BJ Casey, Ph.D. The Sackler Professor and Director Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology...
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BJ Casey, Ph.D.
The Sackler Professor and DirectorSackler Institute for Developmental
Psychobiologyand Neuroscience Graduate Program
Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY
NIH 2011 Annual Science of Behavioral Change Meeting
Emotion Regulation and Self Control
Sackler Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College
Current or Past FellowsDima Amso & Kevin Bath (Brown) Matt Davidson (U
Mass)Stephanie Duhoux Sarah Durston * (Utrecht)
Inge Marie Eigsti (U Conn) Helena Frielingsdorf Adriana Galvan* (UCLA)
Barbara Ganzel (at Cornell) Todd Hare * (Zurich) Rebecca Jones
Vicki Libby Conor Liston Sumit NiogiMatt Malter Cohen Nick Franklin Fatima Soliman
Siobhan Pattwell Alisa Powers Sarah Getz (at Princeton)
Alex Millner (at Harvard) Erika Ruberry Theresa Teslovich Leah Somerville*
Liat Levita (at York) Katie Thomas (at U Minn)Nim Tottenham * (now at UCLA)
FacultyDoug BallonGary GloverIan Gotlib
Walter Mischel Yuichi Shoda
Henning Voss
FUNDING SOURCES: P50 MH62196, R01 MH63255, R21 DA15882, R01 DA018879, NSF 06-509, R01 HD069178, the Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. family
Dewitt-Wallace Fund, WCMC Department of Psychiatry and CBIC Imaging Core.
Special thanks to
THE FAMILIES.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows us to visualize and measure deep, primitive brain
regions involved in desire and emotion.
Source: PBS graphic based on Galvan et al 2006, Hare et al 2008, Sackler Institute
Individual differences in brain activity (High Anxiety vs Low Anxiety)
SOURCE:Hare et al
2008Sackler Institute
And during brain developmentfrom childhood to adulthood
SOURCE: Gogtay et al 2004 PNAS, NIMH
and in Social
and Psychological
Contexts
SOURCE: National Geographic: A Beautiful Brain based on Casey et al Neuron 2010
Key Areas
1) Development. Age-specific changes in regional brain development can impact behavioral choices.
2) Contexts. Emotionally charged contexts may lead to emotional brain regions “hijacking” prefrontal control circuitry leading to poor behavioral choices.
3) Individuals. Variation across individuals (impulsivity, sensation seeking, emotional reactivity) impacts choice behavior.
Development
SOURCE: Gogtay et al 2004 PNAS
MRI Data shows Cortical Development across Childhood
Dramatic developmental changes in prefrontal and subcortical regions
during adolescence
Subcortical limbic regions involved in desire, fight, flight
Focus has typically been on prefrontal cortex (PFC)
SOURCE: Sowell et al 1999 Nature Neuroscience
Neurobiological (Imbalance) Model of Adolescence
Emphasizes deep structure development as well as cortical. SOURCE: Casey et al., 2008 Dev Reviews; Somerville & Casey, 2010 Brain
& Cogn.
How does Regional Brain Development map onto Behavioral Development
• Hallmark of behavioral development is a gain in ability to suppress an inappropriate action in favor of an appropriate one (impulse control).
• Individual Differences
• Influence of Context
Development of impulse control
Development of impulse control(Commission Errors- Go when should
Not)
SOURCE: Somerville et al. 2010 JoCN
Prefrontal Activity shows Linear pattern of development that is correlated with
measures of impulse control
SOURCE: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN
Reaction Time
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Run1 Run2 Run3 Run4 Run5
Reaction time (msec)
Small
Medium
Large
Incentives (e.g., money, food, peers) can alter behavior without conscious awareness
SOURCE: Galvan et al 2005 J Neuroscience
Teens make more commission errors to rewarding cues than
neutral ones
Source: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN
Adolescent show enhanced ventral striatum activity
to monetary rewards relative to children and adults
200
400
600
800
1000
No o
f In
terp
ola
ted
Vox
els
(m
m3
) *
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Ventral Striatum Orbital Frontal Cortex
Peak %
MR
S
ignal C
hang
e
* *
*
*Volume of Activity
Children
Adolescents
Adults
SOURCE: Galvan et al 2006 J Neuroscience
Teens show enhanced activity in ventral striatum to positive social cues (e.g., happy faces)
Source: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN
Emotional Bias on Choice Behavior
Source: Hare et al. 2005 Bio Psychiatry
Inverse association of subcortical limbic and ventromedial prefrontal activity with
behavior bias
Hare et al2008 Bio Psychiatry
Inflection in amygdala activity in adolescents to cues that signal threat
Source: Hare et al. 2008 Bio Psychiatry
Amygdala Activity to Repeated Exposures of Fear related
cues( i.e., empty threat) Late Trials
Early Trials
Hare et al. 2008 Bio Psychiatry
Habituation of Amygdala Response is associated with Trait Anxiety
(i.e., decrease in activity from early to late trials)
Individual differences in brain activity (High Anxiety vs Low Anxiety)
SOURCE:Hare et al
2008Sackler Institute
Social Context
SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci 2010
More risky decisions and crashes in adolescents when with peer
than alone
SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci 2010
Greater Peer Influence in Adolescents
in Ventral Striatum
SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci 2010
Psychological Context
Effects of Stress on Prefrontal Structure &Function
Source: Liston et al 2006 Neuron, 2007 J Neuro, 2009 PNAS
Effects of Stress on Prefrontal Structure &Function
Source: Liston et al 2006 Neuron, 2007 J Neuro, 2009 PNAS
Individual Differences
Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 years later
Low Delayers have difficulty suppressing responses to “hot”, but
not “cold” cues
Source: Casey et al 2011 under review
* p < .025
SOURCE: Casey et al 2011 under review
The Prefrontal Cortex is involved in Impulse Control
The Ventral Striatum is sensitive to social positive cues and its activity is enhanced in
Low Delayers
Source: Casey et al 2011 under review
Right Ventral Striatum
Imbalance between primitive brain regions involved in desire and rational prefrontal circuitry involved in emotional and self regulation
Source: PBS graphic based on Galvan et al 2006, Hare et al 2008, Sackler Institute
ConclusionsThe behavioral and imaging studies of emotion regulation and self control provide evidence for:
-significant individual and developmental differences in these abilities.
-potential for change in these abilities by social and psychological contexts.
ConclusionsThe behavioral and imaging studies of emotion regulation and self control provide evidence for:
-significant individual and developmental differences in these abilities.
-potential for change in these abilities by social and psychological contexts.
All 3 can lead to imbalances between control and emotional systems, yielding suboptimal choice behavior.
and require careful consideration when considering approach for behavioral change!
Sackler Institute for Developmental PsychobiologyWeill Medical College of Cornell University
Photograph by Michael Weinstein