Black Box Seminar

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to our H.O.D.,

    Prof. T.K.Guha who has inspired and encouraged us and hae direct!y or indirect!y

    he!ped us in our endeaor. I extend my sincere thanks to my seminar in"charge Prof. P.#.#harma,

    Department of $!ectronics % &ommunication $ngg. , who inspite of 'eing 'usy round

    the c!ock, he!ped, motiated and guided me.

    I a!so take this opportunity to thank my pro(ect guide Prof.

    ).*.&hourasia who has not on!y encouraged me 'ut a!so took pain in going through the

    manuscript and made numerous suggestions that he!ped me to improe the +ua!ity of my

    work.

    I am a!so thankfu! to Prof. #hekhar Pat!e for supporting me as a co"guide

    and he!ping me to get this opportunity.

    ast!y, I owe great!y to my team for their continuous support in making

    this seminar a successfu! one. They hae 'een constant!y 'oosting up my confidence and

    motiating me. -nd it is 'ecause of them that I !earnt how to work as a team.

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    CONTENTS

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. CVR AND FDR

    3. RECORDING AND STORAGE

    4.CRASH SURVIVABLE MEMORY UNIT

    5.RETRIEVING INFORMATION

    6. CONCLUSION

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    1. INTRODUCTION

    I*TOD/&TIO*

    -s the techno!ogy progressing, the speed of trae!ing is a!so

    increased. The source to destination 'ecame so c!oser to each others.

    The main adancement in the fie!d of the air trae!ing system with the

    he!p of airp!ane. This is the ma(or discoery of techno!ogy. 0ut as thespeed increases, the horror of air crash a!so introduced. 0ecause at a

    height of 1222m and a'oe if a p!ane crashes, it wi!! 'e a terror for

    any 'ody. #o to take the feed 'ack of the arious actiities happens in

    the p!ane and record them engineers need a mechanism to record such

    actiities .

    3ith any airp!ane crash, there are many unanswered +uestions as to

    what 'rought the p!ane down. Inestigators turn to the airp!ane4s f!ight

    data recorder 56D7 and cockpit oice recorder 5&87, a!so known as

    9'!ack 'oxes,9 for answers. In 6!ight 1:;, the 6D contained 2

    minute of conersation and other audi'!e cockpit noises.

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    2.CVR AND FDR

    COCKPIT VOICE RECORDERS

    In a!most eery commercia! aircraft, there are seera! m!"#$%#&'(built into

    the cockpit to track the conversations of the flight crew. These microphones are also

    designed to track any ambient noise in the cockpit, such as switches abeing thrown or any

    knocks or thuds. There may be up to four microphones in the plane's cockpit, each

    connected to the cockpit voice recorder (CVR.

    Photo courtesy L)3 C#mm*&!+,#& A-+,#& R'!#"'"(

    A (#/)(,+,' "'!#"'"

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    -ny sounds in the cockpit are picked up 'y these microphones and sent to

    the &8, where the recordings are digiti?ed and stored. There is a!so

    another deice in the cockpit, ca!!ed the +((#!+,' !#&,"#/ *&,, that

    proides pre"amp!ification for audio going to the &8.

    Here are the positions of the four microphones@

    Pi!ot4s headset

    &o"pi!ot4s headset

    Headset of a third crew mem'er 5if there is a third crew mem'er7

    *ear the center of the cockpit, where it can pick up audio a!erts andother sounds

    Aost magnetic"tape &8s store the !ast >2 minutes of sound. They use a

    continuous !oop of tape that comp!etes a cyc!e eery >2 minutes. -s new

    materia! is recorded, the o!dest materia! is rep!aced. &8s that used so!id"

    state storage can record two hours of audio. #imi!ar to the magnetic"tape

    recorders, so!id"state recorders a!so record oer o!d materia!.

    FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS

    The flight data recorder(!"R is designed to record the operating data from the plane's

    systems. There are sensors that are wired from various areas on the plane to the flight#data

    ac$uisition unit, which is wired to the !"R. %hen a switch is turned on or off, that operation

    is recorded by the !"R.

    In the /nited #tates, the F''"+/ A-+,#& Am&(,"+,#&56--7 re+uires

    that commercia! air!ines record a minimum of ;; to 1B parameters,

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    depending on the si?e of the aircraft. Aagnetic"tape recorders hae the

    potentia! to record up to ;22 parameters. #o!id"state 6Ds can record more

    than C22 parameters. On )u!y ;C, ;BBC, the 6-- issued a &ode of 6edera!

    egu!ations that re+uires the recording of at !east == parameters on aircraft

    manufactured after -ugust ;B, 1221.

    Here are a few of the parameters recorded 'y most 6Ds@

    Time

    Pressure a!titude

    -irspeed 8ertica! acce!eration

    Aagnetic heading

    &ontro!"co!umn position

    udder"peda! position

    &ontro!"whee! position

    Hori?onta! sta'i!i?er

    6ue! f!ow

    #o!id"state recorders can track more parameters than magnetic tape 'ecause

    they a!!ow for a faster data f!ow. #o!id"state 6Ds can store up to 1 hours

    of f!ight data. $ach additiona! parameter that is recorded 'y the 6D gies

    inestigators one more c!ue to !ook into after a crash as it is ery important

    to find the proper reason of the crash to preent it.

    3.RECORDING AND STORAGE

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    MAGNETIC TAPEThe Wright Brotherspioneered the use of a device to record propeller rotations, according

    to documents provided by Communications. owever, the widespread use of aviation

    recorders didn't begin until the post#%orld %ar )) era. *ince then, the recording medium of

    black bo+es has evolved in order to record much more information about an aircraft's

    operation.

    -!though many of the '!ack 'oxes in use today use m+0&',! ,+$', which

    was first introduced in the ;B:2s, air!ines are moing to (#/)(,+,' m'm#"

    #+"(, which came a!ong in the ;BB2s. Aagnetic tape works !ike any ,+$'

    "'!#"'". The Ay!ar tape is pu!!ed across an '/'!,"#m+0&',!head, which

    !eaes a 'it of data on the tape.

    0!ack"'ox manufacturers are no !onger making magnetic tape

    recorders as air!ines 'egin a fu!! transition to so!id"state techno!ogy. et4s

    take a !ook at so!id"state techno!ogy.

    Aagnetic tape csmu.

    SOLID)STATE TECHNOLOGY

    #o!id"state recorders are considered much more re!ia'!e than their magnetic"tape counterparts,

    according to Ron Crotty, a spokesperson for H#&''//,a black#bo+ manufacturer. Solid

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    stateuses stacked arrays ofm'm#" !%$(, so they don't have moving parts. %ith no

    moving parts, there are fewer maintenance issues and a decreased chance of something

    breaking during a crash.

    Data from 'oth the &8 and 6D is stored on stacked m'm#" #+"(

    inside the !"+(%)(*"--+/' m'm#" *&,5A/7. In recorders made 'y

    "> &ommunications, the A/ is a cy!indrica! compartment on the

    recorder. The stacked memory 'oards are a'out ;.C inches 5

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    #ource@ "> &ommunication -iation ecorders

    B+(! !#m$#&'&,( +& #$'"+,#& # +& +-+,#& "'!#"&0 ((,'m

    0oth '!ack 'oxes are powered 'y one of two power generators that draw

    their power from the $/+&'( '&0&'(. One generator is a 1="o!t D& power

    source, and the other is a ;;"o!t,

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    recorders. Typically, the rest of the recorders' chassis and inner components are

    mangled. The C*- is a large cylinder that bolts onto the flat portion of the recorder.

    This device is engineered to withstand e+treme heat, violent crashes and tons of

    pressure. )n older magnetic#tape recorders, the C*- is inside a rectangular bo+.

    /sing three !ayers of materia!s, the A/ in a so!id"state '!ack 'ox

    insu!ates and protects the stack of memory 'oards that store the

    digiti?ed information. 3e wi!! ta!k more a'out the memory and

    e!ectronics in the next section. Here4s a c!oser !ook at the materia!s

    that proide a 'arrier for the memory 'oards, starting at the innermost

    'arrier and working our way outward@

    A/*m&*m %#*(&0" There is a thin !ayer of a!uminum around the

    stack of memory cards.

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    H0%),'m$'"+,*"' &(*/+,#&" This dry"si!ica materia! is ; inch

    51.< cm7 thick and proides high"temperature therma! protection.

    This is what keeps the memory 'oards safe during post"accident fires.

    S,+&/'(()(,''/ (%'//" The high"temperature insu!ation materia! is

    contained within a stain!ess"stee! cast she!! that is a'out 2.1 inches

    52.:< cm7 thick. Titanium can 'e used to create this outer armor as

    we!!.

    TESTING A CSMU

    To ensure the +ua!ity and suria'i!ity of '!ack 'oxes, manufacturers

    thorough!y test the A/s. emem'er, on!y the A/ has to surie a

    crash "" if accident inestigators hae that, they can retriee the information

    they need. In order to test the unit, engineers !oad data onto the memory

    'oards inside the A/. "> &ommunications uses a random pattern to put

    data onto eery memory 'oard. This pattern is reiewed on readout to

    determine if any of the data has 'een damaged 'y crash impact, fires or

    pressure.

    There are seera! tests that make up the crash"suria! se+uence@

    C"+(% m$+!," esearchers shoot the A/ down an air cannon to

    create an impact of >,,

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    P& "#$" To test the unit4s penetration resistance, researchers drop a

    22"pound 511C"kg7 weight with a 2.1"inch stee! pin protruding from

    the 'ottom onto the A/ from a height of ;2 feet 5> m7. This pin,

    with 22"pounds 'ehind it, impacts the A/ cy!inder4s most

    u!nera'!e axis.

    S,+,! !"*(%" 6or fie minutes, researchers app!y ,222 pounds per

    s+uare"inch 5psi7 of crush force to each of the unit4s six ma(or axis

    points.

    F"' ,'(," esearchers p!ace the unit into a propane"source fire'a!!,

    cooking it using three 'urners. The unit sits inside the fire at 1,222

    degrees 6ahrenheit 5;,;22 &7 for one hour. The 6-- re+uires that a!!

    so!id"state recorders 'e a'!e to surie at !east one hour at this

    temperature.

    D''$)('+ (*m'"(#&" The A/ is p!aced into a pressuri?ed tank

    of sa!t water for 1< hours.

    S+/,)+,'" (*m'"(#&" The A/ must surie in a sa!t water

    tank for >2 days.

    F/* mm'"(#&" 8arious A/ components are p!aced into a

    ariety of aiation f!uids, inc!uding (et fue!, !u'ricants and fire"

    extinguisher chemica!s.

    During the fire test, the m'm#" &,'"+!' !+/'that attaches the memory

    'oards to the circuit 'oard is 'urned away. -fter the unit coo!s down,

    researchers take it apart and pu!! the memory modu!e out. They restack the

    memory 'oards, insta!! a new memory interface ca'!e and attach the unit to a

    readout system to erify that a!! of the pre!oaded data is accounted for.

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    0!ack 'oxes are usua!!y so!d direct!y to and insta!!ed 'y the +"$/+&'

    manufacturers. 0oth '!ack 'oxes are insta!!ed in the tai! of the p!ane ""

    putting them in the 'ack of the aircraft increases their chances of suria!.

    The precise !ocation of the recorders depends on the indiidua! p!ane.

    #ometimes they are !ocated in the cei!ing of the ga!!ey, in the aft cargo ho!d

    or in the tai! cone that coers the rear of the aircraft.

    9Typica!!y, the tai! of the aircraft is the !ast portion of the aircraft to impact,9

    Doran said. 9The who!e front portion of the airp!ane proides a crush ?one,

    which assists in the dece!eration of tai! components, inc!uding the recorders,

    and enhances the !ike!ihood that the crash"protected memory of the recorder

    wi!! surie.9

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    %. RETRIEI&' I&(ORM)TIO&

    AFTER A CRASH

    lthough they are called /black bo+es,/ aviation recorders are actually painted bright

    orange. This distinct color, along with the strips of reflective tape attached to the recorders'

    e+teriors, help investigators locate the black bo+es following an accident. These are

    especially helpful when a plane lands in the water. There are two possible origins of the term

    /black bo+/0 *ome believe it is because early recorders were painted black, while others

    think it refers to the charring that occurs in post#accident fires.

    UNDERWATER LOCATOR BEACON

    In addition to the paint and ref!ectie tape, '!ack 'oxes are e+uipped with an

    *&'"+,'" /#!+,#" '+!#&5/07. If you !ook at the picture of a '!ack

    'ox, you wi!! a!most a!ways see a sma!!, cy!indrica! o'(ect attached to one

    end of the deice. 3hi!e it dou'!es as a hand!e for carrying the '!ack 'ox,

    this cy!inder is actua!!y a 'eacon.

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    Photo courtesy "> &ommunication -iation

    ecorders

    A !/#(')*$ # +& *&'"+,'" /#!+,#" '+!#&

    If a p!ane crashes into the water, this 'eacon sends out an u!trasonic pu!se

    that cannot 'e heard 'y human '+"('ut is readi!y detecta'!e 'y sonar and

    acoustica! !ocating e+uipment. There is a (*m'"0'&!' ('&(#"on the side

    of the 'eacon that !ooks !ike a 'u!!4s"eye. 3hen water touches this sensor, it

    actiates the 'eacon.

    The 'eacon sends out pu!ses at >C. ki!ohert? 5kH?7 and can transmit soundas deep as ;

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    In the /nited #tates, when inestigators !ocate a '!ack 'ox it is transported

    to the computer !a's at the N+,#&+/ T"+&($#",+,#& S+', B#+"

    5*T#07. #pecia! care is taken in transporting these deices in order to aoid

    any 5further7 damage to the recording medium. In cases of water accidents,

    recorders are p!aced in a coo!er of water to keep them from drying out.

    93hat they are trying to do is presere the state of the recorder unti! they

    hae it in a !ocation where it can a!! 'e proper!y hand!ed,9 Doran said. 90y

    keeping the recorder in a 'ucket of water, usua!!y it4s a coo!er, what they are

    doing is (ust keeping it in the same enironment from which it was retrieed

    unti! it gets to a p!ace where it can 'e ade+uate!y disassem'!ed.9

    RETRIEVING INFORMATION

    -fter finding the '!ack 'oxes, inestigators take the recorders to a !a' where

    they can down!oad the data from the recorders and attempt to recreate the

    eents of the accident. This process can take weeks or months to comp!ete.

    In the /nited #tates, '!ack"'ox manufacturers supp!y the *T#0 with the

    readout systems and software needed to do a fu!! ana!ysis of the recorders4

    stored data.

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    Photo courtesy "> &ommunication -iation

    ecorders

    T%( $#",+/' &,'"+!.' !+& +//# &-'(,0+,#"(

    *!7 +!!'(( ,# ,%' +,+ #& + /+!7 #8

    If the 6D is not damaged, inestigators can simp!y p!ay it 'ack on the

    recorder 'y connecting it to a readout system. 3ith so!id"state recorders,

    inestigators can extract stored data in a matter of minutes. 8ery often,

    recorders retrieed from wreckage are dented or 'urned. In these cases, the

    memory 'oards are remoed, c!eaned up and a new memory interface ca'!e

    is insta!!ed. Then the memory 'oard is connected to a working recorder. This

    recorder has specia! software to faci!itate the retriea! of data without the

    possi'i!ity of oerwriting any of it.

    6. CO&CLUSIO&

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    -ccording to > &ommunications, there are improements on the hori?on

    for '!ack 'ox techno!ogy. eported!y, some form of cockpit ideo recorder

    wi!! 'e dee!oped. #uch a recorder wou!d 'e a'!e to store ideo images in

    so!id"state memory.

    OTHER USES FOR BLACK BO9 TECHNOLOGY

    &urrent!y, '!ack 'oxes aren4t (ust taking f!ight "" they4re 'eing grounded as

    we!!. #eera! automo'i!e manufacturers are uti!i?ing '!ack 'ox techno!ogy

    in their automo'i!es and a few hae 'een doing so for +uite some time.

    -ccording to an artic!e tit!ed :B/+!7 #8'( & GM !+"( &!"'+(&0/ %'/$

    $#/!' +,'" +!!'&,(:Genera! Aotors has 'een using '!ack 'ox

    techno!ogy for oer a decade. The manufacturer has 'een insta!!ing a

    #ensing and Diagnostic Aodu!e 5#DA7 on thousands of its cars, inc!uding

    the &orette. 6urthermore, this artic!e reports that 9industry insiders say as

    many as a do?en other manufacturers insta!! simi!ar techno!ogy under

    different !a'e!s.9

    6o!!owing any airp!ane accident in the /nited #tates, safety inestigators

    from the N+,#&+/ T"+&($#",+,#& S+', B#+" ;NTSB< immediate!y

    'egin searching for the aircraft4s /+!7 #8'(. These recording deices,

    which cost 'etween E;2,222 an E;,222 each, reea! detai!s of the eents

    immediate!y preceding the accident.

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