Bipolar Disorder and Lithium Prescribing Dr Stuart Adams Consultant Psychiatrist Cheam CMHT.
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Transcript of Bipolar Disorder and Lithium Prescribing Dr Stuart Adams Consultant Psychiatrist Cheam CMHT.
Q1: Indicate whether the following statements are True or False:-
• Valproate should never be prescribed in women of child bearing age (T/F)
• Bipolar disorder has a prevalence rate of 1% (T/F)
• Lithium reduces the risk of suicidal behaviour in patients with bipolar disorder (T/F)
• Antidepressants should always be discontinued in patients presenting with mania (T/F)
Q2: The following are side effects of lithium treatment:-
1. Blurred vision (T/F)2. Hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism
(T/F)3. Increased Gastrointestinal disturbances
(T/F) (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea)4. Muscle weakness (T/F)5. Polyuria, polydypsia (T/F)6. Fine Tremor (T/F)
Q3: Which of the drugs listed below have potential risk of causing lithium toxicity if given with Lithium:-
1. Carbamazepine (T/F)
2. SSRI (T/F)
3. ACE inhibitors (T/F)
4. Antipsychotics (T/F)
5. Antacids without sodium bicarbonate (T/F)
Bipolar disorder is complex…
• Bipolar disorder is an episodic, potentially life-long, disabling disorder that can be difficult to diagnose
• Need to improve recognition, reduce sub-optimal care and improve long-term outcomes
• There is variation in management of care across healthcare settings
How to diagnose…..
•Bipolar disorder is a cyclical mood disorder•Abnormally elevated mood or irritability
alternates with depressed mood–bipolar I – at least one manic or mixed episode–bipolar II – at least one major depressive episode
and at least one hypomanic episode
Presentation Key features
Mania Elevated, expansive or irritable mood
With or without psychotic symptoms
Marked impairment in functioning
Hypomania Elevated, expansive or irritable mood
No psychotic symptoms
Less impairment of functioning
Depression Mild, moderate or severe
With or without psychotic symptoms
Rapid cycling At least four episodes in 1 year
Mixed states Manic and depressive features present during same episode
Incidence and prevalence…..• Annual incidence– 7 per 100,000
• Estimated lifetime prevalence – bipolar I
– 4–16 per 1000
• Peak onset between 15 and 19 years of age• Suicide– bipolar I – 17% attempt suicide– bipolar disorder – 0.4% die annually by suicide
Co-morbidity is common…..
• Anxiety – 30–50%
• Substance misuse disorders (drugs and alcohol) – 30–50%
• Personality disorders, in particular borderline personality disorder (exercise caution when diagnosing)
Primary care management….
• Refer to confirm diagnosis…..– Consider EIT referral
• Pharmacological management– Treat the acute phase
• Monitor….
Treat the acute phase…..
•Consider an antipsychotic if:
–manic symptoms are severe
–there is marked behavioural disturbance
•Consider valproate or lithium if:
–there has been previous response and good compliance with one of these drugs
•Consider lithium if:
–symptoms are less severe
Initiate long-term pharmacological treatment…
• After a manic episode with significant risk and adverse consequences
• Bipolar I: two or more acute episodes• Bipolar II: evidence of significant functional
impairment or risk of suicide or frequently recurring episodes
Choose long-term drugs…..•Base choice of lithium, olanzapine or valproate* on:
–previous response–risk and precipitants of manic versus depressive
relapse –physical risk factors–patient preference and history of adherence–cognitive state assessment if appropriate
•* Valproate should not be prescribed routinely for women of child-bearing potential
Support long-term pharmacological treatment…
• Ensure prescribing advisers are aware of NICE guidance, and what to consider when choosing treatment
• Focus on optimising appropriate long-term treatment
• Support service user education and empowerment in pharmacological treatment and management decisions
• Make use of early intervention teams, regional mental health trusts and CAMHS teams
Use antidepressants with care….
Acute manic phase •Stop antidepressants at onset of acute manic phase and decide if discontinuation is abrupt or gradual based on:
–current clinical need–previous experience of discontinuation/withdrawal
symptoms–the risk of discontinuation/withdrawal symptoms
Consider need for treatment…
• Is long-term antidepressant treatment needed after an acute depressive episode?
• No evidence for reduced relapse rates• May be associated with increased risk of
mania
Consider psychological therapy…
•For those who are stable, individual structured psychological therapy should include:
–at least 16 sessions over 6 to 9 months–psychoeducation –promotion of medication adherence –monitoring of mood, detection of early warnings
and prevention strategies –coping strategies
Take possible pregnancy into account
• Valproate should not be used routinely for women who may become pregnant. It may:
– cause foetal abnormalities– affect the child’s cognitive development
• If prescribed, ensure adequate contraception. Explain risks during pregnancy and to the health of the unborn child
• An antipsychotic may be used with caution
Mitigate drug-related weight gain
•Review medication strategy and consider:–dietary advice and support –advising regular increased aerobic exercise–referring to a specialist mental health diet clinic or
health delivery group–referring to a dietitian if needed for people with
complex co-morbidities
Review annually
Over the course of the year an annual review should include:• lipid levels, including cholesterol, in patients over 40• plasma glucose levels• weight• smoking status and alcohol use• blood pressure
Indications for using Lithium:
1. Bipolar Affective disorder Type 1
2. Treatment of Unipolar Depression
3. Reducing suicidal risk and suicidal behaviour
4. Other licensed uses include• treatment of aggressive or self-mutilating behaviour .
5. Unlicensed uses include • the prevention and treatment of steroid induced psychosis
• the elevation of the white blood cell count in patients prescribed clozapine.
Actions:1. Patients prescribed lithium are
monitored in accordance with NICE guidance
NICE specifies lithium blood levels are used to adjust dosage at least every 3 months and that thyroid function tests and renal function tests are undertaken every 6 months.
This level of monitoring is required as clinically observable side effects may not be apparent even with toxic levels
Actions:2. There are systems in place to
ensure that the results of blood tests are communicated between laboratories and prescribers.
Whether in primary or acute setting, levels must be available when dosing decisions are taken
Actions:3. At the start of lithium therapy
and throughout their treatment patients receive appropriate ongoing verbal and written information and a record book to track lithium blood levels and relevant clinical tests.
The NPSA with POMH-UK have developed support material for this action
Side effects:
• Fine Tremor• Gastrointestinal
disturbances• Polyuria, polydypsia• Weight gain &
oedema
• Hair loss, Acne, Psoriasis: precipitated and exacerbated
• Hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia
Toxic effects: (Most patients experience toxic effects with levels above 1.5mmol/L)
• Blurred vision• Increased Gastrointestinal disturbances
(anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea)• Muscle weakness• CNS disturbances (drowsiness, lethargy,
ataxia, coarse tremor, impaired co-ordination, dysarthia)
Actions:4. Prescribers and pharmacists
check that blood test are being monitored regularly and that test results are safe before issuing or dispensing repeat prescriptions.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) will describe clear processes for both prescribing and dispensing that must be adhered to if monitoring falls below safe standards or patient are unwilling to share information.
Actions:5. Systems are in place to identify
and deal with medicines that might adversely interact with lithium therapy.
SOPs, decision support systems, patient medication records, patient records, inpatient charts, medication administration records reflect the need to identify and deal with potential interacting medicines whether on prescription or brought over-the-counter
Common Drugs that Lithium shows Interaction with are:
1. Analgesics: Excretion of Lithium is reduced by NSAIDS e.g. Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin
2. ACE inhibitors by reducing Glomerular perfusion pressure increases re absorption of lithium and hence, toxicity.
3. Diuretics e.g. Frusemide: increased toxicity with medications that cause sodium depletion.
Common Drugs that Lithium shows Interaction with are:
4. Anti-epileptics: Neurotoxic effect with Carbamazepine
5. Anti Psychotics: Neurotoxic and increased risk of extra pyramidal side effects but can be used with caution
6. Anti Depressants: increase lithium toxicity with SSRI’s, Venlafaxine, and Tricyclics.
7. Antacids: excretion of lithium is increased by sodium bicarbonate
The Lithium Booklet
• 24 page booklet with:– details of the patient– supporting health provider
services – current drug therapy
• Provides information each patient must know and understand in order to make lithium therapy safe.
The Lithium Alert Card• Credit card size• Carried by the patient at all times. • Informs healthcare professionals that the patient is taking a specific
brand of lithium and provides details of contacts in an emergency.
Q1: Indicate whether the following statements are True or False:-
• Valproate should never be prescribed in women of child bearing age FALSE
• Bipolar disorder has a prevalence rate of 1%TRUE
• Lithium reduces the risk of suicidal behaviour in patients with bipolar disorder TRUE
• Antidepressants should always be discontinued in patients presenting with mania TRUE
Q2: The following are side effects of lithium treatment:-
1. Blurred vision FALSE (toxicity)2. Hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism
TRUE3. Increased Gastrointestinal disturbances
FALSE (toxicity) 4. Muscle weakness FALSE (toxicity)5. Polyuria, polydypsia TRUE6. Fine Tremor TRUE
Q3: Which of the drugs listed below have potential risk of causing lithium toxicity if given with Lithium:-
1. Carbamazepine TRUE
2. SSRI TRUE
3. ACE inhibitors TRUE
4. Antipsychotics TRUE
5. Antacids without sodium bicarbonate FALSE