• Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life)– Plants– Animals– Fungi– Insects– …etc.

• Abiotic - nonliving components of an ecosystem (a- = without, bio- = life)– Water– Wind– Precipitation– Soil– …etc.

Organization of Ecosystem• Population - all the individuals of the same

species living in the same area. – Area = habitat – place where organism lives

• Community - all the populations living in a certain area.

• Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts of an area.

• Biome – well characterized type of ecosystem• Biosphere - zone of the Earth that supports all life.

Interaction of individual and environment

• Can only live in a certain range of each environmental factor– Ex. Temperature, pH, salt, air content, type of diet

etc.• Graph showing the range which an individual

can live in = Tolerance curve

http://library.thinkquest.org/28343/media/graphics/rangtole.gif

Niche

• Role or job each species has in the ecosystem• Sum of all the tolerance curves and

interactions with biotic and abiotic factors– The ranges in which an organism can live for every

abiotic factor– Interactions with other species

http://nichefinder.maxupdates.tv/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/micro-niche-websites1.jpg

http://digitaljournal.com/img/6/8/7/0/1/4/i/9/5/7/o/Emperor_Penguins.jpg

Populations of organisms

• Populations of a species in an area are limited in number.– By what?– Biotic

• Predation, competition, some disease, food– Abiotic

• Temperature, terrain, elevation, sunlight, water

Limiting Factors – restrict organisms in certain environments. Affect numbers, distribution,

reproduction, and even existence.

Populations

• Carrying capacity – based on limiting factors, the number of organisms in a population that the environment can support.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/SimCity_4_cover.jpg/250px-SimCity_4_cover.jpg

HonorsBiology-ville

• Limiting Factors?• Carrying capacity?

Population Growth

• How do populations grow when there is a carrying capacity (there are limiting factors)?

• How would a wild animal population grow? Our HonorsBiology-ville population?

• What affects population growth– Birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration

• S-shaped curve– Logistic growth

Population Growth

• How would a population grow with no carrying capacity? No limiting factors?

• What kind of population is this the case for?– Human population, bacteria, cancer cells

• J-Shaped Curve– Exponential growth

Everything but humans and bacteria…

• Logistic growth– Isle Royale National Park – moose and wolves

http://www.admin.mtu.edu/urel/PressReleases/feature/wolves/moosewolf

Interactions with other species

• In what possible ways can two species interact? In what ways can two organisms interact? (relationships at community level)

• Competition• Symbiosis

– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism

• Predation

Interactions with other species

• Competition – organisms who use the same resources compete for those resources - limited amount– Animals?– Plants?

http://www.andymumford.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/tree.jpg

Symbiosis

• Sym- (together), bio- (life), -sis (state of)• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Species One Effect + + +Species Two Effect + 0 -

Interactions with other species

• Predation– One animal kills and consumes the other for

energy

http://wallpaper.imcphoto.net/animals/hawk/hunting-hawk.jpg

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition Predation

Species One Effect + + + - +Species Two Effect + 0 - - -

Energy Flow

• How do organisms acquire energy?• Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

– Producer – autotroph, make their own food with energy from the sun, or earth

• Plants, giant tube worms

http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/science/images/riftia_crabs_hq.jpg

http://campuskitchens.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/plant.jpg

http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/geology/vent.jpg

• Consumers – heterotrophs, depend on other organisms for food– Herbivores– Carnivores– Omnivore

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8-1iYTkqIA/TkKa7fqBC_I/AAAAAAAAAbI/IWfNHKdFDAg/s1600/lion-attacks-zebra-calf-1.jpg

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/images/ic/credit/640x395/h/he/herbivore/herbivore_1.jpg

Energy Flow

http://cucinadicarrie.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/salad.jpg

Energy Flow

• Decomposers – break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms– Ants, vultures, fungi, bacteria

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PVsgqPyZ-W8/TMuBERW2WkI/AAAAAAAAjb8/0qeIWFCSNW0/s1600/Oyster+mushrooms+on+log.jpg

• Organization of organisms into producers and consumers = energy pyramid– Divided into trophic levels

http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodweb/xfoodchains.gif

• Higher levels support fewer organisms – have less biomass• 10% rule – only 10%

of the energy in a trophic level is transferred to the above level

http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/EnergyPyramid-26a65z5.gif

Food chain

• Shows energy flow from one organism to another– The arrow points in the direction of energy flow

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7rJudWIXTJQ/Tt_BPza86TI/AAAAAAAAAEU/2a9QD4FEoIY/s1600/foodchain.gif

Sun

ProducerC1

C2

C3

C4

Food web

• Combination of multiple food chains– All the organisms that eat one organisms, all the

organisms that organism eats, etc.

http://img.sparknotes.com/content/testprep/bookimgs/sat2/biology/0002/foodweb.gif

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2288621.stm

How are organisms impacted by their environment?

• Air– Oxygen and

carbon dioxide

http://www.deshow.net/d/file/cartoon/2008-12/bob-ross-landscape-painting-281-28.jpg

• Water– Precipitation

and rainfall• Nitrogen• Phosphorous

Nitrogen Cycle

• Bacteria in soil change nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites – used to make proteins. Nitrogen is then released during decomposition.

http://need-media.smugmug.com/Graphics/Graphics/i-dSkxsCL/0/L/nitrogen-cycle-L.jpg

http://spacecollective.org/userdata/40gNgVku/1176753936/root_nodules.jpg

Phosphorous Cycle

Phosphorus shows up in soil from rock erosion. The plants obtain P from the soil, animals get P when they consume plants and when the animals die they decompose and the P is put back in the soil.

http://vceenviroscience.edublogs.org/files/2009/09/phosphoruscycle.jpg

Balance

• Species interactions, environmental factors• Important environmental factors

– Fire– Flood

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/LodgepolePine_6915.jpg

Succession

• Primary - rise of a community in an area with virtually no soil and no living organisms. Ex: volcano, retreating glacier

• Secondary - a disturbance has left soil and a community arises from that– Climax community – final stable state of

community– Eutrophication – energy/nutrients

http://hs-science-systemsibsl.ism-online.org/files/2011/11/eutrophication.jpg

Human Impacts

• Remove predators• Transfer organisms to new habitats

– Invasive species• Kudzu

• Upset physical environment– Habitat destruction

http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/images/invasive_species/northern_snakehead_trammell.jpg

http://www.theresilientearth.com/files/images/kudzu-covered-house.jpghttp://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2011/01/28/2014070369.jpg

http://conservation-issues.co.uk/CI-UK%20Gallery/1.%20Environmental%20Issues/slides/Habitat%20Destruction.jpg

Human Impacts

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/02/assisted-migration/

Global Warming

http://web.ncf.ca/jim/ref/inconvenientTruth/index.html

Biodiversity

• Biodiversity-having a variety of different types of organisms in an area. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are areas with high biodiversity. (the warmer and more even the climate the higher the biodiversity). Biodiversity is important in keeping ecosystems balanced. (removing certain species can destroy ecosystem) Humans prosper from biodiversity: more food, meds, resources (clothes, furniture)

Human Population as of 2010

http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-10-30/world-population-hits-seven-billion/51007670/1

World – 6,840,507,000 (over 7 billion now)U.S. – 308,745,538N.C. – 9,535,483Forsyth – 350,670Kernersville township – 30,386