Black Hole Growthand Galaxy Evolution

Meg UrryYale University

~All galaxies host supermassive black holes

The formation and evolution of

galaxiesis closely tied to

the growth of black holes~All galaxies have SMBHContemporaneous growth of SMBH & starsM- relation

The formation and evolution of

galaxiesis closely tied to

the growth of black holes~All galaxies have SMBHContemporaneous growth of SMBH & starsM- relation

The formation and evolution of

galaxiesis closely tied to

the growth of black holes~All galaxies have SMBHContemporaneous growth of SMBH & starsM- relation

M- RelationB

lack

Hole

Mass

Stellar Velocity Dispersion

Effect of Black Hole on Galaxy

Demographics of supermassive black holes

What we learned from multiwavelength surveys

Deep surveys show most

accretion is obscured

• GOODS, COSMOS, MUSYC, ECDFS, AGES, Lockman Hole, HDF-N/S, NDWFS, XBootes, XMM/LSS, …

• Hard X-rays penetrate obscuration

• Energy re-radiated in infrared

• High resolution optical separates host galaxy, constrains redshifts

GOODS

Chandra

Spitzer

HSTXMM

+60

+40

+20

0

20

40

60

ECDFS

GOODS-S UDF

SDSS1030

1256

HDF-S

“COSMOS”

“MUSYC”

GOODS-N HDF

not to scale

HST ACS color image (0.3% of GOODS)

HST+Spitzer color image (0.3% of GOODS)

Treister, Urry & Virani 2009

Survey Results Treister et al. …

• Most BH accretion obscured– Log N-Log S infrared, optical, X-ray, -ray– Fits AGN redshift distribution– Fits X-ray “background”

• Obscuration increases with redshift– NH, narrow lines, infrared selection

Compton-thick & Heavily Obscured AGN

Ultra-Deep INTEGRAL SurveySwift BAT SurveyInfrared excess

Ultra-Deep INTEGRAL Survey

Treister, Urry & Virani 2009, Virani et al. 2009

3 Msec UDIS

Treister, Urry & Virani 2009, Virani et al. 2009

NuSTAR

EXIST

Virani et al. 2009

Compton-thick & Heavily Obscured AGN

Ultra-Deep INTEGRAL SurveySwift BAT SurveyInfrared excess

Heavily obscured &higher redshift AGN

• Not detected in deep Chandra/XMM surveys (nearby AGN detected w INTEGRAL/Swift)• Infrared-bright (high & low redshift)• How to distinguish AGN from starbursts? (X-ray stacking)

2 4 6 8

R K (Vega)

4

3

2

1

0

1

Log

F2

4/F

R

Fiore et al. 2008, Treister et al. 2009b

Infrared-excess sources

Daddi et al. 2007, Fiore et al. 2008

24 m “normal” 24 m “excess”

X-Ray Stacked Spectra

Daddi et al. 2007

Redshift

(Mpc3 )

Treister et al. 2009b

How do quasars form?

Sanders et al. 1988 mergers ULIRGsULIRGs quasars

Redshift

Obscured

/Unobscu

red Quas

ars

Obscured to Unobscured Quasar Ratio

Treister et al., submitted

Obscured to Unobscured Quasar Ratio

Treister et al. submitted

X-ray selected

Redshift

Obscured

/Unobscu

red Quas

ars

Local ULIRGs

IR-selected

Treister et al., submitted

The Interplay of Black Holes & Star Formation

First scenario

• Common trigger (e.g., merger)?• Star formation starts (delay?)• BH accretion delayed (angular momentum)• AGN turns on, heats ISM/IGM• Star formation turns off• Stars age from blue to red

red

blue

bright faint

Galaxy Colors

red sequence

blue cloud

galaxies merging

stars aging

Schawinski et al. 2009

red

blue

bright faint

Galaxy Colors

Schawinski et al. 2009

red

blue

bright faintSchawinski et al. 2009

Galaxy Colors

red

blue

bright faint

Galaxy Colors

Schawinski et al. 2009

red

blue

bright faint

AGN avoid the blue cloud

Schawinski et al. 2009

Galaxy Colors

Schawinski et al. 2009

red

blue

young old

1 Gyr

The Future of Deep SurveysWider areasDeep X-ray (NuSTAR)Far-infrared, submm (Herschel, ALMA)

Survey Goals• Cosmic history of BH growth (Treister, Glikman, Virani)

– Herschel, NuSTAR deep surveys (COSMOS)– WFC3 imaging (to separate host and nucleus)

• Form of AGN energy injection – Narrow-band imaging of winds (SINFONI, Paulina Lira)– Absorption spectroscopy in rest-frame UV

• Phasing of AGN turn-on and SF turn-off (Schawinski)– Galaxy colors – Spectral signatures (better)

• Role of mergers (Schawinski)– Major vs. minor mergers (Galaxy Zoo, Cardamone)– Connection to cosmological simulations (Kyoungsoo Lee)

Galaxy Morphology

“Galaxy Zoo”www.galaxyzoo.org

Host Galaxy Morphologies

Disks

Spheroids

u-r

colo

r

Log Stellar Mass (Mo)

9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

AGN Duty Cycle

Log Stellar Mass (Mo)

9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

u-r

colo

r3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

AGN Duty Cycle

0 5 10 15

Time (Gyr) now Big Bang

Number of

obscured AGN

0 5 10 15

Time (Gyr) now Big Bang

Number of

obscured AGN

0 5 10 15

Time (Gyr) now Big Bang

Number of AGN

0 5 10 15

Time (Gyr) now Big Bang

Number of AGN

t

0 5 10 15

Time (Gyr) now Big Bang