Bipolar Ionization Destroys Harmful Aviation Gases, Odors and …€¦ · Bipolar Ionization...
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Review Article From Rural to Urban: Archaeological Research in the Periphery of Huari, Ayacucho Valley, Peru Lidio M. Valdez 1 and J. Ernesto Valdez 2 1 MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada 2 Universidad de Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru Correspondence should be addressed to Lidio M. Valdez; [email protected] Received 12 July 2016; Accepted 16 October 2016; Published 13 February 2017 Academic Editor: Benjamin Campbell Copyright © 2017 Lidio M. Valdez and J. Ernesto Valdez. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For hundreds upon hundreds of years, humans lived in small settlements where most individuals, if not all, were linked by kinship ties. Many of these villages were occupied for generations and thus their occupants had a strong connection to the place. e villages were politically and economically autonomous, yet they were connected with adjacent villages by means of barter and intermarriage. Within a relatively short period of time, centuries-long occupied small villages were leſt vacant and replaced by fewer but much larger settlements identified as cities. In contrast to the rural based villages, cities began to house much larger numbers of residents, who not only were unfamiliar with each other but also were mainly concerned with their own well-being. Recent archaeological research carried out in the immediate periphery of Huari provides crucial information that indicates that the growth of Huari paralleled the abandonment of rural villages apparently in the midst of increasing conflict. e rural settlement of Huaqanmarka was occupied for several centuries, yet it was abandoned within a short period of time simultaneously with the desertion of other adjacent settlements. 1. Introduction e emergence of urban centers represents a significant departure from the previous centuries-old rural-oriented pattern ([1], 117). By their nature, urban centers are large and house populations in the thousands ([2], 527-528; [3], 11; [4], 310-311), most of whom are nonkin related and whose main activity is distant from agriculture. Instead, urban centers are occupied by bureaucrats specialized in a variety of activities that include state administration, merchants, and craſt specialists, in addition to military and religious personnel. Additional important features of urban centers are that their residents are class divided and have different ethnic backgrounds. Ever since their initial establishment, cities continue thriving as an ever growing number of families arrive within their confines [4–8]. Archaeological research has shown that, in the distant past, cities arose for the first time only in a few regions ([9], 400; [10]), western central South America being one of them [11–13]. However, questions remain with regard to why and under what circumstances cities (and states) emerged in the first place [14–24]. Likewise, for the particular case of the Central Andes, what is still little understood are the reasons that triggered the abandonment of the small villages, occupied by generations, in order to embrace a totally new pattern of living. Huari 1 is one of the largest archaeological sites in western South America ([25], 122, [26], 131, [27], 1-2, [28], 93, [29], 81). Found in the Peruvian central highland valley of Ayacucho (Figure 1) [28, 30–39] and at an elevation that ranges between 2,500 and 2,900 m asl., Huari appears to have been initially established around the turn of the Common Era (CE) and began to rapidly grow about the year 550 CE ([40], 20-21, 36- 37; [32]). During the following three centuries, the settlement experienced an unprecedented transformation; it became not only the single largest settlement of the Ayacucho Valley 2 , but also the most influential of the entire Central Andes ([28, 41], [40], 38; [37, 39]). Researchers argue that this radical change at Huari occurred parallel to the establishment of a centralized politi- cal authority centered at the site, named the Wari State ([37], Hindawi Journal of Anthropology Volume 2017, Article ID 3597297, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3597297
Transcript of Bipolar Ionization Destroys Harmful Aviation Gases, Odors and …€¦ · Bipolar Ionization...
Bipolar Ionization Destroys Harmful Aviation Gases, Odors and Pollutants
DEMANDS FOR AIR TRAVELDemand for air travel is at an all-time high and growing at an unprecedented rate. In one month airlines can carry over 73 million passengers, and that number is likely to increase. Countless passengers pass through airports, and a key component of serving them is to maintain healthy, comfortable indoor air quality. However, as the rate of air travel climbs, levels of indoor air pollution at airports increases, due to aircraft emissions, ground level emissions, cleaning products, catering and a variety of other activities.
THE NEED FOR HELIPORTSHelicopters have proven to be an effective means of transporting injured persons from the scene of an accident to a hospital and in transferring patients in critical need of specialized services from one hospital to another hospital having that capability. A functional hospital heliport may be as simple as a cleared area on the ground, together with a windsock and a clear approach/departure path. However, elevator penthouses, cooling towers, exhaust vents, fresh air vents, and other raised features can impact heliport operations. The exhausts from helicopters has a direct impact on building air quality if the heliport is too close to fresh air vents.
AIR POLLUTANTS and CONTAMINANT SOURCESMany of the pollutants generated at transportation facilities are particulate matter (PM) that is microscopic in size, much smaller than a strand of human hair. The particulate is either swept indoors through ventilation systems or produced within the indoor space. The small particulate can be inhaled or swallowed, and this can lead to potential health issues — since some of the pollutants are known to have a harmful effect on human beings.
The constant flow of human traffic can undoubtedly have an impact on airport and heliport pollutants. However, the primary — and most dangerous — sources of indoor air pollution and odor are from exhaust from aircraft and diesel engines, direct fuel emissions from refueling aircraft, along with larger dust particles from brakes, tires, asphalt, soil, etc. The principal pollutants can be divided into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), inorganic gases like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Given the toxic cocktail that is emitted into the air in and around airports, it is clear that air purification plays a critical role in maintaining safe and clean indoor air.
Application Brief: Aviation
DEMANDS FOR AIR TRAVELDemand for air travel is at an all-time high and growing at an unprecedented rate. In one month airlines can carry over 73 million passengers, and that number is likely to increase. Countless passengers pass through airports, and a key component of serving them is to maintain healthy, comfortable indoor air quality. However, as the rate of air travel climbs, levels of indoor air pollution at airports increases, due to aircraft emissions, ground level emissions, cleaning products, catering and a variety of other activities.
THE NEED FOR HELIPORTSHelicopters have proven to be an effective means of transporting injured persons from the scene of an accident to a hospital and in transferring patients in critical need of specialized services from one hospital to another hospital having that capability. A functional hospital heliport may be as simple as a cleared area on the ground, together with a windsock and a clear approach/departure path. However, elevator penthouses, cooling towers, exhaust vents, fresh air vents, and other raised features can impact heliport operations. The exhausts from helicopters has a direct impact on building air quality if the heliport is too close to fresh air vents.
BIPOLAR IONIZATION - THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO CLEAN THE AIRPlasma Air solutions have been successfully deployed in airports, heliports and other similar indoor environments, to improve IAQ and ensure the health, safety and positive experience of travelers, flight crew, and employees. Plasma Air’s cutting-edge air purification solutions utilize bipolar ionization technology and are designed to provide significant reductions in air pollutants, odors, and hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
In independent third party testing, Plasma Air products have demonstrated dramatic reductions in indoor VOCs, virtually eliminating them entirely in a majority of cases. After a mere one-hour of running Plasma Air ionization equipment, more than 95% of all VOCs in the air were completely neutralized. A fast, simple and effective solution, Plasma Air technology is an exceptional choice for enhancing air quality in an airport environment.
AIR POLLUTANTS and CONTAMINANT SOURCESMany of the pollutants generated at transportation facilities are particulate matter (PM) that is microscopic in size, much smaller than a strand of human hair. The particulate is either swept indoors through ventilation systems or produced within the indoor space. The small particulate can be inhaled or swallowed, and this can lead to potential health issues — since some of the pollutants are known to have a harmful effect on human beings.
The constant flow of human traffic can undoubtedly have an impact on airport and heliport pollutants. However, the primary — and most dangerous — sources of indoor air pollution and odor are from exhaust from aircraft and diesel engines, direct fuel emissions from refueling aircraft, along with larger dust particles from brakes, tires, asphalt, soil, etc. The principal pollutants can be divided into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), inorganic gases like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Given the toxic cocktail that is emitted into the air in and around airports, it is clear that air purification plays a critical role in maintaining safe and clean indoor air.
CONTAMINANT SOURCE EFFECT
Carbon Monoxide Jet and diesel engines Dizziness, headache, nausea
Oxides of Nitrogen By-product of fuel combustion - jet and diesel engines, power generators
Inflames the lining of lungs, wheezing, coughing, reduces immunity to lunginfections
Oxides of Sulfur Found in fuel, jet and diesel engines, power generators
Irritates the nose, throat, and airways to cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a tight feeling around the chest
Hydrocarbons By-products from burning fuels such as diesel
Respiratory issues, headache, dizzinessCan be carcinogenic and mutagenic
Aldehydes Diesel fuel Acute irritant effects, respiratory issues
©Plasma AirPA-COM-APP-001
35 MELROSE PLACE, STAMFORD, CT 06902203-662-0800 www.plasma-air.com [email protected]
How Plasma Air Ionization Works
Pollutants in the air are destroyed as they pass through the ductwork and over the plasma field.
1 The ions also charge airborne particles, such as smoke, dust and pollen – causing them to cluster together and be filtered out of the air stream.
3Plasma tubes produce millions of positively and negatively charged ions. These ions travel into the occupied space, neutralizing VOCs, bacteria and viruses.
2
MOLD DANDERVOCs DUSTPOLLEN VIRUSBACTERIA
OCCUPIED SPACEIN-DUCT
HOW IT WORKSPlasma Air ionization equipment is typically mounted in the central air conditioning system; either in the air handling unit itself or on the main supply ductwork.
Plasma Air has been deployed in IAQ projects throughout the United States:
PROJECT EQUIPMENT INSTALLED CFM TREATED PROBLEM SOLVED
LAX Airport TBIT Terminal
Plasma Air – 50 Series 1,180,000 IAQ improvements & jet fume exhaust odors
JFK Airport TWA Flight Center Hotel
Plasma Air – 50 Series 95,000 *in 11 AHUs
Airport Odors/Fumes *AHUs treat OA for hotel amenities, f light center and conference center areas
Airport Odors/Fumes *AHUs treat OA for lobby and restaurant areas
Valley 911 Call Center Plasma Air – 50 Series 42,000 Diesel fumes
Van Nuys Airport Plasma Air – 50 Series 93,000 Jet fume exhaust odors from heliport
LA Fire Station Plasma AirMini Scrubber(s)
17,200 Jet fuel exhaust fumes
LAX Airport Fire Station Plasma Air – 50 Series 11,000 IAQ improvements & jet fume exhaust odors
