CONING BISHOFTU TOWN 2012

URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODELING STRATEGY

I. Mission statement1. The strategic target of urban development committee is supplying the BIF forum steering committee in that : with developing technical planning tools, the acknowledgment of the importance of parts of landscape and the complex interaction between parts, structure supporting to encourage to see town and country side councils and mayors with its land map process and with the environmental capital approaches.This mission ends making its land mark on the importance of comprehensive policies that integrate the visual and functional dimensions of landscape, and emerging of the traditions of landscape assessment and landscape ecology as an essential part of bishoftu town authority’s drive for design and environmental quality. Consulting ideas of holistic planning of critical interacting processes, and assessing how best to accommodate development with out harming to the existing planning processes. Urban development committee devoted to make Changes to the application-led, development control system, in addition more proactive and creative, design-based approach to planning and needed ecological fit bishoftu for the touristy destination and living population and investment. 2.Urban Design Alliances (UDAL) It was founded by more than seven professionals, institutes, civil engineers, architects, intellectuals from bishoftu town. All bodies recognized that the achievement of coherent, workable and enjoyable urban places- which benefit and satisfy all section of the community- can only come about through the coordination and cooperation of the great number of varying organizations which have an interest in the built environment.UDAL is working towards this goal by spreading the urban design message to all sectors of the community.This will involve the environmental professors, government departments, developers, business interests, community and cultural groups, together with the general public in dialogue and action progress to show that not only is urban design the bases for good environment, but also how they can be achieved.At the time of the launch, UDAL was a group with representatives of the seven founding bodies, many ideas, enthusiasm and a manifesto, since then, the steering group has met frequently; and the ideas under discussion have grown in to a series of initiatives, currently progressing of different stages of development.UDAL’s first act was to arrange meetings with the department of environment, transport and the regions, in order to explain the group’s mission and to demonstrate the relevance of urban design to government policy objectives. Sub committees have been formed to study four areas in which it is considered that the urban design can have the most significant impact; transport interchanges; housing; education; and town and city audits.

1

1

I

3. Areas of focus

3.1. Transport: The transport group is focusing on the potential of transport nodes to become viable and vibrant urban centers, providing a mix of housing, commerce, retail, leisure and cultural uses. The groups argues that increasing residential densities and the commercial and retail activities of areas around integrated transport interchanges will help to solve the bishoftu housing problem, save the country side, and create urban places which will satisfy the needs of all users. It will propose that urban design studies and master plans should become requirements of local plans for transport nodes.

3.2.Housing:The housing group aims to identify, and bring to the DETR’s attention, 40 examples of good practice in high density housing for inclusion in future policy.The group advocates the use of bishoftu town different sites but believes that each must be examined separately to determine their sustainability for housing, and that careful integration into the urban infrastructure through the urban design is essential for success.

3.3.Education: The broad aims of the education group are to raise awareness of urban design and increase urban design input in to the different environmental disciplines. The group will review the urban design education guide lines of that different institutes and also campaign for urban design awareness in schools and the community.

3.4 . Urban Design Audit:The urban design audit aims to demonstrate that urban design is central to the tasks of making town and cities work, and that, at its best, it is a multi- disciplinary collaboration rather than a narrow specialism. There will be up to ten pilot projects under taken for which local partnerships and alliances will apply for selection. The audit will cover areas such as sustainable development, social cohesion, sense of community, distinctive features and encouragement of growth or regeneration.

3.5.All Party Parliamentary Group UDAL representatives met the all party parliamentary group on architecture and planning to discuss UDAL’s aims and objectives and ways in which the APPG can contributes to the program. This and the DETR meetings were led by Dr. wenduwesun, the UDAL chair for 2004 were attended by representatives of the other UDAL group.

3.6. Seminars:A program of seminars and work shops will establish a focus on particular groups such as developers, investors, volume house holders, civil servants and local government.Discussion with this groups will try to assess how it is possible to achieve their individual aims and aspirations more effectively with the urban design as the prime generator of the urban environment. In addition, through out the year founding members will organize urban design conferences. In accordance with the protocol which allows events organized by more than one of the member bodies, and those which focus particularly on urban design by which are organized by only one institutes, these will be automatically designated as UDAL events. There has to be institutes working in chartered surveying that continues its successful program of urban design seminars, under the banner of ‘ better places, better lives”, which is taking place under the banner of UDAL.

2

2

Other institution together with the members of the alliances is promoting a series of micro-initiatives looking at the specific practical opportunities in the urban environment. The first is a report on urban streams and water courses, in conjunction with the land escape development.Other events will be organized by conjunction with the steering group members of which are particularly keen to see greater national involvements.

3.7. Communication:Communication group has been formed, which will focus on spreading the UDAL message, activities and initiatives to the wider possible audience.There has to be opened official website for each departmental committee.The UDAL manifesto has to be online.Followed by exhibition, which accompanies of the launch of, ‘100 urban design projects’ as UDAL new steering group and sub committee roles.

II.Problem statementEmerging concepts of urban development design, any design study should start with a proper scientific survey, taking into account, location, land ownership, topography, existing development services, geology.We are concerned about monopolistic foot print of artists and ecologist.The design and urban development strategies of bishoftu town : -The modern movement of the town unsympathetic to local environmental conditions -It is in a conflict of sustainability to resolve the development of country sides. -There is a lack of interest to protect the familiar and cherished scene of natural, cultural and ecological values. -Unshaped development patterns in a way that reduces the need to travel -Un able to use the developed areas in the most effective ways making them attractive place in which to live and work. -lack to organize the towns commercial, industrial development needs, food production, new homes and other buildings while respecting environmental objectives.

- Un availability of Provision of Qualitative and Quantitative standardized Educational and Health facilities

- Un availability of provision of standardized community recreation and entertainment facilities- Un availability of provision of standardized and organized public transports, stations and bus

ride circuits.- Un availability of provision of standardized and organized market and business centers.- Un availability of provision of standardized and organized touristy leisure and accommodations.- Un availability of provision of standardized and organized safety and emergency management

scheme.- The flood mitigation system problems

III. Boundaries:In our current approach to planning and design bishoftu urban areas and country sides is based on holistic approach of design and planning with focus on the relationship between development and all ecological, social, functional and visual attributes of the town.This necessitates fundamental changes in how planning and design presently occurs in the town, in particular:- More emphasis on the ecological fit of development:

3

3

- Continued development and refreshment of holistic planning tools that take account of all interactions within the town sides:

- More creative approach to locating development where most sustainable ecological fit can be achieved;

- Design based approach to planning;- A broader consideration of design, to be reflected in government policy that incorporates

ecological dimensions in addition to visual, social and functional dimensions;- The development of planning policy and guidance that regulates, the relationship between

development and the natural processes of bishoftu town;- Conserving both the cultural heritage and natural resources;- Creating greater awareness of natural processes by planners and architects;By implementing planning and design which uses holistic approaches can create new vernacular buildings and activity which are symbolic of a renewed cultural connections between bishoftu town residents and the environment by emphasizing the link between development and natural processes than solely on appearance.

IV. Specific Issues to be addressedThe urban development committee of BIF in recognition of the regional government and bishoftu town administration the general policy and principles for sustainable development of the town should undertakes the mentioned strategic developmental issues to regenerate the beauty and iconoclastic artistic perspectives:

1. The development of commercial and Business centers designing and planning:Creating new business districts: both modern office dev’t and industrial estatesIncreasing employment and increasing access to jobs through grant aid and advice to both local and incoming businesses and introducing training initiatives.Reviving the town as a place to live by providing new homes leisure, cultural and shopping activities

1.1. Construction, upgrading trade and marketing centers-Existing facilities;Two municipal community open market, one cattle and farm animals open market

-New facilities to be up graded and build; Three closed complexes out-of- town supermarket, two cattle and farm animal market - Stakeholders; Investors, municipality, regional government, engineers and architects, - Short-term plan; One out-of- town supermarket store and one cattle and farm animal market

1.2. town malls and halls development plans -Existing facility; Two private supermarkets- New facility planned to be constructed; Three complex closed market mall, two large hall super market -Stakeholders; Investors local and abroad, business community, municipality, regional government

- Short term plan Two down town mall and one centered hall market construction

4

4

1.3. Food and agricultural products and by products warehouse service center construction

-Existing Facility; Fragmented small-scale business stores-New facility planned to be constructed;

Ten large complexes, integrated service facilitating warehouses, 5km radius distance. -Stakeholders; Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies, development corporate.- Short term plan;

Two of the will be constructed by leasing facilitation. 1.4. Commodities and stock exchanging complex’s construction

These facilities are used for stocking and bonding of consumable house hold supplies and imported electronics and goods.

-Existing Facility; Two- owned by farming unions. -New facility planned to be constructed; 12-complexions of standardized facilities at and in the domain areas of the town constructed. -Stakeholders;

Investors, (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives .

-Short term plan; Three of them will plan and facilitation will be provide to be executed.1.5. Banking and insurance mobilization sectors developmentThis large pumping machine of the economy sector, stationed in a chain of anchor on the side bar of the main town road. It have to organized to be reachable and accessible at the neediest site of the radial area of the town and rural junctions. -Existing Facility; Two-Commercial, two-Construction, Oromia international, Oromia cooperative, Awash international, Wegagen, Abysinia, Hibret and Dashen banks, are in existing status. They are all situated on the row of the main roads.-New facility planned to be constructed; Engineered and coordinated to geo-position them to town’s master plan. -Stakeholders;

Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives.

Research finding against out-of- town supermarketThe Administration and the forum for protection of rural bishoftu have to be welcome the department or committee of urban development report The impact of large food stores on market towns and district centers which has revealed that large food stores sited out side town or district centers have cut the market share of food retailers in town centers by between 13-50%

5

5

The administration sees the report as justification for its policy of concentrating appropriately sized new super markets in existing centers Other main findings includes

- Even potential treat of an out-of-town food stores could adversely affects town center retailer confidence

- Food super stores have, on average, a negative net effect on retail employment- Out-of- center stores affect a significantly higher proportion of car born trade - The claim that out-of-center stores ‘claw back’ trade lost to move distant centers is un founded in

that they rarely have any tangible benefit to the town center

2. Designing and provision of community leisure and entertainment facilities for tourism development:

Development of Flag ship projects;

In particular BIF, UDC, public art projects initiatives and supported by administration of bishoftu town and regional gov’t have pioneered new approaches and established examples of best practices winning national and international acclaim; major public arts project ideas. It has to be holistic one; ensuring physical regeneration, interwoven with economic and social initiatives Having maritime them, sculptures of Abageda theme, Oda trees theme etcKey theme under spine the committee’s strategy for renewal:Improving the environment; through land escaping dev’t, restoration of historic buildings, and creation of parks, walk ways and cycle routes.Land escape strategy for structural open spaces corridor is designed as continuous sequence of spaces with complementary but distinctive qualities and activities

Open space and park land will be developed in to five major ways1. park and gardens- festive gardens and urban water fronts-Existing Facility;one-around hora lake-New facility planned to be constructed;five parks on the dome of the bishoftu mountains and ten gardens around the lakes and marshy areas-Stakeholders;The municipality, private business, farm union, NGO’s, youth and women association, military and veterans.-Short term plan;Two- parks and five gardens have to be built2. The plazas- main urban squares-Existing Facility; one at the center of the town-New facility planned to be constructed; six main plaza centers will need to build-Stakeholders; Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives.-Short term plan;two - main plaza centers will build

6

6

3. Central parks – urban parks-Existing Facility;one-central and urban park.-New facility planned to be constructed;4-cntral and 12-urban parks will be constructed-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of agriculture.-Short term plan; two-central and four urban park will be constructed4. Village parks- activity and ecology parks-Existing Facility; one private owned village park-New facility planned to be constructed; In each kebele and rural adjacent and hill-sides will designed with landscaping assessment, we build ecologically conserved strategic parks as much as possible.-Stakeholders; The municipality, business interest, investor, NGO’s, association, union, farming community, Diasporas -Short term plan;

Three village and two ecology parks will design.5. River side walk- water front promenade, terraces and gardens -Existing Facility; Non-New facility planned to be constructed; Seven- lake side walk ways and seven terraces and gardens will build-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of agriculture.-Short term plan;

Two-lake side walk ways and two gardens will design2.1.Recreation and Community Park site development

These parks and recreation centers are categorically business oriented and commercialized by interested parties. Municipality or investors.-Existing Facility;Four privately owned and one municipal owned, one youth association owned and one defense owned-New facility planned to be constructed;Ten-recreation and resorts centers will constructed-Stakeholders; Investors, (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives.-Short term plan; Three of well-organized resort centers and one community business oriented park will constructed.

7

7

I- Eco-tourism; SWOT analysis (strengths, weakness opportunity and treats) simple but efficient way of

helping to understand the interaction of various factors.The information produced is of immediate use and can be valuable for aiding the designer to develop the brief for any facility; Zoning is a common strategy for resolving conflicts between different users and between users

and the land escape. Zones can be spatial, temporal or both. Aesthetic considerations and expectations of the experience to be enjoyed can be built in to

exercise; The “recreational opportunity spectrum” is a sophisticated variation of zoning developed by

the administration;It takes as its major premises the fact that recreation is more than the activity, encompassing from remote and solitary to urban and gregarious.The terminology is chosen, to fit other resource planning activities carried out, the categories are:

○- Primitive; no constructed facilities are permitted;

○- Semi-primitive; non- motorized, some site control;○- Semi-primitive; motorized, disturbance more likely;○- Roaded, natural; less feeling of un spoilt○- Rural; human activities start to dominate over nature;○- urban; completely dominate by human activities; This approach can be used to categorize on existing area or to direct the design of, for example, community forest or a town park.II- Tourism has destructive effects The main treats from tourism summarized as follows:○- endangering wild life and habitats○- loss of resources from sustainable/ traditional uses○- damage and pollution by over loading natural systems○- cultural damage and exploitationIII- In contrast: there are also potential benefits“If tourism is well planed and well- managed”;These are range from conservation of archeological and historical to the enhancement of the environment through well-designed of development and improvement of infrastructure.A sensitively designed tourism experience can also help to increase environmental awareness about a location.IV-Early environmental awareness The tourism industry concern to protect the environment was provoked by the first sign of large scale pollution to natural areas. Environmental policies was developed; these are:○- Recognized that tourism was largely international in nature, offering the natural resources of one country to individuals of another. Thus the protection of the tourist capital was in the interest every one and should be dealt with the world level;○- Recommended setting up, an inventory of tourism resources.Identify protected areas (national park) reserve areas that could take tourism but not industry (beaches and mountain) and mixed natural areas in which industry could be sustained but would be planned so as to safeguard the main tourism resources.○- suggested the use of multi-disciplinary team of experts to plan new resorts.

8

8

V-WTO and UNEP declarationIdealistic framework for ensuring that future tourism development did not lead to environmental degradation ○- all tourism resources are part of the heritage of man kind;○- tourist use of the resource must not be prejudicial to the social and economic interest of the population in tourist areas, to the natural environment or to the natural resource○- there should be national and international coordination of tourism development and environmental protection.It should be recognized that in all planning and implementation, be it be for social or economic development.VI- planning for sustainable tourism In order to plan for tourism with sustainability as the main goal, a coordinated project team involving many profession required, wide range of questions answered;○- how do the construction materials and technique relate to local skills and resources and how will they affect the local ecosystem?○- what will be the impact of visitors travel arrangements and how can the project be planned to encourage more sustainable use of transport?○- what will be the role of the tourism facility in the community- training, employment, extra- local facilities?○- how that can be the development best be accommodated in the environment?2.2. Arts and museum center construction -Existing Facility; one privately own art center-New facility planned to be constructed; Three art and museum complex and gallery and one cinematographic and art institution building-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, Diasporas.-Short term plan; community awareness creation and investment promotion2.3.Hotels and motels extensionsincludes a pioneering ideas of chelleleka lake development, five stars Ras hotels construction investment integration mechanism development -Existing Facility;many old stylish buildings and service providing centers-New facility planned to be constructed;twelve- motels and 20-guest room service providing will buildDesigning chelleleka lake areas for golfing, swimming pool, five star hotel complex and boating service facility-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and Diasporas.-Short term plan; Investment centered orientation and promotion2.4. Public sports and public lidos development it includes gymnasium racings, cars, cycling, indoor and out door games and swimming pools -Existing Facility;one owned by air force institute

9

9

-New facility planned to be constructed;Three- well furnished gymnasium, two- indoor and two out door game center buildOne car racing and Two swimming and one horse racing entertainment center will build-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and Diasporas.-Short term plan;Investment opportunity facilitation and advocacy2.5. Conservation of biodiversity and natural ecology and cultural heritage centersQuality initiative guide lines paid particular attention to four main areas

i. Spatial structureii. Space between building

iii. The lay out of streetiv. Pedestrian walk waysv. Green spaces

vi. Hard and soft land space elementsvii. Street furniture and public arts

Open spaceConservation of existing trees and hedges, incorporation to the public areaProvision of strategic open spaces which meets the need of both human and wild lifeCareful consideration of the ecological balance achieved into detailing of the open spaces and new planting

TrafficControl of motor vehicles through traffic calming measures; maximum encouragement for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport Focal pointsFocus for identifiable and distinctive housing neighborhoodMixed use care, where appropriate

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;As much as possible every area of the town will be beneficiary from the design-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies, development corporate and cooperatives and Diasporas.-Short term plan;

Public awareness and advocacy with landscape institutes ad experience sharing2.6.Techno-parking and entertainment facility construction

-Existing Facility; Non-New facility planned to be constructed; Three technological equipped and motional and rotational gears and rails facility providing entertainment center will construct-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and Diasporas.

10

10

-Short term plan;design and technology transfer promotion

3.Development of planning and designing of public transportation networks:Transport plan;The role of national gov’t is to oversee the dev’t of efficient networks that will promote national cohesion.Giving priorities to complete basic road links between various areaSever congestion of roads between the major economic center is under the legacy of investmentTypes of roads constructed;Single carriageways, motorways system, dual carriageways, and primary route networks, carries heavy through traffic as well as local vehicles.

3.1. pedestrian suspension cross and tolls designing, Planning, upgrading and expansion and engineering, technical and consultancy support provision.It includes development of bypass roads and accessory-network system development

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;Three pedestrian cross-road facility will build. This helps easing the stopping of movements of transport systems. traffic system will harnessed to help pedestrian cross the roads and create shocking of cars. At angels primary mission school;. At ‘60’ bus station of kebele 08. at zequala hotel cross-Stakeholders;municipality, ministry of road and transport , ministry of urban development, ministry of economy, ministry of revenue, -Short term plan;

fund raising and advocacy2.3. Train and Rail road circuiting and networking engineering These transport networking system is ignored and unexercised in the country. But the system is known in its cost effectiveness and cheap in customers satisfaction. -Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;modernization of old train road and the engine cabin system, introducing new rail road transport system. Networking with in and neighboring town.-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of agriculture and diasporas.-Short term plan; Training of caliber civil engineers and mechanical engineers. Facilitating train engine development and rail road construction technology sharing and exchange.

3.3.Town networking roads and banks upgrading, Flood mitigation, sewerage development and controlling mechanisms application

-Existing Facility;One highway from Addis to Adama-New facility planned to be constructed;We planned to construct the adama to addis road facilitating one-way that passes through the existing town road. It is used for passing by the market center feeding kebele 05 and crossing chelleleka lake.

11

11

The Addis to Adama road will be used as one way by pass road and reduce accident and suffocation.This alternating by pass road are used to develop the town market distribution and sharing of business line networks.-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan;

Designing and developing relation ship with stake holders and advocating the plan

3.4. Construction of town-to-town networking; Accessory road roots upgrading and development schemes -Existing Facility;

Non.-New facility planned to be constructed;This root extension system lies on roads up grading and networking. These include sharing of the suspended bridge built on addis-Adama, near Adama town. Design modification of Akaki toll-free road crossing junction. -Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan;

Developing partnership strategy with federal government and policy makers3.5. Construction of networking roots and interlinking roods of bishoftu town lakes

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;Lake to lake transportation lines and systems will be constructed-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and foreign), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan; Developing skills and manpower, sharing knowledge and partnership with foreign investors and federal government policy makers and transport site plan designers and developers.

3.6. Construction of public transporting parking and bus station ports, car lobbies -Existing Facility;One-community bus station-New facility planned to be constructed;The existing bus station and service facilitator is low graded and not moderately furnished.New town- to-town linking bus ride station will be building and constructed with modern building infrastructure. It has all the facilities for customers and tourists that help at the time of waiting.-Stakeholders;

12

12

Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short-term plan;

Design, planning and stakeholder development advocacy.

3. Engineering Industrial and down town development strategic approaches implementation:

4.1.Horticulture and green housing development site upgrading Modeling, engineering and structural modification and zonal site development

-Existing Facility;Fragmented investment and export oriented to the near by farming community-New facility planned to be constructed; It needs building commercialize horticulture training and expertise developing center. It organize the existing floriculture wastes and products processing industry-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short- term plan;

Advocacy and investment facilitation4.2.Intensive and extensive Poultry and dairy production Zonal and share holding structural and institutionalize and research institution partnership development strategic development

-Existing Facility; Three private owned, one association and, many household own poultry farming.Three private owned, one association and one NGO’s, many household own dairy farming.-New facility planned to be constructed;Ten-founding union and share holding providing institutes and high machinery processing industry for dairy production.six- research providing industry for poultry farming products processing-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan;Providing technology transferring advocacy board4.3. Industry and mechanization of factory and machinery, Polytechnic and electrical engineering zonal and regional station development -Existing Facility; There are many factory culture surrounding and marginal areas.-New facility planned to be constructed; We need to construct industrialized and organized interwoven system for each sector of industry.-Stakeholders;

13

13

Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan;

Advocacy and technology transfer mechanism development.

4.4.Urban housing construction and Real estate development, (including diasporas investment initiatives) scheme development 4.4.1. Mortgage housing provision

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed; Privatizing the existing housing construction agency that can provide loans and funding interlinked with banking and insuring companies. We need to develop cost effective and affordable home to bishoftu community. Homes that can be available to any one who need to live and invest at bishoftu.-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan; Investment alternative scheme advocacy

4.4.2. Real estate housing development -Existing Facility;Three real estate developing investment-New facility planned to be constructed;five-real state developers investment opportunity development at environmental and ecological assessment.-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan;

Advocating as investment opportunity4.4.3.Diaspora and high class private housing scheme

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;200- deluxe and luxury home building and facilitation as Diaspora initiatives-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and ministry of urban development, ministry road and transportation and diasporas.-Short term plan;

Advocating and designing as investment opportunity.

14

14

Educational institution facilities expansion and extension, Including construction of special school implementing sectors

4.5.1. Educational institution facilities: -Existing Facility;Four high schools, six community secondary schools, four private high schools five private primary school, two military owned, one navy owned, one government owned, three private own colleges, one government owned veterinary faculty, one NGO.When we see the governmental facility they are under the competition level internationally or nationally.Their buildings and academic facility is below the minimum standard.-New facility planned to be constructed;Four of the high schools will be upgraded with their buildings in to G+5 with G+2 library and student dinning rooms and staff lounge-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of agriculture.-Short term plan;At the immediate need, three of the high school, buildings will start construction.

4.5.2.Special educational and institution facilities: These institutional facilities needed for educating highly intelligent students and facilitating brain storming technological trainings. In this facilities the future generation competent to international movement and technologies revolution fit should created

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;Three highly capacitated to give from kindergarten to higher education level will constructed-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of agriculture. -Short term plan;

One modeling facilitating institution will be construct.

Construction of health care service providing facilitiesIncludes expansion and ornamentation the existing hospital facilities with high technology equipment.

-Existing Facility;One-hospital level facility and four-community clinics-New facility planned to be constructed;Two – hospital standard and one referral hospital are design for construction -Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development

15

15

corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of health.-Short term plan;

The existing hospital building complex construction will be started.Construction of city halls complexes,

With artistically symbolizing the tradition and cultural heritage of Oromo people, incorporates libraries, exhibition center, designed the to reflex the heritage of bonding water and trees and nature with human.

-Existing Facility; The administration and municipal buildings are at their old age and non-duty service execution.-New facility planned to be constructed; one- G+10 building complex which flagship of oromo people heritage architectural design will be construct. It give and have the facility that coordinate all governmental office services that give under the shade one umbrella.-Stakeholders;Investors,(local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and NGO, ministry of education, ministry of urban development, ministry of agriculture , ministry of revenue, ministry of road and transportation, ministry of finance and economy.-Short term plan;

Fund raising committee formulation and telethon advocating startedDesigning of maritime institute complex,

To capacitate the existing facility in a way that give international competitive maritime engineering and technology development.

-Existing Facility; One-training institute-New facility planned to be constructed; Upgrading of the complex of institutes building. Structuring it to the high techno-crafting, marine dynamics and engineering, higher institution.-Stakeholders;Maritime institute, Air force training institute, Degen aero-dynamics and techno-crafting.-Short term plan;

Curriculum and supervising the institute future direction

4.9. Commercial implication of air force institute, technology building, partnering development

-Existing Facility;Non-New facility planned to be constructed;one-private, corporate training institution be build-Stakeholders;Investors (local and abroad), business community, municipality, regional government, shareholding owners, bond-owning companies, urban and rural unions, insurance companies development corporate and cooperatives and Diasporas.-Short term plan;

Investment opportunity advocacy

16

16

4. Emergency management and preventive measurement planning:

5.1. Preparing educational and institutional facilities that provide practical and theoretical trainings

-Existing Facility;

-New facility planned to be constructed;

-Stakeholders;

-Short term plan;

5.2. Accident and computerized trafficking intervention facilities -Existing Facility;

-New facility planned to be constructed;

-Stakeholders;

-Short term plan;

Fire and hazard mitigation and policing training and networking facilities provision -Existing Facility;

-New facility planned to be constructed;

-Stakeholders;

-Short term plan;

Ambulance and water foaming tracks purchasing -Existing Facility;

-New facility planned to be constructed;

-Stakeholders;

-Short term plan;

5.5. Integration and partnering air force educational skills and institutional facility -Existing Facility;

-New facility planned to be constructed;

-Stakeholders;

-Short term plan;

17

17

5.6. Educational and institutional partnering of air force and maritime institutes To provide emergency and hazard mitigation training -Existing Facility;

-New facility planned to be constructed;

-Stakeholders;

-Short term plan;

V. Desired out comes/out puts

=>The chocking scenarios of bishoftu road transportation system will be safe, accident free, entertaining and vibrant trafficking system obtained=>The congested and irregular customer service oriented transportation will be organized and civilized

Sustainable development for urban community will be achieved Roads are vital arteries pumping life into the heart of the town Expansion of major feeder artery roads, construction of bypass roads, upgrading of

dual carriage ways, we can create competitive town ideally to attract inward investment. Entertaining and mobilized working community and healthy young generation will be

created Highly skilled and technological updated, creative and talented professional

intellectuals will be developed We can provide adequate and cost effective transportation system, interior feeder roads

and net workings system for the town and nations commercial and industrial transport needs We can build concrete lay outs of efficient conservation of cultural heritage, natural

resources and ecosystems A cinemedia center, which will offer new cinemas as well as film and video libraries

and a future realities gallery with interactive technology We can shape new developmental patterns in a way that efficient and satisfactory

service facilitating approach for tourist, customers, investor, living community at the need of official and personal interests

Trunk roads in the context of the integrated transport strategy the roads need safer and that policies on the roads have an important role improving quality of life.

We can build town of artistically engineered and tourism destiny in east Africa We can achieve environmental and social development, competent to modern civilized world.

Flood mitigation experiencesUrbanization created a characteristic hydrology regime- long period of low flow interrupted by increasing sever flood events, causing erosion and bank collapse in channels and squeezed between building plots.

18

18

Lesson learned from Dire Dawa flood alleviation scheme Principle Flood plains are meant

To flood

Under stand stream dynamics

Consult early, widely andWith intent

Identify and retain key environmental assets

Local objectors are A resource.

Identify and retain key environmental assets.

Ecological survey are not

Explanation Always look to conserve

The land escape professional must get to grip with the relatively specialized disciplines of hydrology, flood modeling and geomorphology

Schemes should not be conceived and designed in a vacuum; a consultation and participation strategy should be formed at scooping stage.

The knowledge, ideas and energyof local people, represent opportunities to improve the scheme, they should be fully integrated in to the design process.

It gives rules for sensitive riparian design but, in the urban context, virtually all natural features should be conserved, including any remaining natural river bed and earth banks.

It gives rules for sensitive riparian design but, in the urban context, virtually all natural features should be conserved, including any remaining natural river bed and

The Dire Dawa ExperienceThe use of flood storage on the DD proved a decisive factor in improving its environmental accessibility. This is true for most flood plain development.

Only by understanding the real issues on the DD has it been possible to ask intelligent questions of the engineer and formulate appropriate design solution.

Views should be actively sought and acted on, rather than merely received, in adequate public consultation led to years of delay, in contrast, public perception study at a near by site gave impetus to a river restoration scheme.

A member of a local objection group was employed to consult local residents on the dire dawa. The result informed the scheme leading to better understanding on both sides.

Early objections to the DD scheme focused on tree losses, but other issues soon emerged, creating a moving target for the environmental agency. A comprehensive list of ecological and other surveys was agreed with local objectors, and such survey has been a greed prior to tender.

In contrast the position presented by local objectors, further public consultation revealed that some residents

19

19

enough

Multi- functionallyMultiple value

Land escape architects can make a difference

earth banks.

In terms of normal conservation criteria, the value of an urban channel is usually negligible, but in the urban environment, local people determine the relative value of environmental assets. What really counts is a personal sense of environmental quality.

Urban river projects should not be dominated by a single issue, urban rivers are too complex and the opportunities too important.

River design is so dominated by specialists that the land escape profession may seem disadvantaged. However, it is the breadth of the profession that enables the holistic view and a pivotal role with in the design team.

In contrast the position presented by local objectors, further public consultation revealed that some residents should welcome true felling in their garden to reduce shade.

The DD, scheme deals with a range of multifunctional issue such as tackling non-point source pollution, habitat creation and public access.

For DD scheme, a land escape architect has the role of environment project manager. This has parity withThe engineering project manager and involves the coordination of over all project strategy and, specifically, all environmental design and public consultation aspects.

Health care guidanceLocal Tranquility zones:Accessing intrusion in to undisturbed areas of country sides leaving a reminder of relatively undisturbed land escape called tranquility, remote, un spoilt, are other epithets.It has to be considered environmental assessment of a proposed major new road artery.As an additional ‘sieve’- land escape designationIts implication is incorporated in to assessment methodology(frame works0 for the road.‘200 m noise drift’ from transport corridors given very little ‘if any’ attention in environmental impact assessment.

Land escape design for health care buildingsEnvironments for quality care is a good choice, provide both insight, and inspiration to all that is best in our country hospital designImagination and creativity with in normal constraints technical and aesthetic criteria

- an attractive and sensitively considered environment contributes to the psychological well-being of patients.

- Care by design to convey the therapeutic value of land escape- At present, many people pay lip service to patient –focused care, therapy and the benefits of a

well-designed land escape.

20

20

- Contact with nature has many possible benefits, including the promotion of physical, intellectual and emotional well-being.

- Progress of the medical care system always been related to other major changes, both social and economic.

Evaluation Assessment and Visual AssessmentLand escape assessment- in generalLand escape evaluation- in particularProcess of describing and classifyingLand escape character and land escape quality

The main distinguishing feature of current approach- its emphasis on land escape character- incorporation both objective and subjectivedealing with intrinsic attributes-objectivedealing with perceptions of and reaction to landscape – subjective- emphasis on the recognition of three different products which may result from landscape

assessment.- Landscape inventory/description- Landscape classification- Landscape evaluation- Recognition of the need for process of landscape assessment to be applied at several different

levels

Landscape assessment and decision-making process

Stage1 Define the purpose

Stage 2 collection and analysis of information

Desk study 0 field survey 0 consultation

Stage 3 Classification and description Character area 0 landscape type

Stage 4 Evaluation and analysisCondition 0 sensitivity 0 Importance

Stage 5 Strategic visionManagement 0 land use change

Stage 6 Policy formulationCharacter based 0 designation

21

21

policies policies

Stage 7 public country awareness side Rural

Stage 8 Monitoring

Risk managementThe value of systematic risk management is being increasingly recognized by the construction industry.However, there is wide diversity in the application of risk management and generally poor communication of risk through the supply chain, with some organization under taking no formal risk management. Soft ware can support the established stage in the risk management process, conveniently handling the dynamics of risk exposure and enabling rapid communication of risk information.

Systematic risk management aims to add value to the construction process by

∞ Encouraging ingenious identification of hazards and opportunities∞ Using estimates of risk as bases for decision making∞ Controlling uncertainty ∞ minimizing the potential damages should the worst happen ∞ communicating risks between project participants∞ clearly establishing ownership of risk and risk mitigation actions

Recent initiatives have endeavored to formalize the risk management process and, Although views of the risk management process differ some what the main steps are now widely recognized as

The risk management processSetting up the risk management process● assembling the team● defining objectives● identifying constraints●establishing time –scales● planning the risk management process●establishing risk communication

Identifying hazards and accessing risks●identifying things that could harm the project●identifying opportunities that could add value to the project●assessing risk likelihood and consequences

Supporting information ● mission statements ● Project definition studies ● project plans

● hazard lists ●risk registers ● opportunity memos ● risk assessment

22

22

Responding to risks●identifying responses to risk●allocating responsibility for risk and mitigation action●assessing residual risks●monitoring risks and mitigation action

Shutting down the process● comparing project out-turn with objectives●capturing and communicating experience

● cost-benefit assessment of mitigation action

● ownership inventories ● Action plans ● Audit of risk exposure ● Registers of residual risks

●Post project evaluation ● Case histories

This illustrates the information repositories that support the risk management process by● recording the hazards that have been identified and the result of risk assessments● Providing an over view of the risk port folio● informing project players about risk ownership and their responsibilities for risk management● monitoring the progress of risk management actions, and the status of residual risks.

Steps in soft ware-supported risk management for construction industryThe aim of the tool is to add the value to participants in the construction process, including clients, by● recording risks and risk management actions●focusing attention on the most important risks● clarifying risk ownership and responsibilities●providing a common format for risk communication through out the supply chain●providing a convenient and traceable mechanisms for revisiting risk assessments as a project process●disseminating best practice through a comprehensive knowledge base and case studies

Appropriate levels of risk management

Senior management Strategic risk assessments

Program managers Tactical risk assessments

Project managers project risk assessments

Section managers task risk assessments

Bishoftu as a true icon of townscape

The theories of ‘serial vision’ includes ideas of pedisterianization and linking to human scale and urban enjoyment.Some suggests the perception of the town as a pieces of moving scenery hardly enters the head of the person in the street, yet this is what the town is – moving set.

23

23

Some showed this is remarkably evocative way, illustrating an un interrupted sequence of views which would unfold them selves like stills from a film. Iconoclastic artistic techniques in our perspectives.

Emerging concepts of urban space design

Any design study should start with a proper scientific survey, taking in to account, location,, landscape, existing development, services, geology and sub-soil.for villages over all form, circulation, population, employment, density.

“Habitat for houses,” a townscape plan for bishoftu, addis and adama

We have to show that far from being the product only of time, picturesque effect can be generated from response to a particular situation; a certain site with its contours, its climate and local conditions; views out, views in and other visual clues; and above all, a desire on the part of the designers to respond to a place, rather than imposing sterile geometry.

The concept of “habitat for houses”

“people lives in houses, but where do the houses live? If they are homeless, then all we are left with is the typical, endless, featureless suburbia.”Moving in to the next century, they suggest “urbanism of humanism”

Urban parks and open spaces

The town as sanatorium ( medicalisation of towns sun, sky, trees, steel)With out this distinctively participatory and modernist espousal of open air recreation and exposure to the life giving properties of the sun. medicalisation of townsInterest of public lidos,The large area of open space and the opportunities for active leisure and recreation compensation for the unhealthy housing condition in the industrial towns. By including public libraries, open air theaters, and branches of schools.Eg. School gardens and gardening schools, large central meadows of these parks were often used and designed as a communal meeting place.( public meeting of sport groups, political parties and unions)Importance of water features and facilities in parks and possibilities of using new technologies to produce public swimming pools. Due to a series of long hot summers, sport parks and public lido gave expression to new idea about health and well- being.We might expect in this time to produce designs for parks that will some how embody our current concerns with environmental and social sustainability.

The collapse of modernism has been occupied by ecologists and artists. We think/ most known out door life thinkers/ all urban and landscape designers have invented in the 20th century is the car park and the air port.

Regeneration urban development strategic approach1. Sustainability as a key to planning and design

24

24

In recognition by the government and the regional authority the general policy and principles for sustainable development should

provide for the nation’s commercial and industrial development needs, food production, mineral extraction, new houses and other buildings while respecting environmental objectives. use already developed areas in the most effective way, while making them more attractive place in which to live and work. conserve both the cultural heritage and natural resources( including wild life, landscape, water, soil and air quality), taking particular care to safe guard designations of national andd international Shape new development patterns in a way that reduces the need to travel.

2. Sustainability in resolving the development –country side conflicts of bishoftu

The conflict with in the bishoftu town and rural areas can only be eased via a sustainable development supported by a wide spread cultural concern for nature.This requires integrating development with natural processes of the host landscape and bringing people closer to nature.This appearance- dominated understanding of the landscape is a relatively recent reaction against rapid industrialization and a modern movement that has been un sympathetic to local environmental conditions. In response, planners and landscape architects have thought to protect the familiar and cherished scene via protective designations and planning policies.These protective mechanisms were initially designed to protect the cultural values of the landscape, in particular those values derived from its appearance. They were anthropocentric rather than eco-centric mechanisms. that is concerned with the values of the landscape to humans rather than the values of the landscape as a system in its own right. Design policies influencing the form of development have also been dominated by aesthetics.Sustainability via the integration of development with supporting ecosystems has now become, by necessity, public interest.We plan and design as though we are attempting to add to a completed picturesque painting rather than being involved in a dynamic, emerging work.This emphasis creates an in escapable conflict between country side and any thing that may change its appearance.

3. Sustainability as a holistic definition of landscape of bishoftu

Sustainability necessitates a new approach to planning and design.This encompasses all biological, chemical, physical and cultural values and meaning and sees scenery as the evolving result of the interaction between humans ( via agriculture and development) and the environment.At the same time, it accepts the cultural importance of this scenery.A perceptual shift to holistic understanding of landscape would require humans to see themselves as part of nature; it would mean an increased focus on ecological fit and integration; less emphasis on ‘protecting’ and ‘creating’ beauty. And more emphasis on perpetuating those natural and cultural process where by beautiful landscape arose in the first place.

3.1. planning with in holistic definition of bishoftu landscape

25

25

A holistic definition of landscape would have some profound effects on our approaches to planning and design with in the urban area.The first would be a need to develop the planning tools that we acknowledge the importance of all parts of the landscape and the complex interaction between those parts.The importance of comprehensive policies that integrate the visual and functional dimensions of landscape, and a merging of traditions of landscape assessment and landscape ecology as an essential part of any local authority’s drive for design and environmental quality.Encouraging to see country side councils with its land map process and the country side administration with the environmental capital approach are developing such tools.The challenge of using these tools will be to resist the knee-jerk reaction to add to the stock pile of visual or ecological designations.Planning the urban side on the basis of holistic definition of critical interacting processes, and assessing how best to accommodate development with out harming, even contributing to, those processes.It will not require the identification of further island of scenic beauty and nature so that development can continue un impeded in other places.Instead change must be made to the application-led, development control system. In addition, a more proactive and creative design-based approach to planning is needed in which development is located where it might achieve the best ecological fit with in the host landscape.This will challenge established modes of land acquisition, development and designation.Landscape briefs and frame works will be required to establish the main infrastructures with natural process prior to sale and development of land so that the cost of integration is part of the economic equation from the out set.It would be interesting to carry out an exercise to see where the anticipated housing sites would be located if the criteria of ecological fit were added to the traditional sitting criteria.

3.2. design using a holistic definition of bishoftu landscaping

If using a holistic definition of landscape requires a broader approach to landscape planning, it also widens the scope of what we consider as design.If landscape is scenery, then design that seeks to integrate development with landscape concerns itself primarily with visual issues.If landscape encompasses all biological, chemical, physical and cultural values and meaning, then design, especially landscape design, has to concern itself with all social, ecological, functional and visual interactions with the host landscape. This broader consideration of design has yet to manifest itself in design, policy and guidance. However, it is significant that on sustainable construction, the government acknowledged that there are site-related planning issues that governs the relationship between a development and natural processes.We need to asks whether the development plan system can do more to encourage environmentally sustainable construction.In this context of the argument out lined above, the response has to be that the development plan system must regulate the substantive factors that govern the integration of development with the host landscape.

Policy and guidance may be needed to inform the approach to the following characteristics of development:

26

26

Every efficiency ( including total energy expended in construction, with ramification for material supply, favoring local materials, etc.);Orientations;Shelter( including earth shelter);Shade;Ventilation;Scale;Storm-water treatment;Sewerage treatment;Materials.Consideration of the characteristics of development will become a standard part of design process, and could potentially lead to grater, and earlier, involvement of landscape architects in development projects of the future.

3.3 Resolving the conflict using a holistic definition of landscapeour current approach too planning and design urban and country side is based on balancing economic and environmental pros and cons, and creates an arena of conflict around our town and cities. Our means of resolving that conflict has been to, unsuccessfully, attempt to maintain the myth of rural idyll via visual mitigation, while ring fencing islands of scenic beauty and nature in other places.The ecological and cultural values of urban sides, however, continue to decline and the cultural distance between humans and the nature widens making the sustainability unlikely.

The means of creating a more sustainable urban sides is to plan and design using a holistic definition of landscape with a focus on the relationship between development and all ecological, social, functional and visual attributes of the host landscape.This necessitates fundamental changes in how planning and design presently occurs in urban sides, in particular; less emphasis on visual amenity and more emphasis on the ecological fit of development;continued development and refinement of holistic planning tools that take account of all interactions with in the urban sides;less emphasis on landscape designations and a more creative approach to locating development where the most sustainable ecological fit can be achieved; a design-based approach to planning;a broader consideration of design, to be reflected in government policy that incorporates an ecological dimension in addition to visual, social and functional dimensions;the development of planning policy and guidance that regulates, the relationship between development and the natural processes of the host landscape; a greater awareness of natural process by planner, landscape, architects and architects. It is worth drawing a parallel between the idea of planning and design with in a holistic definition of landscape with the processes that created the vernacular buildings and landscapes that we cherish. Vernacular activity is a response to the environment within the constraints of techniques and skills available and prevailing social conditions.Planning and design which uses a holistic definition of landscape requires a similar response to the environment, limiting the techniques and skills that can be applied in any development to those that are least damaging to the environment. Could it be possible to create new vernacular landscapes which are symbolic of a renewed cultural connection between humans and the environment by emphasizing the link between development and natural process rather than relying solely on appearance?

27

27

A strategic Frame workResearch highlights the need for a strategic frame work with in which the assessment process can be coordinated across the tier of local authority.This frame work should include three essential components: a cross tier forum; strategic scooping and pre-planning; and the production of a stand-alone document.

1.The cross-tier forum: As a central element of the strategic frame work, a working group including representatives from the county, district and parish/borough levels would provide the forum for addressing many of the limitations of present practice. Benefits would include:

the definition of each assessment appropriate to each tier of local authority, promoting a ‘nest’ of complementary assessments; the opportunity for authorities to contribute to assessments at other level; the ineffective ‘top-down’ approach being replaced by a ‘cyclical’ movement of information;

more effective resource use; the sharing of experience and expertise; improvement of the potential for district to contribute to the process; the opportunity for the meaningful contribution of parish level work; raise awareness of new initiatives; improving the confidence with which assessments are undertaken and their outputs used.

2.Scooping and preplanning;The importance of defining the nature and extent of each assessment is emphasized by current guidance, and this scooping and pre-planning would also seen to be appropriate at a strategic level. The uses and requirements at each level of assessment are likely to differ considerably and an over view of the specific context at each tier would provide benefits which include: the anticipation of the unique range of problems and limitation of each assessment; the provision of a structure and scope appropriate to the assessment and its relationship to other assessments; more effective use and targeting of limited resources; a more focused assessment, undertaken with more confidence; an appreciation of the needs of the different users of the assessment output; the initial consideration of the extent and form of appropriate consultation.

3.Stand-alone documents:changing guidance and priorities has undoubtedly affected both counties and districts. Authorities which responded to the countryside will have found some of their work superseded by subsequent guidance. In addition, the priorities at district level have altered, most recently in a move away from defining local landscape designations towards focusing on assessing the character of the whole landscape. This change has led to some inconsistencies and undermined the potential for complementary assessments.The production of a document which is presented independent of policy linkages would have a number of benefits which include: the opportunity for changing priorities to be accommodated and new initiatives embraced; the provision of a publicly accessible document relating to the local landscape; the ability to update by including additions such as ‘tranquil areas’;

28

28

overcoming identified omissions the assessment and limitations at a later date; a document unconstrained by attachment to current policies and strategies; the context to which it may be adapted are maximized.That different users require different outputs is also an important consideration; by providing a stand-alone document which may be linked to its various applications, transparency and accessibility are maximized and confusing or irrelevant information can be avoided, all of which encourages public use.

BeautifulImmaculateScenicHospitableOmni-competentFuturisticTouristyUrbanizeConservation Based, Sound management and efficient utilization for improved quality of life. A habitable Bishoftu

29

29