Biosecurity anjum

Prof. Dr Ahmed Din Anjum Poultry Specialist RCVetS, Lahore

Biosecurity in Commercial Egg Layers

Poultry Industry

Original Poultry Farms = Small

Size … 100s to 1000s of birds. Vertical Integration = Very Large

Farms … 100,000s of birds!

What are Threats to Poultry Farm

Invisible

Killers

Disease Lifespan away from birds

Infectious Bursal Disease Months

Coccidiosis Months

Duck Plague Days

Fowl Cholera Weeks

Coryza Hours to days

Marek's Disease Months to years

Newcastle Disease Days to weeks

Mycoplasmosis (MG, MS) Hours to days

Salmonellosis (Pullorum) Weeks

Avian Tuberculosis Years

Longevity of Disease Causing Organisms

The farm is an “ideal environment” for

survival and growth of pathogens.

1989 2003 2004

CSF Belgium SARS, China

FMD, Belgium AI, Belgium

AI, Thailand

2001

Disease is the Major Determinant of

Losses in Livestock and Poultry

AI in Paksitan 2006 – Heavy Mortality.

Disea

se

Pathogenicity

% Production Consequences

Mortality Egg Prod. Hatch

ILT Severe +10 -30 -10

IB Intermediate +5 -15 -5

MG Mild +1 -5 -1

Adapted from Gifford et al. (1986)

Effect of Disease on Breeder

Performance (20k Breeder)

Financial losses to farmers due to: Mortality, Low

Performance, Medication, Decontamination.

Human infection and death = Salmonella, AI.

Poultry Production

Freedom from Disease = Maximum Profit.

How to prevent and control

Diseases

Farm Hygiene

Vaccination

Medication

Biosecurity

These three are often used in various combinations.

Biosecurity

Biosecurity Plan (Programme+Procedures)

Biosecurity (“Bio” refers to “life” and “security” refers to

“protection”) = safety of living things.

To the poultry industry…. protecting poultry flocks.

o Prevent endemic and emergency diseases (vND, AI, vvIBD).

o Prevent the multiplication of Pathogens.

o Prevent spread of pathogens from farms into the environment or other poultry.

o Ensure Food Safety of Poultry Products.

If breakdown in biosecurity and disease challenge occurs, ensure chickens are immune competent to limit losses.

Remember! “You are the Best Protection your birds have”.

Economics of Biosecurity

(USA Data)

Layers

($/Dozen Eggs)

Broilers

($/kg)

Cost of disease

Treatment 0.003 0.002

Lost production 0.020 0.030

Vaccination 0.002 0.020

Total 0.025 0.054

Cost of prevention

Total=Procedures & education Better Housing & equipment

0.019 0.016

Remember! Prevention is always cheaper than cure. The expense involved

in biosecurity need not even reach 1% of the total production cost.

An ounce of Prevention is worth a Pound of Cure (Ben Franklin).

1. Form a HACCP Team (3-5 people).

2. Describe the Products (Started Pullets, Fresh Whole Eggs, Manure for Fertilizer and End-of-Lay Hens for Slaughter).

3. Construct a detailed Flow Chart of the production process and conduct on-site verification.

4. List all the potential Hazards associated with each stage of the production process, conduct a Hazard Analysis and consider any Control Measures to control Hazards.

5. Determine Critical Control Points. A Critical Control Point (CCP) is a stage of the production process at which a control measure that is essential to prevent or eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level can be applied.

HACCP based Biosecurity

6. Establish Critical Limits for each CCP. Five key aspects need to be defined for each Critical Limit, namely What, How, Where, When and Who?

7. Establish a Monitoring System for each CCP.

8. Establish Corrective Action Plans for CCP Deviations.

9. Establish Record Keeping and Documentation.

10. Establish Verification Procedures.

11. Train staff for HACCP implementation.

12. Commence Monitoring the CCP’s

HACCP based Biosecurity

Basic pillars of Biosecurity

1. Isolation

Farm Location

Local concentration of Poultry Farms: cross-infection between

farms is reduced at least upto 50% if at at distance of 5 km.

Farm Location

Ponds or Lakes attract Migratory Waterfowl.

Minnesota 1950s-1960s: range turkeys, had access to ponds and

lakes contaminated with droppings of wild waterfowl, often experienced AI. AI

disappeared on housing and changing water supply.

Poultry States: Islamabad, Karachi

Layout of Farm

Windborne – IB ND, TRT, ?mycoplasma.

Walled Off Area

High fences prevent intruders (people,

animals) from entering the premises

A 1 m wide strip on either side of the fence must be mowed

so that any rodent or vermin activity can be detected.

Warning Signs!

Warning!

Gated Area


2. Cleaning

and

Disinfection

Cleaning and Disinfection

Cleanout o Equipment removal.

o Litter removal.

Washing – pressure washing.

Disinfection – use approved disinfectants,

Fumigation – formaldehyde. o Building, Equipment.

o Water system – 140 ppm chlorine.

o Feed bins – dismantle, brush, fumigate.

Cleaning and Disinfection

Lack of Proper

Washing Platform.

Lack of Waste Water Disposal.

Feather dander carries MD virus.


3. Quality

Chicks

Chicks Delivery

Chick box disinfection.

Transport Hygiene.

Farm Regulations.

Disinfection of returning vehicle and crates.

Quality Chicks

Physical fitness.

Vertically transmitted diseases :

Transovarian-MG- MS, SP-SG, SE-ST (into albumen from oviduct), Reo-, adeno.

Egg shell surface penetration: E. coli, SE-ST.

Hatchery borne diseases - aspergillus, enterococcus, pseudomonas.

Maternally derived antibodies.

Chick Quality

Chicks Care


4. Control

Human Traffic

Remember! Man has two attributes that differentiate him from other animals:

He likes to find shortcuts or even bypass activities which he cannot understand. He likes to do his own thing rather than be told

how to do something.

Control Human Traffic

(Clothing-Footwear)

People, Vehicles and Equipment = 90%.

Biosecurity Passage

The only entry into the Farm – the border between

Dirty and the Clean area (chicken house).

Change Room – Shower Facility.

The only entry into the farm - the border between

dirty and the clean area (chicken houses).

Biosecurity Passage

Micro-organisms carried into the

poultry shed on clothes.

Micro-organisms carried into the

poultry shed on footwear.

Humans themselves can be infected

Salmonella and some respiratory viruses (AI, ND).

Respiratory viruses and mycoplasma can be carried in man’s nasal passage and discharged by sneezing.

Salesmen - Eggs

Salesmen - Birds

Visitor’s Book

Two men slept as another fed chickens Friday at a Market in Shanghai which announced it would begin sterilizing the shoe

soles of travellers arriving in the city – page 3

Source: China Newspapaer via Reuters


5. Control

Vehicles

Vehicles - Keep Clean

Vehicles - Sanitize upon Facility Entry and Exit

Vehicles - Wheel Dip

Vehicle movement: ALWAYS

“clean to dirty” … “young to old flocks”.

Wheel Dip?

Wheel Dip

“Do the Right” and “Do it Right”.


6. Control

Exposure to Birds

Desi Chicken

Birds - Sparrows

Mycoplasma, ND, AI, (?IB, ?TRT), bacteria, worms.

Birds - Sparrows

USA: few years ago MG widespread in finch

population. If finches got inside the house, the

poultry often succumbed to Mycoplasmosis.

Bird Perches – attraction for wild birds

Wild Birds - Sparrows

60

Proximity to large

lakes, waterways and

mirgatory Flyways.

Live Poultry Markets, Dealers,

Salesmen

Auctions, Small Sales, Flea Markets, Farmers Markets, Swap Meats.

Wholesalers and Dealers

Spent Hens

Small Commercial Producers

Limited resources (money/people/time).

High risk because many movements.

Housing:

o may not be purpose built.

o not owned by the producer (rented).

Limited technical knowledge and access to information


7. Pest

Management

Rodents Control

Seeing rodents during the day means the house is overrun by rodents during the prime night feeding time.

Rodents can increase poultry feed usage by as much as 2%.

Carries Salm (part. S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. arizonae), E. coli, Pasteurella, Coryza, MD, Mycoplasma, capilaria and ascaridia.

Mechanical transmitters of AI & IBD viruses.

Typhimurium actually means fever of mice.

Remember! Rats can travel 100s of

meters in search of a new home.

Rodents Control: build Rodent-proof houses

USA: effluent contaminated river water – drunk by rats

downstream – rats to poultry house – salm infection in chickens.

Rodents Control - Bait

The Mouse Population in a Poultry House can remain “infected”

for at least “10 months” after cleaning and disinfection.

Rodents Control - Trap

Remember! Rats and cats carry Pasteurella spp.

Control Insects: Darkling Beetles

“Life”: 6 months to 2 years.

May “travel” more than a mile per day.

Control Insects: Darkling Beetles

Modern poultry houses offer an ideal habitat for darkling beetles.

Cause significant financial losses:

Transmitting diseases.

Eating feed.

Disturbing birds.

Damaging houses.

A typical house (40x500 ft.) may have over 2 million beetles (1,000 per square yard).

Darkling Beetles cause damage to Housing

Burrow in wood and foam insulation in search

of food and for dark places to populate

Darkling Beetles carry Pathogenic

Organisms - Viruses

MD virus (Eidson, 1966) - induction of tumors associated with MD by inoculating chicks with suspensions of homogenized beetles (Calibeo, 2002).

Harbor and transmit avian leucosis (Eidson et.al., 1965).

Avian reovirus (De Las Casa et.al., 1973).

Fowl pox virus and ND virus (De Las Casa et.al., 1976).

IBD virus (McAllister et.al., 1995).

ILT Virus (Ou, 2010) - ILTV DNA remained on the surface of darkling beetles for at least 42 days after the ILTV farm outbreak.


Organisms - Bacteria

Escherichia spp. (De Las Casa et.al., 1968) – 48 serotypes of E. coli were recovered from within 251 beetles, 26 of which were known as pathogens for man and animals (Harein et.al., 1970).

Salmonella (De Las Casa et.al., 1968, Harein et.al., 1970) - Larval or adult beetle inoculated with ST or exposed to ST: chicks fed or pen-mates had positive cloacal swabs within 24 hrs (McAllister et.al., 1994, Roche et.al., 2009).

Clostridia (dermatitis, necrotic enteritis).

Campylobacter jejuni (Strothers et.al., 2005).

Micrococcus spp., Strep. spp. and Bacillus subtilis were the most common G+ bacteria isolated (De Las Casa, 1972).


Organisms

Fungi: Aspergillus flavus (De Las Casa, 1972).

Protozoa: Eimeria (Goodwin & Waltman, 1996).

Beetles in thirst will attack chickens by biting birds and chewing on the skin in part to obtain liquid, but also blood (Savage, 1992).

Feed conversion and weight gain of broilers and turkey poults decreased due to the consumption of the adult and larval beetles (Despins & Axtel, 1995).

Control Insects: Red Mites

Other Livestock

Pets should be banned from poultry houses.

Control Insects

House flies - Campylobacter.


8. Handle

Farm Wastes

Mortality Disposal

Burial. “Improperly” disposed “Carcasses”.

Mortality Disposal - INCINERATOR

Mortality Disposal - LITTER

“Faecal Material”: ND, IBD, Salm., Mycoplasma …

Predators

Stray Animals. Scavengers.


9. Control

Feed Quality

Wild Birds – SBM, Feed Mill

Mycotoxins, Paramyxovirus, Salmonella, IBD.

Wild Birds – Bulk Intake area

Feeding system

Feed “Processing”. Feed “Spills”.

Feed store - Ants


10. Control

Water Quality

Water Tank - Covered

Can “spread” E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter.

S. entritidis in Eastern Europe - seeping of dead

bird pit - contaminating subterranean Water.

Disinfect drinking system on regular

basis

Contact time min. 20 minutes at 5

ppm chlorine (2 ppm at bird level).

“UV” treatment.

Remove Biofilm

The “Effectiveness” of chlorine is limited by “Biofilms”

and chlorine does not remove existing biofilms.


11. Develop,

Implement and

Monitor Hygiene

Protocols “No small tast” but “Possible”.

Sensible Hygiene between Houses –

Hand wash

Foot Bath

Foot Dips

Foot Bath

“Change” the disinfectant “Regularly” (every 1-3 days).

Foot dips/Foot Cover

Clean Shoes

Double dip approach

“First” water to wash-clean the boots. “Second” disinfectants.

Clean Shoes

Pride of Ownership: Simple clean up methods

can reduce mortality compared with insanitary pens.

Care level Mortality

Minimum care: very little more than feed and water.

42%

Maximum care: thorough clean and sanitation.

7%

Simple clean up methods can reduce mortality compared with insanitary pens (Kansas University – 1924).

200 poultry farms: there was a direct correlation between the appearance of a poultry farm and the performance inside the chicken house (Auburn University).

Farm Hygiene

“Cleanliness” is indeed next to “Godliness”.

A 3 m perimeter around building must be kept free of

vegetation to inhibit rodent and wildlife activity.

Contaminated Equipment

“Pasteurella multocida” has been transferred between

farms in poultry blood on the needle of a vaccinating gun.

“MG” spread through contaminated semen in turkeys.


12. Monitor

Flock Health

Vaccines and Vaccination

Vaccination – maintain an intact and functional immune system in the chickens.

o Not 100% protection.

o Variants.

o Contaminated vaccination equipment or personnel

Contaminated live vaccines prepared in eggs derived from non-SPF flocks may contain pathogens:

o Adenoviruses, Reoviruses.

o Chicken anaemia.

o Reticuloendotheliosis.

Pharmaceuticals: Resistance. Residues.

Lab Monitoring

Seroconversion:

To ensure vaccines work.

To ensure diseases are not present.

Effectiveness of Biosecurity.

Bacteriology:

TVCs after cleanout.

Staff monitoring.

Distaster can strike anytime unless vigilance is constant.


13. One World

One Health

Limit subsequent dissemination

among Farms

Limit subsequent dissemination to

Humans

PPE unpacked.

PPE in use.

One world - One Health

Food poisoning linked to parties!

Food poisoning linked to parties!

Healthier bird = Healthier Food Product.

Take Home Message

“Block the bug before it bugs your flock”

With the current disease situation, it is the time to review and re-invent your biosecurity plan based on HACCP (Programmes, procedures and GMP).

Biosecurity for “show?” it must become cultural sense.

Focus on disease prevention, rather than disease detection and treatment.

Still the best… Believe it … Learn it ... and Practice it.

Start now before it's too late! Doing the little things now may prevent the need to do major things later.

Strive for continuous improvement, instead of perfection (Kims Collin).

Thank You

Protect your birds now,

and … …

Biosecurity anjum

Health & Medicine

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