Black Gram
25
BLACK GRAM Introduction Vigna mungo, known as Urad, urad dal, udad dal, urd bean, urd, urid, black matpe bean, black gram, black lentil (not to be confused with the much smaller true black lentil (Lens culinaris)), maas (in Nepali), đậu đen (Vietnamese, literally: black bean) or white lentil, is a bean grown in southern Asia. It is largely used to make dal from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. It, along with the mung bean, was placed in Phaseolus but has been transferred to Vigna. It was at one point considered to belong to the same species as the mung bean. Black gram originated in India where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India. It has also been introduced to other tropical areas mainly by Indian immigrants. It is an erect, sub-erect or trailing, densely hairy annual herb. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded nodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six cm long. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into dal prepared like this it has an unusual mucilaginous texture. Ground into flour or
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Transcript of Black Gram
BLACK GRAM
Introduction
Vigna mungo known as Urad urad dal udad dal urd bean urd urid black matpe
bean black gram black lentil (not to be confused with the much smaller true black
lentil (Lens culinaris)) maas (in Nepali) đậu đen (Vietnamese literally black bean) or
white lentil is a bean grown in southern Asia It is largely used to make dal from the
whole or split dehusked seeds It along with the mung bean was placed in Phaseolus
but has been transferred to Vigna It was at one point considered to belong to the same
species as the mung bean
Black gram originated in India where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is
one of the most highly prized pulses of India It has also been introduced to other tropical
areas mainly by Indian immigrants
It is an erect sub-erect or trailing densely hairy annual herb The tap root produces a
branched root system with smooth rounded nodules The pods are narrow cylindrical
and up to six cm long The bean is boiled and eaten whole or after splitting made into
dal prepared like this it has an unusual mucilaginous texture Ground into flour or paste
it is also extensively used in South Indian culinary preparation like dosa idli vada and
papadum When used this way the white lentils are usually used
It is very nutritious and is recommended for diabetics as are other pulses It is very
popular in the Punjabi cuisine of India and Pakistan where it is known as sabit maash
an ingredient of dal makhani The product sold as black lentil is usually the whole urad
bean or urad dal The product sold as white lentil is the same lentil with the black skin
removed
Vigna mungo is used in traditional Indian(Ayurveda) medicine Pharmacologically
extracts have demonstrated immunostimolatory activity
World Scenorio
Black gram is a member of the Asiatic Vigna crop group It is an annual pulse grown
mostly as a fallow crop in rotation with cereals Similar to the other pulses black gram
being a legume it enriches soil nitrogen content and has relatively a short (90-120 days)
duration
Black gram is scientifically known as Phasiolus mungo and it is commonly known as
Urad in India India is its primary origin and is mainly cultivated in Asian countries
including Pakistan Myanmar and parts of southern Asia
About 70 per cent of worldrsquos black gram production comes from IndiaThe area of
traditional cultivation of black gram is confined to the South Asia and adjacent regions
( India Pakistan Afghanistan Bangladesh and Myanmar)
Indian Scenario of Black Gram
Black gram is a warm weather crop and comes up in areas receiving an annual rainfall
ranging from 600 to 1000mm It is mainly cultivated in a cereal-pulse cropping system
primarily to conserve soil nutrients and utilize the left over soil moisture particularly after
rice cultivation Hence although it is grown in all the seasons majority of black gram
cultivation falls in either rabi or late rabi seasons particularly in peninsular India
The optimum temperature range for growth is 27-30 oC A dry harvest period is
desirable as this forces the crop to mature and reduces the risk of weather damage
although black gram is less susceptible to this than mung bean Black gram will grow on
most soils with a preference for loams with a P H of 55-75 It comes up well on water
retentive soils but cannot stand saline and alkaline conditions Root growth can be
restricted on heavy clays with a consequent limitation to growth Black gram is more
tolerant of waterlogging than is mung bean
India is the largest producer as well as consumer of black gram It produces about 15
million tonnes of urad annually from about 25 million hectares of area with an average
productivity of 400 kg per hectare Black gram output accounts for about 10 per cent of
Indias total pulse production
Major Producing State
The major producing states are Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh is the largest producing state contributing
for about 24 per cent of total countryrsquos output followed by Maharashtra and Madhya
Pradesh with 20 per cent and 13 per cent respectively
India is the largest producer of black gram in the world The annual production of urad in
India is around 15 million tons contributing around 10 of the total quantity of pulses
produced in India The major states that produce black gram or urad in India are
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
The area under the cultivation of urad in the country is about 25 million hectares
Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of black gram in India Two varieties of urad are
produced in the country ndash Desi and T9 Most of these urad producing areas in India
produce Desi urad Also there is a significant price difference between these two types of
the pulse Desi being more expensive than T9
Major Varieties
Type 27
Type 56
Pusa 1
Pant 430
Khargone 3
ADT 1 to 3
HPU 6
T 65
LBG 402
LBG 22
LBG 20
Blackgram
Variet
ies
Parentage Year
of
release
Duratio
n (days)
Grain yield
(Kgha)
Special features
Rainfed Irrigat
ed
ADT 1 Selection from
Aduthurai
local
1965 80 450 rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
199
Co 1 Pureline
selection from
Srivaikundam
local
1968 110 600 750 Released for rainfed
condition
Co 2 Pureline
selection from
PLS 150
1973 65-70 500 900 Can be grown throughout
the year as an irrigated
crop
Co 3 Pureline
selection from
PLS 364
1976 85 500 1100 Less susceptible to root rot
and pod borer
KM 1 (G 31 x
Kargaon 3 ) x
G 31
1977 65-70 625 --- Dwarf type and drought
tolerant
Co 4 Induced
mutant from
Co 1 (MMS
002)
1978 75 550 1250 Tolerant to leaf crinkle
virus tip blight powdery
mildew and less
susceptible to stemfly and
pod borer
KM 2 T 9 x L 64 1978 60-65 692 --- Dwarf type Tolerant to
viral diseases
ADT 2 Derivative of
Tirunelveli x
ADT 1
1979 70-75 600 (rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
215
TMV
1
Midhi Ulundu
x KM 1
1979 65-70 --- 800 Resistant to YMV and
tolerant to root rot
Co 5 Pureline
selection from
Musiri type
1981 70-75 750 1250 Moderately resistant to
powdery mildew leaf
crinkle pod borer and tip
blight
ADT 3 Pureline
selection from
1981 70-75 750(rice
fallow)
--- Suitable for rice fallow
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Vigna mungo is used in traditional Indian(Ayurveda) medicine Pharmacologically
extracts have demonstrated immunostimolatory activity
World Scenorio
Black gram is a member of the Asiatic Vigna crop group It is an annual pulse grown
mostly as a fallow crop in rotation with cereals Similar to the other pulses black gram
being a legume it enriches soil nitrogen content and has relatively a short (90-120 days)
duration
Black gram is scientifically known as Phasiolus mungo and it is commonly known as
Urad in India India is its primary origin and is mainly cultivated in Asian countries
including Pakistan Myanmar and parts of southern Asia
About 70 per cent of worldrsquos black gram production comes from IndiaThe area of
traditional cultivation of black gram is confined to the South Asia and adjacent regions
( India Pakistan Afghanistan Bangladesh and Myanmar)
Indian Scenario of Black Gram
Black gram is a warm weather crop and comes up in areas receiving an annual rainfall
ranging from 600 to 1000mm It is mainly cultivated in a cereal-pulse cropping system
primarily to conserve soil nutrients and utilize the left over soil moisture particularly after
rice cultivation Hence although it is grown in all the seasons majority of black gram
cultivation falls in either rabi or late rabi seasons particularly in peninsular India
The optimum temperature range for growth is 27-30 oC A dry harvest period is
desirable as this forces the crop to mature and reduces the risk of weather damage
although black gram is less susceptible to this than mung bean Black gram will grow on
most soils with a preference for loams with a P H of 55-75 It comes up well on water
retentive soils but cannot stand saline and alkaline conditions Root growth can be
restricted on heavy clays with a consequent limitation to growth Black gram is more
tolerant of waterlogging than is mung bean
India is the largest producer as well as consumer of black gram It produces about 15
million tonnes of urad annually from about 25 million hectares of area with an average
productivity of 400 kg per hectare Black gram output accounts for about 10 per cent of
Indias total pulse production
Major Producing State
The major producing states are Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh is the largest producing state contributing
for about 24 per cent of total countryrsquos output followed by Maharashtra and Madhya
Pradesh with 20 per cent and 13 per cent respectively
India is the largest producer of black gram in the world The annual production of urad in
India is around 15 million tons contributing around 10 of the total quantity of pulses
produced in India The major states that produce black gram or urad in India are
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
The area under the cultivation of urad in the country is about 25 million hectares
Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of black gram in India Two varieties of urad are
produced in the country ndash Desi and T9 Most of these urad producing areas in India
produce Desi urad Also there is a significant price difference between these two types of
the pulse Desi being more expensive than T9
Major Varieties
Type 27
Type 56
Pusa 1
Pant 430
Khargone 3
ADT 1 to 3
HPU 6
T 65
LBG 402
LBG 22
LBG 20
Blackgram
Variet
ies
Parentage Year
of
release
Duratio
n (days)
Grain yield
(Kgha)
Special features
Rainfed Irrigat
ed
ADT 1 Selection from
Aduthurai
local
1965 80 450 rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
199
Co 1 Pureline
selection from
Srivaikundam
local
1968 110 600 750 Released for rainfed
condition
Co 2 Pureline
selection from
PLS 150
1973 65-70 500 900 Can be grown throughout
the year as an irrigated
crop
Co 3 Pureline
selection from
PLS 364
1976 85 500 1100 Less susceptible to root rot
and pod borer
KM 1 (G 31 x
Kargaon 3 ) x
G 31
1977 65-70 625 --- Dwarf type and drought
tolerant
Co 4 Induced
mutant from
Co 1 (MMS
002)
1978 75 550 1250 Tolerant to leaf crinkle
virus tip blight powdery
mildew and less
susceptible to stemfly and
pod borer
KM 2 T 9 x L 64 1978 60-65 692 --- Dwarf type Tolerant to
viral diseases
ADT 2 Derivative of
Tirunelveli x
ADT 1
1979 70-75 600 (rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
215
TMV
1
Midhi Ulundu
x KM 1
1979 65-70 --- 800 Resistant to YMV and
tolerant to root rot
Co 5 Pureline
selection from
Musiri type
1981 70-75 750 1250 Moderately resistant to
powdery mildew leaf
crinkle pod borer and tip
blight
ADT 3 Pureline
selection from
1981 70-75 750(rice
fallow)
--- Suitable for rice fallow
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
although black gram is less susceptible to this than mung bean Black gram will grow on
most soils with a preference for loams with a P H of 55-75 It comes up well on water
retentive soils but cannot stand saline and alkaline conditions Root growth can be
restricted on heavy clays with a consequent limitation to growth Black gram is more
tolerant of waterlogging than is mung bean
India is the largest producer as well as consumer of black gram It produces about 15
million tonnes of urad annually from about 25 million hectares of area with an average
productivity of 400 kg per hectare Black gram output accounts for about 10 per cent of
Indias total pulse production
Major Producing State
The major producing states are Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh is the largest producing state contributing
for about 24 per cent of total countryrsquos output followed by Maharashtra and Madhya
Pradesh with 20 per cent and 13 per cent respectively
India is the largest producer of black gram in the world The annual production of urad in
India is around 15 million tons contributing around 10 of the total quantity of pulses
produced in India The major states that produce black gram or urad in India are
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
The area under the cultivation of urad in the country is about 25 million hectares
Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of black gram in India Two varieties of urad are
produced in the country ndash Desi and T9 Most of these urad producing areas in India
produce Desi urad Also there is a significant price difference between these two types of
the pulse Desi being more expensive than T9
Major Varieties
Type 27
Type 56
Pusa 1
Pant 430
Khargone 3
ADT 1 to 3
HPU 6
T 65
LBG 402
LBG 22
LBG 20
Blackgram
Variet
ies
Parentage Year
of
release
Duratio
n (days)
Grain yield
(Kgha)
Special features
Rainfed Irrigat
ed
ADT 1 Selection from
Aduthurai
local
1965 80 450 rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
199
Co 1 Pureline
selection from
Srivaikundam
local
1968 110 600 750 Released for rainfed
condition
Co 2 Pureline
selection from
PLS 150
1973 65-70 500 900 Can be grown throughout
the year as an irrigated
crop
Co 3 Pureline
selection from
PLS 364
1976 85 500 1100 Less susceptible to root rot
and pod borer
KM 1 (G 31 x
Kargaon 3 ) x
G 31
1977 65-70 625 --- Dwarf type and drought
tolerant
Co 4 Induced
mutant from
Co 1 (MMS
002)
1978 75 550 1250 Tolerant to leaf crinkle
virus tip blight powdery
mildew and less
susceptible to stemfly and
pod borer
KM 2 T 9 x L 64 1978 60-65 692 --- Dwarf type Tolerant to
viral diseases
ADT 2 Derivative of
Tirunelveli x
ADT 1
1979 70-75 600 (rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
215
TMV
1
Midhi Ulundu
x KM 1
1979 65-70 --- 800 Resistant to YMV and
tolerant to root rot
Co 5 Pureline
selection from
Musiri type
1981 70-75 750 1250 Moderately resistant to
powdery mildew leaf
crinkle pod borer and tip
blight
ADT 3 Pureline
selection from
1981 70-75 750(rice
fallow)
--- Suitable for rice fallow
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
The area under the cultivation of urad in the country is about 25 million hectares
Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of black gram in India Two varieties of urad are
produced in the country ndash Desi and T9 Most of these urad producing areas in India
produce Desi urad Also there is a significant price difference between these two types of
the pulse Desi being more expensive than T9
Major Varieties
Type 27
Type 56
Pusa 1
Pant 430
Khargone 3
ADT 1 to 3
HPU 6
T 65
LBG 402
LBG 22
LBG 20
Blackgram
Variet
ies
Parentage Year
of
release
Duratio
n (days)
Grain yield
(Kgha)
Special features
Rainfed Irrigat
ed
ADT 1 Selection from
Aduthurai
local
1965 80 450 rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
199
Co 1 Pureline
selection from
Srivaikundam
local
1968 110 600 750 Released for rainfed
condition
Co 2 Pureline
selection from
PLS 150
1973 65-70 500 900 Can be grown throughout
the year as an irrigated
crop
Co 3 Pureline
selection from
PLS 364
1976 85 500 1100 Less susceptible to root rot
and pod borer
KM 1 (G 31 x
Kargaon 3 ) x
G 31
1977 65-70 625 --- Dwarf type and drought
tolerant
Co 4 Induced
mutant from
Co 1 (MMS
002)
1978 75 550 1250 Tolerant to leaf crinkle
virus tip blight powdery
mildew and less
susceptible to stemfly and
pod borer
KM 2 T 9 x L 64 1978 60-65 692 --- Dwarf type Tolerant to
viral diseases
ADT 2 Derivative of
Tirunelveli x
ADT 1
1979 70-75 600 (rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
215
TMV
1
Midhi Ulundu
x KM 1
1979 65-70 --- 800 Resistant to YMV and
tolerant to root rot
Co 5 Pureline
selection from
Musiri type
1981 70-75 750 1250 Moderately resistant to
powdery mildew leaf
crinkle pod borer and tip
blight
ADT 3 Pureline
selection from
1981 70-75 750(rice
fallow)
--- Suitable for rice fallow
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Blackgram
Variet
ies
Parentage Year
of
release
Duratio
n (days)
Grain yield
(Kgha)
Special features
Rainfed Irrigat
ed
ADT 1 Selection from
Aduthurai
local
1965 80 450 rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
199
Co 1 Pureline
selection from
Srivaikundam
local
1968 110 600 750 Released for rainfed
condition
Co 2 Pureline
selection from
PLS 150
1973 65-70 500 900 Can be grown throughout
the year as an irrigated
crop
Co 3 Pureline
selection from
PLS 364
1976 85 500 1100 Less susceptible to root rot
and pod borer
KM 1 (G 31 x
Kargaon 3 ) x
G 31
1977 65-70 625 --- Dwarf type and drought
tolerant
Co 4 Induced
mutant from
Co 1 (MMS
002)
1978 75 550 1250 Tolerant to leaf crinkle
virus tip blight powdery
mildew and less
susceptible to stemfly and
pod borer
KM 2 T 9 x L 64 1978 60-65 692 --- Dwarf type Tolerant to
viral diseases
ADT 2 Derivative of
Tirunelveli x
ADT 1
1979 70-75 600 (rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
215
TMV
1
Midhi Ulundu
x KM 1
1979 65-70 --- 800 Resistant to YMV and
tolerant to root rot
Co 5 Pureline
selection from
Musiri type
1981 70-75 750 1250 Moderately resistant to
powdery mildew leaf
crinkle pod borer and tip
blight
ADT 3 Pureline
selection from
1981 70-75 750(rice
fallow)
--- Suitable for rice fallow
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Co 4 Induced
mutant from
Co 1 (MMS
002)
1978 75 550 1250 Tolerant to leaf crinkle
virus tip blight powdery
mildew and less
susceptible to stemfly and
pod borer
KM 2 T 9 x L 64 1978 60-65 692 --- Dwarf type Tolerant to
viral diseases
ADT 2 Derivative of
Tirunelveli x
ADT 1
1979 70-75 600 (rice
fallow)
--- High protein content of
215
TMV
1
Midhi Ulundu
x KM 1
1979 65-70 --- 800 Resistant to YMV and
tolerant to root rot
Co 5 Pureline
selection from
Musiri type
1981 70-75 750 1250 Moderately resistant to
powdery mildew leaf
crinkle pod borer and tip
blight
ADT 3 Pureline
selection from
1981 70-75 750(rice
fallow)
--- Suitable for rice fallow
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Tirunelveli
ADT 4 T9 ADT2
PANT U- 14
cross
derivative
1987 65-70 1000 --- Suitable for raising in field
bunds higher grain
weight resistant to YMV
and stemfly
Vamba
n 1
KM 1 x H 76-
1
1987 60-65 780 900 High yielding suitable for
entire state and tolerant to
YMV
ADT 5 Pureline
selection from
Kanpur variety
1988 70-75 --- 1545 Suitable for rice fallow
Resistant to major
diseases like YMV root
rot and leaf crinkle and to
stemfly
APK 1 ADT 2 x RU 1 1993 75 -- 940 Suited for rainfed
conditions for
intercropping with cotton
K1 Co 3 x VS 131 1994 70-75 707 --- Suitable for southern
districts YMV resistant
242 protein suitable for
intercropping in cotton
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Vamba
n 2
Spontaneous
mutant
selection from
Type 9
1996 65 700 1074 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n 3
LBG 402 x
LBG 17
2000 65-70 775 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
4
CO 4 x PDU
102
2003 75-80 780 900 Resistant to Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Vamba
n (Bg)
5
Vamban 1 x
UK 17
2006
65 - 70 820 - High yield and resistant to
yellow mosaic virus
disease in all seasons
Good Agricultural Practices
The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific
methods which when applied to agriculture produces results that are in harmony with
the values of the proponents of those practices There are numerous competing
definitions of what methods constitute Good Agricultural Practices so whether a
practice can be considered good will depend on the standards you are applying
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production
and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food
agricultural products while taking into account economical social and environmental
sustainability
GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales They
are applied through sustainable agricultural methods such as integrated pest
management integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture They rely on
four principles
Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security) safe (food safety)
and nutritious food (food quality)[1]
Sustain and enhance natural resources
Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods
Meet cultural and social demands of society
The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because of a rapidly changing
agriculture globalization of world trade food crisis (mad cow disease) nitrate pollution
of water appearance of pesticide resistance soil erosion
GAPs applications are being developed by governments NGOs and private sector to
meet farmers and transformers needs and specific requirements However many think
these applications are only rarely made in a holistic or coordinated way
They provide the opportunity to assess and decide on which farming practices to follow
at each step in the production process For each agricultural production system they aim
at allowing a comprehensive management strategy providing for the capability for
tactical adjustments in response to changes The implementation of such a management
strategy requires knowing understanding planning measuring monitoring and record-
keeping at each step of the production process Adoption of GAPs may result in higher
production transformation and marketing costs hence finally higher costs for the
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
consumer To minimize production costs and maintain the quality of agri-food ACIAR
offers a series of advisable online publications to benefit farmers
Sowing and Harvesting period
Following care should be taken during harvesting
1048589 Harvesting should be done timely Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain
quality and consumer acceptance
1048589 Harvesting before the crops mature usually result lower yields higher
proportion of immature seeds poor grain quality and more chances of disease
attack during storage
1048589 Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by
birds rats insects etc
1048589 Harvest the crop when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured
1048589 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting
1048589 Avoid harvesting during adverse weather condition ie rains and overcast
weather
1048589 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting
1048589 Use proper harvest equipment ie sickle etc
1048589 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing
1048589 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around
1048589 Keep the harvested stems for drying in the sun
1048589 Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true type
of variety
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
harvest losses
There is a sizeable quantitative and qualitative loss of Black gram during
different post-harvest operations like threshing winnowing transportation and storage
The post-harvest losses reported to be 246 percent The estimated post-harvest losses at
various stages are given below
Table No 5
Estimated post-harvest losses of Black gram
SlNo Stages Production loss (Percent)
1 Threshing 065
2 Winnowing 062
3 Field to threshing floor 070
4 Threshing floor to storage 019
5 During storage 030
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Major Marketing Centers
Central India Mumbai Jalgaon Latur Akola Indore Bhopal Vidisha
Northern India Delhi Kanpur Hapur Jalandhar Ludhiana
Southern India Hyderabad Vijayawada Gulbarga Sirsa Sangrur Chennai
Pulses dominantly constitute the staple diet of the people in India India has
always been the largest producer consumer and importer of pulses The same trends
follows in the context of Urad or the black gram Urad has been consumed widely in
India since very long It is one of the most important and highly prized pulses in India
Due to the fermenting capability of this pulse it is used widely in fermented foods that
are the specialty of South Indian cuisine
The production of urad in India hovers around 13 to 15 million tons annually It
is approximately 10 of the total pulses produced in India Madhya Pradesh leads the
production figures of this crop in India Uradrsquos consumption pattern is quite dispersed as
it is used in most of the regions in India Though the per capita consumption of urad has
declined over the years consumption level of this crop is too high to be fulfilled by the
countryrsquos domestic production That is why it has to rely upon imports from other
countries The countries that export urad to India are
Marketing channels
The following are the important marketing channels exist in the marketing
of Black gram
A) Private marketing channel
This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in
India The main private marketing channels for Black gram are as under
i) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
ii) Producer 1048589VillageTrader 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer 1048589
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Consumer
iii) Producer 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
iv) Producer 1048589 Commission Agent 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
B) Institutional marketing channel
Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Black
gram like NAFED NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Black gram through
providing minimum support prices to the farmers for their produce The main
institutional marketing channels for Black gram are as under
1) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Consumer
2) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Wholesaler
1048589 Retailer 1048589 Consumer
3) Producer 1048589 Procuring Agency 1048589 Dal Miller 1048589 Retailer
1048589 Consumer
Criteria for selection of channels
Following criteria should be considered during selecting a marketing channel
1 The channel which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides
cheaper price to consumer is considered as the most efficient channel
2 Selection should be for shorter channel having lesser market cost
3 Avoid the longer channel having more intermediaries causing higher market
cost and less producers share
4 Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expense
and secure the desired volume of disposal
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
PRODUCER
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION
AGENT
WHOLESALER
VILLAGE
TRADER
PROCURING
AGENCIES
CONSUMER
WHOLESALE
DALMILLER
CHART NO1
MARKETING CHANNELS OF BLACK GRAM
WHOLESALER
RETAILER
Marketing costs and margins
Marketing costs
Marketing Costs are the actual expenses required in bringing goods and services from the
roducer to the consumers The marketing cost normally includes
(i) handling charges at local points
(ii) assembling charges
(iii) transport and storage costs
(iv) handling by wholesalerrsquos and retailerrsquos charges to consumers
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
(v) expenses on secondary services like financing risk taking and market intelligence
(vi) profit margins taken out by different agencies
Market margins
Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and
received by a specific marketing agency such as a single retailer or by any type of
marketing agency ie retailers or assemblers or by any combination of marketing
agencies in the marketing system as a whole The total marketing margin includes cost
involved in moving the Black gram from producer to consumer and profits of various
market functionaries The absolute value of the marketing margin varies from market to
market channel to channel and time to time The Market Cost incurred by farmers and
traders at Regulated market includes
i) Market fee
ii) Commission
iv) Taxes and
iv) Other miscellaneous charges
Black gram from producer to consumer Profits of various market functionaries
i) Market fee Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the
markets It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the
produce It is usually collected from the buyers The market fee differs from state to
state It varies from 05 per cent to 20 per cent ad valoram
ii) Commission It is paid to the commission agent and may be payable either by seller
or by the buyer or sometimes by both The charge is usually made in cash and varies
considerably
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
iii) Taxes Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax terminal tax
sales tax octroi etc These taxes livable on Black gram differ from market to market in
the same state as also from state to state These taxes are usually payable by the seller
iv) Miscellaneous
charges
In addition to the above-mentioned charges some other charges are levied in markets of
Black gram These includes handling and weighment charges (weighing loading
unloading cleaning etc) charity contribution in cash and kind grading charges postage
charges payable to water man sweeper Chowkidar etc These charges may be payable
either by the seller or by the buyers Market fee commission charges taxes and other
charges
Import and Export Situation
The study says consumers are highly sensitive to prices when making food purchase
decisions Consumers tend to switch to low priced pulse varieties and grades when the
price shoots up
Importers therefore look to Myanmar for sourcing the requirement as it offers many
varieties with qualities similar to those produced in India said Dr N Raveendran
Project Co-ordinator Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies
The wholesale rates shot up in January-February 2006 following the extensive damage to
the stored pulses in the Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra belt in December
Pulses production in 2006-07 has been estimated at 14 million tonnes (mt) Import is
expected to rise marginally to 18 mt against the estimated 16 mt in 2005-06 The
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell expects the demand to be stable and the
crop prospects good for the 2006-07 rabi crop
Analysts expect the wholesale price to hover around Rs 25 and Rs 27 in April and May
and move upwards in June
The demand supply gap between domestic production and consumption of black gram
appears to be widening The import of this highly priced pulse which is an annual warm
season crop has been on the rise say Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers
A study undertaken by the Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell of the Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies in the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Coimbatore has said black gram import during 2002-03 stood at 35360
tonnes (valued at Rs 5370 crore)
- Blackgram
- Special features
-
