Bioremediation
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Transcript of Bioremediation
Environmental Biotechnology
Anjala DurgapalLecturer
Department of BotanyM. B. Govt. P. G. College,
Haldwani (Nainital) Uttrakhand
IntroductionBiotechnology is “the integration of natural sciences and engineering in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services” (EFB, 1989).
Environmental Biotechnology is the application of these processes for the protection and restoration of the quality of our environment.
• Bioremediation is the use of biological systems for the reduction of pollution from air, aquatic or terrestrial systems.
• The process involves aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms that results in degraded products.
• Bioremediation is used to reduce or remove hazardous waste which has already polluted the environment.
PollutionPollution(Air water or soil)(Air water or soil)
Microorganisms
Degraded product
Eco-friendly(detoxification)
Hazardous
Bioremediation
Tri or tera-chloro-ethylene
Complete Incomplete
Vinyl-chloride
Applications of Bioremediation
1.Waste water and Industrial effluents
2.Drinking and process water
3.Soil and land treatment
4.Solid waste
Waste water and Industrial Effluents
• Removal of common pollutants from water before discharged into river or sea.
• Elimination of phosphorus nitrogen, heavy metals and chlorinated compounds.
• Sulfur reducing bacteria can be used to remove wastes containing sulfur.
Bed containing waste material and microbes in
suspension
Bioreactor
Drinking and Process water• Biotechnology for the reclamation and
purification of waste water for re-use
• Agricultural regions of the world, animal wastes and excess fertilizers result in high level of nitrates in drinking water.
• Biotechnology has provided successful methods by which these compounds can be removed from processed water before it is delivered to customers.
Air and GasesAir and Gases
Bio-scrubber(Cell suspension)
Bio-trickling filter(Microorganisms immobilized
on an inert matrix)
Pollutants
NitrogenSO22
Flue gas (blast furnace)Styrene (waste gas of polystyrene (Bio-filter: Fungi)
Purified gases
Soil and land treatmentSoil and land treatmentIn-situ:Bio-augmentation [Introduction of micro-organisms]Bio-stimulation [Ventilation and /or adding nutrient solutions]
Ex-situ:Removal of soil and ground water and treating it above the ground
Phyto-remediation Phyto-remediation employs use of plants and bacteriaMetals from contaminated soils and ground water. For e.g.. Rhizobacteria
Bio-remediation of land [bio-restoration] is cheaper than physical methods with harmless end products.
Solid waste
• Composed of readily biodegradable organics• Bio-wastes can be converted to a valuable resource by composting or anaerobic digestion
• Anerobic digesters permit the recovery of substantial amounts of high value bio-gas together with a high quality stable organic residue
• The organic residue can be used as manure.• Recycling of solid waste can save enormous cost of incineration
PreventionInvolves development of processes with reduced environmental impacts
Biotechnological ways of prevention are-Process improvement: Use of enzymes
Product innovation: Development of new products that have less impact on environment their predecessors for e.g. genetically improved plant varieties that resistant against insects/ diseases, thereby reducing the use of pesticides.
Detection and Monitoring
Established measures include:Established measures include:
•Counting the number of plants, animals and microbial Counting the number of plants, animals and microbial species. species.
•Biological detection methodsBiological detection methods•Biosensors and immunoassaysBiosensors and immunoassays•Detection and monitoring of microorganisms used for Detection and monitoring of microorganisms used for bioremediation. bioremediation.
•Detection and monitoring of ecological effectsDetection and monitoring of ecological effects
Employs a range of biological methods to detect Employs a range of biological methods to detect incidents of pollution and continuous monitoring incidents of pollution and continuous monitoring of pollutants.of pollutants.
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
Involves the use of microorganisms genetically modified by recombinant DNA technology.
GE is a powerful tool in creating environment friendly alternatives for products and processes
For e.g. :•Production of enzymes•Amylose free potato•Indigo producing bacterium
Conclusion• Concerns for new technologies released into
the environment do exist.
• New techniques under consideration make use of genetically engineered microorganisms designed to deal with specific tasks.
• There is a tremendous potential for biotechnology to contribute in the remediation and protection of the environment.