobacco, rum etc. Consequently the public revenue, arising from the importation of plantation produce, will be wiped out. And hundreds of thousands of Britons making goods for the triangular trade will lose their jobs and go a begging".

Economist Malachi Postlethwaite, 1746

The Need for Slaves

Although sugar was the most important crop in the Caribbean, other crops such as coffee, indigo and rice were also grown.

TASK

Heading: Sweet Riches

Answer the following questions in full sentences:

1) How much of the sugar consumed in Western Europe was produced by the Caribbean plantations?

2) Who provided the main source of labour (workers) in the sugar plantations?

3) Why did the sugar trade increase between 1700 and 1709?4) How did the availability of sugar change the eating habits of Europeans?5) How important was sugar to Barbados?

A Summary

Industrial development in sugar production

There was a need for industrial development in sugar production because the low level of technology made sugar production difficult and labour intensive. The demand for sugar was also rising, particularly in Britain.

Slaves began to use steam powered sugar mills for work

In the 1740s, Jamaica and Saint-Domingue (Haiti) became the world’s main sugar producers.

Plantation owners looked for ways to increase their production:

They increased production by using an irrigation system built by French engineers. They also built reservoirs, diversion dams, levees, aqueducts and canals.

They began using more manure to fertilise their crops. They developed more advanced mills. They used better types of sugarcane. From the late 18th century, the production of sugar became increasingly

mechanised. In 1768, a steam engine was first used to power a sugar mill in Jamaica.

TASK

Copy and complete the summary diagram below:

1768 1st Steam engine used to power a sugar mill in Jamaica

Improving Sugar Production

Exam Practice

Source B is written by Historian Clive Ponting in World History, A New Perspective and was published in 2000

1) Evaluate the usefulness of Source B in assessing the importance of sugar in the Atlantic slave trade

(6 Marks)

Source C F.G. Kay describes some of the social changes that also took place because of the growth of the Slave Trade

2) How fully does Source C describe the effect of the Slave trade on British towns? (5 Marks)

3) To what extent did the slave trade lead to economic and social changes in Britain? (8 Marks)

Sugar was the most valuable commodity in European trade- it made up a fifth of all European imports and in the last decades of the century four-fifths of the sugar came from British and French colonies in the West Indies.

The slave trade created a new class of wealthy colonial families. The industrialists of the Midlands and Lancashire, the London bankers, the directors of the shipping firms in Glasgow and Liverpool enjoyed, quietly, the profits from the slave trade. But the retired and absentee plantation owners soon became envied and admired with their grand houses newly built in spacious parks and their lavish parties in towns like Bath.

The negative impact of the slave trade on the development of the Caribbean islandsThe slave trade had long lasting negative effects on the islands of the Caribbean. The native peoples, the Arawaks, were wiped out by European diseases and became replaced with West Africans.

Africans outnumbered the white population by about 20 to 1. This created a fear of rebellion that led to the introduction of a

legal system which supported slavery. The slave codes or slave laws permitted brutal punishment and even execution of slaves if they committed offences such as playing a drum, gathering after dark or carrying any weapon.

Another adverse effect of the slave trade was the damage to the Caribbean economies due to the concentration on sugar production. This meant that most only grew one type

of crop and did lasting damage to the Jamaican economy. Any fall in the international price of sugar was disastrous for the island.

The impact of British rule during slavery has left islands like Jamaica with a sense of injustice which is still a feature of Jamaican culture. There is still a strong desire for justice and

redemption for the harm done during the time of the slave trade.

Large plantations were developed in Caribbean islands such as Jamaica and Barbados. This had a negative impact because the natural beauty of the island landscapes was damaged by the growth of plantations.

Slaves were not allowed to have any education. This was an important negative impact on the Caribbean because an uneducated population prevented the countries growing economically.

Furthermore, many slaves did not have opportunities to gain other skills so found themselves tied to plantation work even after slavery ended. They also found it difficult to adjust to freedom and so continued working on the plantations after the abolition of slavery.

Slaves in Caribbean receiving news of emancipation in 1834

TASK

Create a mindmap to show the negative impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean.

Explain why the slave trade had a negative impact on the growth of the Caribbean. (6 marks)