Birds of India ENVIS-Center Bombay Natural History Society.
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Transcript of Birds of India ENVIS-Center Bombay Natural History Society.
![Page 1: Birds of India ENVIS-Center Bombay Natural History Society.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d9e5503460f94a88ec3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Birds of India
ENVIS-Center
Bombay Natural History Society
![Page 2: Birds of India ENVIS-Center Bombay Natural History Society.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d9e5503460f94a88ec3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What are Birds?
• Warm blooded animals – body covered with feather – which can fly, swim and walk – lay eggs – shows parental care
• They evolved from dinosaurs millions of years ago
• The first bird is called as Archaeopteryx
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Some facts about the birds
• Birds are found all over the world - Antarctic and Arctic to Deserts of Sahara and Kalhari, Tropical South America and Africa to Himalayan forest and Pelagic islands
• They can tolerate extreme cold and extreme heat
• They migrate long distances – Arctic Tern trips from North Pole to South Pole twice a year
• Some migrate non-stop over the oceans – Bar-tailed Godwit
• Some flies at very high altitude – Bar-headed Geese were observed at an altitude of 20,000 feet above sea level
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Diversity of the Birds
• There are about 10,000 species of birds found all over the world
• Of them 1400 species found in South Asia
• 1200 found in India
• 565 + found in Maharashtra
• 350 found in and around Mumbai
• According to our study there were 140 bird species in New Mumbai
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Indian Pond-heron Ardeola grayii
• Very common bird found near water bodies
• Mainly feeds on fish, frogs and aquatic insects
• During breeding season get very attractive golden plumage
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Indian Shikra Accipiter badius
• One of the common birds of prey found in countryside and in forests
• Feeds on small birds, lizards and frogs
• Specialised hunter and hunt the birds in midair.
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Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela
• One of the huge birds of prey. Found mainly in well wooded streams in forests
• Specialised in killing reptiles such as snakes and larger reptiles
• Build huge nests on big trees
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White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus
• Commonly found near water in marshes and swamps.
• Known for its chorus call during breeding season
• Its long legs and fingers enable it to walk on floating vegetaion
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Barn Owl Tyto alba
• Wide spread through out the world. Except Antarctica and remote pelagic islands
• Specialised rodent hunter. 90% food contains mice.
• Very common bird in Mumbai
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Greater Coucal Centrops sinensis
• Very strong and effective hunter feeds on various types of animals such as rats, lizards, frogs, insects and small birds
• Member of cuckoo family but makes its own nest and takes care of the eggs and offsprings
• Considered as good omen if seen during morning
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Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala
• Common bird found in gardens and well wooded areas
• Famous for its typical call from which it gots its name
• Feeds especially on fig fruits
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White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis
• Found near water bodies, streams, fields and water logged areas
• Feeds on variety of animals such as fish, frogs, large insects, lizards, small snakes etc.
• Known for its magnificent colours and patience for catching the prey
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Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis
• As the name suggests it eats honey bees, wasps dragonflies and other insects.
• Most of the hunting is carried out on wings
• They live in small flocks and hunt together or solitarily
• Very interesting roosting behaviour – they sit in closely tight flocks in green leafy trees.
• Communal breeding sites
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Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis
• Nests on Palmera Palms
• Highly dependent on palm and could have co-evolved with it
• Feeds in air itself live in large colonies
• Nests on palm in colonies
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Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach
• Local migrant to our region during winters
• Small bird of prey feeds on insects, frogs, lizards and small birds
• Peculiar habit of hanging the food remains on thorny bushes – therefore also called as Butcher Bird
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Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus (somervillei)
• Live in groups of 7-9 birds. They are mainly members of same clan
• Hunt in groups feeds on insects and berries
• Communal nesting behaviour – 2-3 females lay eggs in single nest
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Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer
• Commonly found in well wooded and moist areas.
• Feeds on fruits, berries and occasionally on insects
• Famous for
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Purple-rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica
• One of the beautiful birds of India, found every where
• Can be seen easily over the flowers sucking nectar
• Works as pollinator for many flowering plants
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Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile
• One of the smallest birds of India
• Very active and agile bird
• Very important factor in forest ecosystem works as pollinator for many flowering plants
![Page 20: Birds of India ENVIS-Center Bombay Natural History Society.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d9e5503460f94a88ec3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Oriental Magpie-robin Copsycus saularis
• One of the songster birds of India
• Prefers wooded areas• Feeds exclusively on
insects• Male sings melodious
songs during breeding season
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Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus
• Commonly found in forested areas.
• Famous for mimicking calls of other birds
• Some times steals food from other birds by mimicking predators call
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Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda
• Commonly found in forests and well wooded areas.
• Hunt in pairs of parties
• Predator of chicks and eggs of small birds
![Page 23: Birds of India ENVIS-Center Bombay Natural History Society.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d9e5503460f94a88ec3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Threatened Birds of India
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Why birds are threatened
• Habitat Destruction
• Expansion of Agriculture
• Rapid Industrialization
• Poaching and Trade
• Global Warming and Climate Change
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Categories of threatened birds
- Extinct – not seen at least for 50 years- Critically Endangered – likely to be extinct- Endangered – high risk of extinction- Vulnerable – risk of extinction- Near threatened – close to vulnerable- Least Concern – not qualify any of the above- Data deficient – no information available
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Threatened Birds Scenario
Species World India
Critically Endangered 181 9
Endangered 351 12
Vulnerable 674 59
Near Threatened 795 58
Total 2001 138
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Critically Endangered
• In Central India we have 9 species of the birds which come under this category
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White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis
• This species is widely distributed in India
• Till late 1990 it was in abundant but declined rapidly
• Cause – veterinary use of diclofenac for livestock
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Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus
• This species is also widely distributed in India
• Like White-backed Vultures their population declined rapidly after 1990
• Cause – veterinary use of diclofenac for cattle
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Jerdon's Courser Rhinptilus bitorquatus
• This is endemic bird found in south-eastern Andhra Pradesh. Earlier known from few places in Central India from Godavari River basin.
• Habitat specialist bird found only in scrub forest
• Threats – habitat destruction because of human activities
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Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti
• This bird is endemic to Satpuda Mountains known from only from six places in Central India. Because of the Forest Owlet, the Central Indian Forests come under Endemic Bird Area
• Only found in dry deciduous forests
• Threats – habitat destruction for fuel wood, illicit wood cutting, overgrazing and direct persecution by tribal
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Endangered
• We have 12 bird species which come under this category
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Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps
• Historically spread all over Indian subcontinent. Now restricted to only a few places in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
• Habitat specialist birds representative of Grassland
• Threats – expansion of agriculture, habitat fragmentation, overgrazing, pesticides and hunting
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Vulnerable
• We have 59 species which come under this category
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Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis
• The species found all over India in large wetlands
• The population is declining very fast
• Threats – destruction of nesting habitat, drainage and pollution of wetlands and dearth of food
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Sarus Crane Grus antigone
• Historically widespread all over south Asia and Australia. Now declining all over its range
• Threats - primarily threatened by a combination of habitat loss and modification (owing primarily to agricultural expansion), pollution and persecution
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Near Threatened
• We have 58 species which fall under this category
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Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala
• Widespread and locally common resident in South east Asia
• It frequents freshwater marshes, lakes and reservoirs, flooded fields, paddy fields, freshwater swamp forests, riverbanks, intertidal mudflats and saltpans
• Threats - habitat loss, disturbance, pollution and hunting of adults and collection of eggs and nestlings from colonies is cause for concern
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Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor
• Found only in Asia and African Continent
• Every year 10% population decline is observed in Africa. It breeds in Little Run of Katch in Gujarat
• After breeding, disperse over Indian Subcontinent
• Threats – water pollution, disturbance to nesting sites and habitat destruction