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Open & Distance

Education

History, Status and Conceptual analyses

PRESENTED BY

M.KARPAGARATHINAM

M.ED SPL.ED


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Terminologies:

Correspondence education

Home study

Independent study

External studies

Continuing education

Distance teaching Self instruction

Open learningFlexible learning

Distributed learning


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History of ODL

Boston Gazette, March 20, 1728:Advertisement for Short hand course

Popularly known, 1840: Sir IsaacPitman's Short hand course

First distance teaching university,University of South Africa in 15 Feb1946:

First Open University, 1969: UKOU


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Status

Over 90 Open Universities around theWorld

15 in India alone First Open University in India started

in 1982; and the National OpenUniversity of India was established in

1985.


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Open Learning

medium or media, whether print, on-line, television orvideo; place of study, whether at home, in the workplace or

on campus;

pace of study, whether closely paced or unstructured;

support mechanisms, whether tutors on demand, audioconferences or computer-assisted learning; and

entry and exit points.

The educational philosophy of open learning emphasizes

giving learners choices about


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Distance Learning

separation of teacher and learner in time or place, or

in both time and place;

institutional accreditation; that is, learning is

accredited or certified by some institution or agency.This type of learning is distinct from learning through

your own effort without the official recognition of a

learning institution;

Most definitions of distance learning pay attention to the following

characteristics


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use of mixed-media courseware,

including print, radio and television

broadcasts, video and audio

cassettes, computer-based learningand telecommunications. Courseware

tends to be pre-tested and validatedbefore use;


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two-way communicationallows learners and tutors to

interact as distinguished from the passive recipient of

broadcast signals. Communication can be synchronous orasynchronous;

possibility of face-to-face meetingsfor tutorials,

learnerlearner interaction, library study and laboratory

or practice sessions; and

use of industrialized processes; that is, in large-scaleopen and distance learning operations, labor is divided

and tasks are assigned to various staff who work

together in course development teams.


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Teaching Learning Scenario

Same time Different time

Same place Classroom teaching,

face-to-face tutorials

and seminars,workshops and

residential schools

Learning resource

centres, which

learners visit at theirleisure.

Differentplace

Audio conferences andvideo conferences;

television with one-way video, two-way

audio; radio with

listenerresponsecapability; and

telephone tutorials.

Home study,computer

conferencing,tutorial support by e-

mail and fax

communication.


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The Idea of Open University China's Imperial Examination system in

6thcentury Rabindranath Tagore's idea of home-

based study influenced LeonardElmhirst (Agricultural adviser), whostarted Dartington Hall. Michael Youngwas a pupil there who went on topropose the idea of the UK OpenUniversity and started the NationalExtension College as a pilot


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Open University Movement

Principle of egalitarianism (open to all) Principle of equality of educational

opportunities (barriers of caste, economy,

gender to be removed) Principle of lifelong and ubiquitouslearning

Principle of flexible curricula Principle of learner-orientation Principle of autonomous learning Principle of learning through

communication and interaction


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Generations of Distance

Education

First Generation-Correspondence Model: Only print based

Second Generation-Multi-media Model: Print, Audio, Video, CBL(CAI/CML)

Third Generation-Telelearning Model: Audio Teleconferencing, Video

Teleconferencing, Audiographics, Broadcast Radio/TV

Fourth Generation-Flexible Learning Model: Interactive Multimedia, Internet/WWW,

CMC

Fifth Generation-Interactive Flexible Learning Model: Automated response

systems, Virtual Learning space


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Advantages of ODL

Overcoming physical distance

Solving time and scheduling problems

Expanding the limited number of space available Democratizing education

Bringing quality education to the doorstep of millions

Dealing with cultural, religious and politicalconsiderations

Cost-effective education suitable to developingnations

Provides second chance to those who miss education

Enables lifelong learning


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Limitations?

Attitudinal bias

Believed as second rate

Quality is questioned all the time

Difficult to start takes lot of planning time

Requires trained, committed human resources Any other?


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Why ODL?

Access and reach

Equity and Gender Quality and effectiveness

Relevance and lifelong learning

Globalization and Technology

Cost and Efficiency


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Access and Reach

880 millions illiterate population

By 2015 about 100 million school aged children wouldnot be in school

Only 668 millions enrolment in Primary schools

Education is a basic human right, and how are wegoing to achieve the gigantic task

School enrolment rate have to be increased up to 10% for

many countries to meet the goals of Education for All by 2015


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Equity and Gender

Equity refers to the fairness in distribution of educational

resources

Equity in gender

Equitable access to education for people in rural, hilly,

and remote islands

Female enrolment in all stages of education is less than

50%

64% of the total illiterate population is female; in China female

illiteracy is more than 70%


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Quality and Effectiveness

Not just access, people need access to quality education

Effect of HIV/AIDS on supply of education services: In Zambia

the mortality rate amongst teachers because of HIV/AIDS was

more than the general adult population

World average for teachers is just 16 for 1000 population; in

developing countries it is more less

Technology and student-centred design has a strong

role to play in improving quality


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Relevance and Lifelong Learning

Societal change from labour intensive work to knowledge

intensive work

Need to teach the 7Cs:

Constant change and advancement in technology

Critical thinking

Creativity

Collaboration

Cross-cultural understanding

Communication

Computing

Career development


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Globalization and Technology

Globalization refers to the package of economic reforms

including liberalization, privatization and decentralization

Education as a commodity and trans-boarder flow of

knowledge

Technology is the mover in the age of globalization,

especially the Internet, and its WWW

Increasing digital divide: only 4.8 persons per thousand online


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Cost and Efficiency

Governments are by far the largest funding bodies in

education

In spite of commitment, Governments are not in a position to

invest more as there are other important areas like health,

environment, etc.

The public expenditure in education varies between 2-6% of

GNP in many countries; world average is just 4.8% of GNP

Private participation required to increase efficiency;

Governments can focus more on primary education


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ODL: Issues and Challenges

Mandate vs performance Quality of teaching and learning Dropouts and cost-effectiveness

Faculty workload Research on ODL teaching and learning

practices Flexibility vs professional demands Incorporating technology mediated

synchronous learning Virtualization and emergence of Cyber

universities


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Concept, Historical

Perspectives & Scope

Of Non-formal Education


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Introduction Education

Education is a process of learning positivehabits , knowledge , skill etc , under the

guidance of teacher.

Formal

Non formal education

Informal

Non formal education is a kind (medium of

instruction)of education, in which a student

studies by correspondence ,sitting at home or

out of school .


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Definition

This term covers education & training in whichtutor & learner are not in the same place.

Correspondence courses are the most vivid

example & it is possible to obtain a very wide

range of skills & qualification in this way.

( ILMI education dictionary )

According to Dodd's (1978)

this method/system provides education/courses

by correspondence, broadcasting and occasional

face-to-face learning.


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Concept

Education that happens outside ofthe context of a formally

structured educational institution

and that may address the teachingof knowledge or skills other than

those typically concentrated in

educational institution.thiseducation helps a lot in achieving

the goals of formal education


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Concept (cont.)

Non-formal education takes intoaccount the out-of-school

education for adult through oral

written & audio-visual methods ofimparting knowledge, skill/value

and activity like literacy, vocational

training, civic, economic andcultural education for overall

development of the individual and

community.


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Terminology Non-formal

Indigenous education Open learning

Correspondence education

Distance education Community education

Out-of-school

Adult education

Life long education

Continuing education


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Scope /Need

Rural population.

Women ,both rural and urban.

School drop out and out of school

youth.

Unemployed, under-employed,

under privileged youth and adults

to upgrade their existing

qualifications,

The handicapped.


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In the eye of history

Early era Non-formal education has a long history over

a 100 years . How ever in its non-organized

form non-formal education has been tracedback to the beginning of written records .

During Biblicalperiod epistles of Plato were

used for the instruction of early Christiancongregations.

(Erdos1967,sewart 1981 ,holmberg1986)


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Early 19thCentury

Open universities & institutes

opened in Sweden ,West

Germany, U.S.A &U.K where

correspondence courses were

offered. The university of London

was first to award degree in non

formal education.

1833 non-formal education

started in Sweden.


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Mid 19thCentury 1850 In England Isaac Pitman started shorthand

on post cards . 1856 Germany, Frenchman Charles Toussaint &

German Gustay Langenscheidt started teaching

language in Berlin. 1870 Hans Hermod opened a school in Malmo.

1880 Isaac Pitman College.

1894 Joseph.W.knipe published Theschoolmaster.

1873-1897 In U.S.A Anna Eliot Tichnor founded

& run Boston Society.


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20thCentury

1910 W.A.Grundy programmed course of healthtraining in Australia.

1920 Soviet union used non-formal education

to expend there educated manpower.

1929 non-formal education became a significant

component of soviet education system as a

solution to shortage of teachers & institutions .

Even today Russian students do part of their

degree at a distance & part full-time.


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Radio Era

Child education 1925 radio introduced in school education.

1939 10,000 schools had radio in Britain.

Adult education 1930 several thousand listening groups were

formed in Britain.

1937 radio came in for adult education in NewZealand.


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3rdComponent 1960S Linkage of 3rd component

,face-to-face tuition with

Broadcasting and correspondence.

Off campuses studies started fromfirst world war.

1940-1950 In Asia and Latin

America. 1960 non-formal education as a

solution for educational problems.


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In Pakistan

Non formal education started in subcontinentin 1920`s.

The first open university founded in 1974

named as People open university in Islamabadnow known as Allama Iqbal Open University.

The second open university is Virtual

University which founded in 2002. Many Madaras are playing important role in

providing NFE in Pakistan.


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Conclusion

To conclude we may state that non-formal education has a history of one

hundred years . Non-formal education is

based on traditional education .Non-formal education is expending day by

day, it is cost effective and now a need

of under developing countries. It is a

solution of third world countries low

literacy rate.


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