BIRTH & FUTURE OF MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF … · COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PROTEIN FOLDING Fold...
Transcript of BIRTH & FUTURE OF MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF … · COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PROTEIN FOLDING Fold...
Nobel Lectures, Stockholm8 December 2013
Michael LevittStructural Biology & Computer Science
Stanford
BIRTH & FUTURE OF MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF MACROMOLECULES
http://csb.stanford.edu/levitt ©Michael Levitt 13
SUMMARY1. How It All Began.
2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.
3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.
4. Some General Thoughts.©Michael Levitt 13
1.0 ©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
1951: PAULING THE GREAT CHEMIST
1951The alpha-helix 1901-1994
1953: FRANCIS CRICK
1916-2004
DNA Model and Experiment©Michael Levitt 13
First protein X-ray structure.
1959: KENDREW AND MYOGLOBINScientific American 1961
Painted by artist Irving Geis
1917-1997
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
1962: PERUTZ AND HEMOGLOBIN
The REAL HERO of structural biology.1914-2002
©Michael Levitt 13
1965: PHILLIPS AND LYSOZYME
Early supporter of Computational Biology
1924-1999
1943-1945: LOS ALAMOS
The Birth of the Monte Carlo Method.
http://trace.ntu.ac.uk/frame2/articles/borg/JvN.html ©Michael Levitt 13
LIQUIDS: ARGON & WATER
©Michael Levitt 13
Argon is like a collection of hard spheres. Each Argon has
12 to 14 neighbors.
Water has an open structure. Due to tetrahedral geometry,
each water has 4 to 5 neighbors.Molecular Simulation.
Aneesur Rahman1927-1987
1. How It All Began.
2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.
3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.
4. Some General Thoughts.
SUMMARY SO FAR
©Michael Levitt 13
2. BIRTH OF COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL
BIOLOGY©Michael Levitt 134.3
KENDREW, ME & ISRAEL
©Michael Levitt 13
Nobel Prize in 1962Gave TV Series in 1964
Sent me to Israel in 1967
BBC TV Winter 1964
SHNEIOR LIFSON 1914-2001
©Michael Levitt 13Weizmann Institute 1967-68
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
BIOLOGY IS DETAILED INTERACTIONS
Myoglobin 1961 Lysozyme 1966
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
MOLECULAR POTENTIAL ENERGY
UUSimple sumover manyterms
U
r
r+ -
rU
rU
T
All Bonds All Angles
All partial charges
All Nonbonded pairs
All Torsion Angles
Hooke 1635
Fourier 1768
Van der Waals 1837
Coulomb 1736
MOVING OVER ENERGY SURFACEx
Energ
y,U
Position
EM: Energy Minimizationdrops into local minimum.
MD: Molecular Dynamics uses thermal energy to move smoothly over surface.
MC: Monte Carlo Moves are random. Accept with probability exp (-ΔU/kT).
©Michael Levitt 13
NMD: Normal Mode Dynamics vibrates about minimum.
Euclid 325 BC
Galileo 1564
Newton 1643
Metropolis 1915
©Michael Levitt 13
EINSTEIN* ON SIMPLIFICATION
“Everything Should Be Made As SimpleAs It Can Be, But Not Simpler”
*Einstein may have crafted this aphorism, but there is no directevidence in his writings. He did express a similar idea in a lecture but not concisely. Roger Sessions was a key figure in the propagation of
the saying. In fact, he may have crafted it when he attempted toparaphrase an idea imparted by Einstein.
©Michael Levitt 13http://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/05/13/einstein-simple/
All Non-Hydrogen Atoms 1969Atom Groups 1975All Atoms & Electrons 1976All Atoms & Water 1988
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
MACROMOLECULAR ENERGY MINIMIZATION
First protein structure refinement
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PROTEIN FOLDING
Fold protein with 1000 steps of minimization.
Escape from local minima with normal modes jumps.
GLYψi
ASPVAL
ALA
φi φi+1
Reduced models
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMIC REACTIONS
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
THE FIRST MOVIE OF PROTEIN DYNAMICS (1979)
©Michael Levitt 13
PROTEIN MOLECULAR DYNAMICS IN WATER 1988
©Michael Levitt 1316.8
©Michael Levitt 13
ACCURATE SIMULATION OF PROTEIN DYNAMICS IN SOLUTION
In Water
In Vacuo
ñ-HELIX MOLECULAR DYNAMICS IN WATER 1990
©Michael Levitt 13
1. How It All Began.
2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.
3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.
4. Some General Thoughts.©Michael Levitt 13
SUMMARY SO FAR
3. FUTURE: MULTI-SCALE DYNAMICS OF HUGE STRUCTURES
©Michael Levitt 1316.9
©Michael Levitt 13
MARKOV STATE DYNAMICS OF RNA POLYMERASE II
©Michael Levitt 13
Xuhui Huang
Daniel Silva
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
Jenelle Bray
Junjie Zhang
COARSE-GRAINED & ALL-ATOM NORMAL MODE DYNAMICS OF ENTIRE RIBOSOME
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
Peter Minary
Adelene Sim
NATURAL MOVE MONTE CARLO
Move any part of system:AtomsNucleotidesBase PairsHairpin HelicesMany Helices togetherAll of these
Natural Moves allow a hierarchy of moves.One calculation can combine all the different scales.
Bases Pairs Bases Pairs & Helices
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
ANTIBODY HUMANIZATION
©Michael Levitt 11
CDR Residues
Antibody
QUEEN
Antibody
CDR Residues
WINTER
Seven employees living in Nevada next to Lake Tahoe.
BREADTH OR LACK OF FOCUS?
Ivan Ufimtsev
Nir KalismanLarge Complexes.
Andrea Scaiewicz Compare Genomes.
Yana GofmanMembrane Proteins.
X Ray Phase Problem.
-
©Michael Levitt 13
1. How It All Began.
2. Birth of Computational Structural Biology.
3. Future: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Huge Systems.
4. Some General Thoughts.
SUMMARY SO FAR
©Michael Levitt 1322.5
©Michael Levitt 13
LAPTOP10 GB1 GHz$4,0002013
HALL1 MB0.1 MHz$40M1967
SIZEMEMORYSPEEDCOSTDATE
HOW COMPUTERS HAVE CHANGED
10,00010,00010,00010,000CHANGE
If cars were like computers, then a new Volvo would cost $3, would have a top speed of 1,000,000 Km/hr, would carry 50,000
adults and would park in a shoebox.©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
MOM RINA
MY MOTHER, MY WIFE
©Michael Levitt 13
You know the old saying? “Behind every successful man
there is a
©Michael Levitt 13
surprised wife”
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13
BEGINNER SEA-KAYAKING ALONE
30.3 KmUtö
OrnöOrnö Kyrke
Store
“Paradise”
First Beach
Rest Stop
Kayak Rental
IT WAS A PARADISE
©Michael Levitt 13
ADVICE TO THE YOUNG
©Michael Levitt 13©Michael Levitt 13
BE ORIGINALBE PERSISTENTBE PASSIONATE
BE KIND & GOOD
©Michael Levitt 13
MENTOR IN ISRAEL
©Michael Levitt 13Shneior Lifson
MENTORS IN CAMBRIDGE
Bob Diamond Aaron Klug
Francis Crick
Max Perutz
John Kendrew
©Michael Levitt 13
UKUkraineUruguayUSA
RussiaSingaporeSpainSweden
HungaryIndia IsraelPakistan
CanadaChinaFranceGermany
Recent Research Support: NIH, NSF, HFSP
PAST & PRESENT GROUP
©Michael Levitt 13
PhD StudentsMiriam HirshbergChris LeeBritt ParkDave HindsEnoch HuangJerry TsaiYu XiaMichael SykesRachel KolodnyNizar BatadaSergio Moreno
Dahlia WeissGaurav ChopraAdelene Sim
Post DocsS. SubbiahValerie DaggettPeter DavidMark GersteinSteven BrennerBoris FainChen Keasar
Golan YonaRam SamudralaTanya RaschkePatrice KoehlErik SandelinChris Summa Erik Lindahl Julian Gough Peter Minary Gunnar Schroeder Karine Bastard
Avraham Samson Xuhui Huang Julie Bernauer Alena Shmygelska Mitul Saha Andrea ScaiewitzJenelle BrayMarie BrutJunjie ZhangLeonid PereyaslavetsYana GofmanIvan Ufimtsev
Sven Lidin
Måns Ehrenberg
Jan-Erling Bäckvall
Gunnar Karlström
Sara Snogerup Linse
Astrid Gräslund©Michael Levitt 13
NOBEL COMMITTEE IN CHEMISTRY
©Michael Levitt 13
©Michael Levitt 13