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BISHOP SCOTT BOYS’ SCHOOL (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus: Chainpur, Jaganpura,

By-Pass, Patna 804453. Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. , Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.com Email: info@bishopscottboysschool.com

STUDY COURSE MATERIAL

HISTORY SESSION-2020-21

CLASS-XII

TOPIC: BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES

DAY-1 NCERT MATERIAL

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjEusDI48PoAhVN8HMBHUsHCUsQFjAHegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw2pL23nInHvNqZDANQosWAb

TEACHING MATERIAL: - CIVILIZATION

It comes from the LATIN WORD Civis meaning someone who lives in a town. An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society,

marked by progress in the arts and sciences, an advanced state of moral conduct, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and appearance of complex political and social institutions.

Different names of the civilization Extension of the Civilization

- Indus Valley

Civilization

- Bronze Civilization

- Harappan

Civilization

- Sindhu-Saraswati

Civilization

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Archeological Evidences of The Harappan Civilization

The Harappan Civilization is also known as Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization is dated between BCE 2600 and 1990 BCE. It is the the oldest civilization of India. We know about the civilization from archaeological evidences like houses, pots, ornaments tools and seals used by the people of that period.

There were also earlier and later cultures, known as early Harappan and late Harappan civilization.

Cunningham was the first Director General of Archaeological Survey of India who began archaeological excavations in the Harappan sites.

Dayaram Sahani, Rakhal Das Banerjee, John Marshall were some of the important archaeologists associated with the discovery of Harappan Civilization. The Frontiers of the Harappan Civilization have no connection with present day national boundaries. The major sites are now in Pakistani territory.

VIDEO-LINKS

LINK-1

https://youtu.be/bWyTfGJxJWM

LINK-2

https://youtu.be/WyunP13Le4w

DOCUMENTS LINKS

https://mycbseguide.com/blog/bricks-breads-bones-class-12-notes-history/

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Who was John Marshall? How did he mark a change in the Indian archaeology? 2. What were the confusions in the mind of Cunningham while studying the Harappan

civilization?

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DAY-2

TEACHING MATERIAL In India, a number of Harappan settlements were found in Punjab and Haryana. The main

centres where this civilization flourished in India are Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhi Garhi and Banwali.

Archaeologist tried to classify artefacts in terms of material and in terms of function by

comparing these with present-day things. The problems of Archaeological interpretation are most evident in attempts to reconstruct religious practices of the Harappan.

Harappa was a fortified city in modern-day Pakistan that is believed to have been home to

as many as 23,500 residents living in sculpted houses with flat roofs made of red sand and clay. The city spread over 150 hectares—370 acres—and had fortified administrative and religious centers of the same type used in Mohenjo-daro.

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Both cities had similar organization and featured citadels, central areas in a city that were heavily fortified—protected with defensive military structures. Additionally, both cities were situated along the Indus River. This structure would have allowed those at the higher levels of the buildings in either city to look down the river and see into the distance.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Mention the two sections of the Harappan settlements and give one main feature of each. 2. Mention any one of the contributions of REM Wheeler in the field of archaeology.

DAY-3

TEACHING MATERIAL: - HARAPPAN SEALS

Harappan seals and ceilings were used to facilitate long distance communication. The mouth of the bag of goods was tied with rope and on the knot was a fixed samvat clay on which one or more cells were impressed, living an impression. This sealing convert that if the bag reached with ceiling intact, then it had not been tampered with and also it convert the true identity of the centre of the goods.

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Agricultural Techniques

Archaeological evidences suggested that oxen were used for ploughing and two different crops were grown together. As most of the Harappan sites are located in semi arid lands, it is evident that water from canals and Wells was used for irrigation.

Farming

Some of the farming methods and rearing as followed by the Harappan farmers and herders are : - Harappans grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed, and mustard. They also

developed some new tools known as plough and was used to dig earth for planting the seeds and turning the soil. A method of irrigation was used due to less rainfall.

The Harappan reared cattle sheep, goat, and buffalo. Water and pastures were present

around many sites. People collected fruits, fish and hunted wild animals.

DOCUMENTS LINKS https://www.harappa.com/category/slide-subject/seals

ASSIGNMENTS

1. On the basis of artifacts how can you trace the agricultural development in Harappan Civilization?

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DAY-4

TEACHING MATERIAL The cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa were divided into two parts. The upper part built on the raised platform has been described as citadel. This part included the public buildings, the granary, more important workshops and religious buildings. The other part of the city was much larger than the lower part where the people lived and carried on their professional work. The ruins of the sites revealed that the Harappan people were primarily urban. The cities were designed skillfully, the streets divided the city into square or rectangular blocks, each of which was further divided by a number of lanes. The main streets were wide and straight and intersect each other at the right angle.

Houses Houses were built of brick and had thick strong walls which were plastered and coloured. The roofs were flat. There were few windows and plenty of doors. The houses were made up of burned bricks of high quality and they were furnished of paved floor. (The size of the brick in whole Harappan civilization was 4:2:1.) The kitchen had a fire place and a large Jar of pottery for storing grains. Bathrooms were built on one side of the house and had drains which were connected to the drains of main street. In the houses there was a courtyard, perhaps domestic animals such as dogs, goats were also kept in the courtyard.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Describe the distinctive features of domestic architecture of mohenjo Daro.

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DAY-5

TEACHING MATERIAL

Drainage System One of the the unique feature of the city was its elaborated drainage system. A brick lined drainage channel flooded alongside of every street. The house drains were connected to underground main drains. The drains were provided with the manholes at the regular interval for the proper inspection and cleaning purpose. The provision of such a systematic drainage system in every cities show that the people paid great attention towards the sanitation and health.

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CONCEPT MAP

ASSIGNMENTS

1. List the items of food available to people in Harappan cities. Identify the groups who would have provided these.

2. Would you agree that the drainage system in Harappan cities indicates town planning? Give reasons for your answer.

3. Look at figure 1.30 in your NCERT book and describe what you see. How is the body placed? What are the objects placed near it? Are there any artefacts on the body? Do these indicate the sex of the skeleton?

4. Describe some of the distinctive features of Mohenjo Daro.

5. Discuss how archaeologists reconstruct the past.

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MAP WORK

1. On an outline Political Map of India circle sites where evidence of agriculture has been recovered. Mark an X against sites where there is evidence of craft production and R against sites where raw materials were found.

MAPS TO EXPLORE

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DOCUMENTS LINKS

1. https://www.studiestoday.com/assignment-history-cbse-class-12-history-bricks-beads-and-bones-harappan-civilisation-165509.html

2. https://www.studiestoday.com/worksheet-history-cbse-class-12-history-bricks-beads-bones-harappan- civilization-226368.html

WORKSHEET LINK

https://www.studiestoday.com/worksheet-history-cbse-class-12-history-worksheet-bricks-beads-and-bones-201368.html