Blackberry Tissue Analysis Monitoring Nutritional Status in New Cultivars David H. Hardy for BRC...
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Transcript of Blackberry Tissue Analysis Monitoring Nutritional Status in New Cultivars David H. Hardy for BRC...
Blackberry Tissue Analysis
Monitoring Nutritional Status in New Cultivars
David H. Hardy for BRC
Plant, Waste and Solution Section
NCDA&CS Agronomic Division
Blackberry Acreage in NC
1999: < 100 acres
2002: about 150 acres
2006: SunnyRidge Farm, Inc., indicated desire to expand production by 5-700 A
Blackberry and raspberry
2009: about 400 acres
Future growth still expected
Blackberries – Yum!!!
Blackberry (Rubus)
Perennial root; biennial shoots
Primocane is vegetative; 1st year growth (no flowers or fruit)
Floricane is reproductive; 2nd year growth flowers, fruits then dies and is pruned out
Erect, semi-erect, trailing, semi-trailing
New Cultivars Erect and semi-erect
Thornless
Different harvest times
Navaho, Ouachita (others include Apache, Chester, Hull, Triple Crown, Arapaho, Chickasaw, Kiowa & Choctaw)
Cultivars suited to NC are currently being developed.
Cultivar Characteristics Navaho
Erect Univ. Arkansas Thornless Mid-late season Med-high yield Great postharvest
shelf life (PHSL)
Ouachita Erect Univ. Arkansas Thornless High yields Big berries, great
flavor Good PHSL
NC State University, AG 697-W, 2008
New Fertilization Practices
Currently, growers are more likely to spoon-feed soluble fertilizer through drip tape in addition to broadcasting or banding fertilizer.
New Fertilizer Recommendations
For mature blackberries: 60–80 lb N Spring: drip a total of 50 lb N
15 lb N March 1 10 lb N March 15, April 1, and April 15 5 lb N early May
Post harvest: apply remainder of N Fall: no nitrogen; lime and non-
nitrogenous fertilizers as needed
NCDA&CS Recommendations
Developed primarily for trailing blackberry
Provided micronutrient recommendations
Current Lime & Fertilizer
Lime to pH 6.0
March: Apply 40 lb N, 40 lb P2O5, 80 lb K20
July: Apply 60–80 lb N
Current NCDA&CS Sufficiency Ranges for Blackberry
(for trailing blackberry, primocane, mid season)
Nitrogen 3.0–4.0%
Phosphorus 0.2–0.6%
Potassium 2.5–3.5%
Calcium 0.5–1.0%
Magnesium 0.2–0.4%
Sulfur 0.2–0.6%
Sufficiency Ranges from Clark NABGA (1997)
Developed for newer cultivars
Collected from the primocane in August (or 2 weeks post harvest)
30–60 most recently mature leaves
Nitrogen 2.4–2.9%
Phosphorus >0.15%
Potassium 1.0–2.0%
Calcium >0.5%
Magnesium >0.3%
Sulfur >0.13%
Iron >50 ppm
Manganese >50 ppm
Zinc >20 ppm
Copper >7 ppm
Boron 30–50 ppm
2006
July, Bramble Production Workshop with SunnyRidge Farm, Inc.
November, Bramble Discussion with Gina Fernandez, David Hardy and Brenda Cleveland
Update recommendations for new cultivars and production practices
We want big, sweet, berries with great shelf life
How Should We Start?
Develop a baseline of plant sufficiency ranges
Focus on primocane, post harvest
Stabilized, stored N (Bernadine & Strik, 2008)
Follow with fertilization tests
Plant Tissue Analysis—2007 & 2008
Canes (2) Growth stage (4) Cultivars (2) Locations (from eastern to western NC) Most recently mature leaves (MRML)
2007 Easter Freeze
Cane
Primocane is vegetative; 1st year growth (no flowers or fruits)
Floricane is reproductive; 2nd year growth flowers, fruits then dies and is pruned out
CSIRO Australia by peterb
Growth Stages
Early (E): pre bloom
Bloom (B): full bloom
Fruit (F): ripe or harvesting fruit
Mature (M): 2 weeks post harvest
Sample Type
Predictive – monitor nutritional status
Diagnostic – verify if problems are related to poor nutritional status
LocationsCoastal Plain, east & west Piedmont & Mountain
Cleveland: 2 Commercial Growers
Granville: Oxford Tobacco Research Station
Henderson: 1 Commercial Grower
Lincoln: 4 Commercial Growers
Nash: 1 Commercial Grower
Rowan: Piedmont Research Station
Cooperating Growers
Soil pH ranged from 6-6.5
Good fertilization practices
Tissue samples collected from healthy canes that were not stressed
Samples Collected
Navaho Ouachita
Floricane Primocane Floricane Primocane
49 46 49 48
Tissue Sample Results
Average macronutrients concentrations
(N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S)
2008 Average Nitrogen
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvestGrowth Stage
% N
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
N>2.4-2.9%Clark 1997
2008 Average Phosphorus
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvest
Growth Stage
% P
Navaho-P
Ouachita-P
Navaho-F
Ouachita-F
P>0.15%Clark 1997
2008 Average Potassium
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvestGrowth Stage
% K
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
K>1.0-2.0%Clark 1997
2008 Average Calcium
0.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
11.11.2
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvestGrowth Stage
% Ca
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
Ca>0.5%Clark 1997
2008 Average Magnesium
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvest
Growth Stage
% Mg
Navaho-POuachita-PNavaho-FOuachita-F
Mg>0.3%Clark 1997
2008 Average Sulfur
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
Early Bloom Fruit PostHarvest
Growth Stage
% S
Navaho-P
Ouachita-P
Navaho-F
Ouachita-F
S>0.13%Clark 1997
Summary & Direction
Range (min/max) of Nutrient Concentrations in the Post Harvest Primocane Samples
Nutrient % concentration (baseline study)
Nitrogen 2.0-3.3
Phosphorus 0.13 – 0.26
Potassium 0.5 – 1.3
Calcium 0.3 – 1.0
Magnesium 0.25 – 0.50
Sulfur 0.13 – 0.20
Average Nutrient Concentrations in the Post Harvest Primocane Samples
Nutrient % concentration (baseline study)
% concentration (Clark, U. Ark, 1997)
Nitrogen 2.4 – 2.9 2.4 – 2.9
Phosphorus 0.17 – 0.18 >0.15
Potassium 0.77 – 0.84 1.0 – 2.0
Calcium 0.51 – 0.68 >0.5
Magnesium 0.30 – 0.38 >0.3
Sulfur 0.15 – 0.15 >0.13
In the Future Fertilization research
Develop soil fertility recommendations to optimize yield of new cultivars
Develop new plant tissue sufficiency ranges
continue baseline study (2009)
cultivars differences
which canes/growth stages predict fertilizer needs
fine-tune nutrient management