Biopesticides in Integrated Pest Management
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Transcript of Biopesticides in Integrated Pest Management
Division of Agricultural Chemicals 1
Agrochemicals for food & nutritional security: BIOPESTICIDES IN IPM
Prithusayak MondalDivision of Agricultural Chemicals
Roll No. 4944
Chairperson : Dr. Anupama SinghSeminar Leader : Dr. Seeni Rengasamy
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Per capita land availability
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Problem of food security
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GREEN REVOLUTION
RICE WHEAT PULSES ALL FOOD GRAINS
Demand production
104.
2
98.8
83.6
77.4
243.
3
239.
3
Press Information Bureau, 27-10-2008
Production and Demand of Food grains in 2011-2012 (million tonnes)
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Bacteria Fungi
VirusesNematodes
Attack to Crops
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Food plants of the world are damaged by more than 10,000 species of insects, 30,000 species of weeds, 100,000 diseases (caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria and other microbes) and 1000 species of nematodes (Hall, 1995; Dhaliwal et al., 2007)
Insects
Weeds
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Estimation of crop losses caused by insect pests to major agricultural crops in India
Dhaliwal et al., 20101/10/2011
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Role of PesticidesCrop production without pesticide is unimaginable
To ensure better production at harvest against unpredictable losses caused by plant diseases & pests To improve both quality & quantity of food
To decrease the extent of vector born & other diseases in humans & animals
“Complete ban on agrochemicals use in agriculture might result in 50% reduction in global food production and 4 to 5 times increase in food prices” Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug
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Risk Associated With Chemical PesticidesToxicity to plants
Toxicity to mammalsToxicity to aquatic creatures
Toxicity to beneficial organisms
High persistence of residues
• Indiscriminate use leads to the Three sad R’s :Resistance, Resurgence and Residues
• Elimination of Natural enemies of pests
• Upsetting the ecological balance
• Environmental degradation/Pollution
• Enters food chain and lead to Bio-Accumulationand Bio-Magnification
As a result of The misuse and overuse of pesticides crop losses have consistently shown an increasing trend (Dhaliwal and Koul, 2010)
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New form of pesticide
Low residual toxicity
Environmentally safe
Host specific in action
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Active ingredient- Living organisms
1st Biopesticide discovered in the year 1835
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Biopesticides are used to control pests, pathogens, and weeds by a variety of means
Microbial biopesticides may include a pathogen or parasite that infects the target
Alternatively, they might act as competitors or inducers of plant host resistance
BI PESTICIDE
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Bio means involving life or living organisms
Pesticide includes substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
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All the living organisms, which are cultivated in the laboratory on large scale & used and exploited experimentally for the control of harmful organisms are called biopesticides
Division of Agricultural Chemicals 14Global biopesticides & synthetic pesticides market, 2003-
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Locked Horns:Synthetic pesticides Vs. Bio-pesticides
(Source : agriculture Today. Nov. 2005)
Factors Synthetic Pesticides Bio-pesticides
Cost effectiveness Cheap but increasedspraying cost
Costlier but reduced number of applications
Persistence and residualeffect
High Low
Knockdown effect Immediate Delayed
Handling and Bulkiness Easy but danger andHazardous
Bulky : Carrier basedEasy : Liquid formulation
Pest resurgence More Less
Effect on Beneficial flora More harmful Less harmful
Target specificity Mostly broad spectrum Mostly host specific
Nature of control Curative Preventive
Shelf life More Less
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The market share of bio-pesticide is only 2% as compared to synthetic pesticide
Division of Agricultural Chemicals Woo et al., 2010
MICROBIAL PESTICIDEActive ingredient : Microorganism (Fungi, bacteria, virus, nematode etc.)
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List of registered microbial products by CIB
Name of microbes TypeBacillus sp. Bacteria
Trichoderma sp. Fungi
Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteria
Gliocladium sp. Fungi
Beauveria bassiana Fungi
Verticillium lecanii Fungi
Metarhizium anisopliae Fungi
Nomuraea rileyi Fungi
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses Virus
Granulosis Viruses Virus
Courtesy: http://www.cibrc.nic.in1/10/2011
MICROBIAL PESTICIDE
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CharacteristicsStorable
EconomicalEasy to produce
Safe & acceptableConvenient to apply
Virulent against target pest
Advantages
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High degree of specificityCompatible with chemical pesticides
Easy to apply & aid growth through outNo adverse effect on non-target organisms
Absence of residue build-up in the environmentRelatively cheaper by 50% as compared to chemical pesticides
(Narayanasamy, 1995)
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Bio-pesticides
Entomopathogenic FungiFungal Antagonists
Bacterial AntagonistsEntomopathogenic Bacteria
Parasites & Predators
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Moore & Prior, 1993
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Entomopathogenic FungiEntomopathogenic fungi are fungi that can act as parasites of insects and
kill or seriously disable them
Mode of Action
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Entomopathogenic fungi in insect control
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BeauveriaBeauveria bassiana most commonHabitat: FoliageInsect Host: White flies, beetles & caterpillars (including Helicoverpa sp.)Dose: 2 treatments made at 15-day intervals with 1.5 kg/ha concentrated product of B. bassiana (3.0 × 109 conidia)Treatment:i) Foliar spray: 400-500 g in ½ bigha (5g/L of water)ii) Soil drench: 250-500 g/3 bighaHealth impact: It causes granulosis disease in human ear
Grasshoppers killed by B. bassianaBeauveria bassianaCultures of B. bassiana
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MetarhiziumMetarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae & var. major
Habitat: Foliage
Insect host: Frog hoppers, beetles
Dose: Aerial treatment at 50 l/ha with 6 × 1011 to 1.2 × 1012 conidia/l of water
Conidia
Different cultures of M. anisopliaeCockroach killed by M. anisopliae
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Verticillium
Verticillium (Cephalosporium) lecanii
Habitat: Glasshouse foliage
Insect host: Aphids, whiteflies & scales
Dose: 41 × 107 active spores/g either undiluted or as a 10% concentration (diluted with talc or water)
Whitefly scale infected with V. lecanii
Cultures of Verticillium lecaniiConidia1/10/2011
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Fungal Antagonists Principal fungi: Gliocladium virens & Trichoderma sp. Trichoderma sp. mainly T. harzianum & T. viride Habitat: Soil Effective against: damping-off & wiltParasitize Rhizoctonia & SclerotiumInhibit growth of Pythium, Phytophthora & Fusarium
T. harzianum T. virideDisease: T. harzianum causes green mold in cultivated button mushrooms & T. viride causes green mold rot of onion
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Mode of action Direct parasitism or lysis (lytic enzymes like chitinase, cellulase & glucanase) & death of
the pathogen
Direct toxic effects on the pathogen by antibiotic substances released by the antagonist
Mycoparasitism by a Trichoderma strain on the plant pathogen Pythium
Competition with pathogen for food
Indirect toxic effects on the pathogen by volatile substances released by the metabolic activities of the antagonist
Cultures of Trichoderma harzianum
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The aim of investigations was to confirm the effect of Trichoderma harzianum on Rhizoctonia solani and make a possibility for its usage in tobacco production
T. harzianum was applied before and after sowing including a fungicide Top M (0.1%)At additional treatment with Trichoderma after use of fungicide, had a better result than fungicide alone
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The influence of T. harzianum on intensity of disease attack Artificial inoculationNatural inoculation
The best results have shown by a variant with T. harzianum applied on a soil beforesowing and further application at certain intervals any time in a growing season oftobacco seedlings
Additional treatment with T. harzianum after a fungicide Top M is advantageous to the situation with a disease, so, it may be applied with this fungicide treatment
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Bacterial Antagonists• Pseudomonas sp. are gram negative, aerobic, rods that are inhabitants of wide
range of soil, water & plant surfaces
• P. fluorescens recognized by fluorescent pigment called ‘pyoverdines’
• Bio-control abilities of strains depend on aggressive root colonization, induction of systemic resistance in the plant & production of diffusible or volatile antifungal antibiotics
• Antibiotics with bio-control properties include – phenazines, hydrogen cyanide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, pyoluteorin, pyrrolnitrin, lipopeptides etc.
Phenazin
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol
pyoluteorin
pyrrolnitrin
Lipopeptide
Hydrogen cyanide1/10/2011
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Mode of Action
Control of diseases• Different strains of P. fluorescens extensively used in bioremediation of various organic compounds & bio-controls of pathogens in agriculture
• P. fluorescens found effective in controlling fungal pathogens such as wilt/root rot, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense, Pythium sp., R. solani, R. oryzae, S. rolfsii & bacterial pathogens like Xanthomonas citri & P. solanacearum in field tests
• Bacterial preparations widely used in organic spice cultivation of southern India
Theories include -• Induction of systemic resistance – resist attack by true pathogen
• Competition with other (pathogenic) soil microbes, e.g. siderophores
• Production of compounds (antibiotics) antagonistic to other soil microbes
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Entomopathogenic Bacteria
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a Gram-positive, motile, rod shaped bacterium produces a parasporal crystal composed of one or more proteins
• The strains of Bt characterized so far affect members of 3 insect orders: Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (mosquitoes & biting flies), and Coleoptera (beetles)
• EPA registered Bt products include B.t. israelensis (Diptera)—frequently used for mosquitoes B.t. kurstaki (Lepidoptera)—frequently used for gypsy moth, spruce budworm, and many vegetable pests B.t. sandiego and tenebrionis (Coleoptera)—frequently used for leaf beetle, Colorado potato beetle
B.t. kurstaki is the most commonly used Bt formulation
Bacillus thuringiensis
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Mode of Action
Bacillus thuringiensis strains produce crystalline proteins (called δ-endotoxins)
Caterpillar consumes the Bt spore (diagram 1) & crystalline toxin-treated leaf
The Bt crystalline toxin (diamond shapes in diagram 2) binds to gut wall receptors, and the caterpillar stops feeding
Within hours, the gut wall breaks down, allowing spores (oval tube shapes) and normal gut bacteria (circular shapes) to enter body cavity, where the toxin dissolves
The caterpillar dies in 24 to 48 hours from septicemia, as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in its blood (diagram 3)
Treatments:Dose: i) 100 – 150 g/ bigha for field crops.ii) 150-200 g /bigha for orchards.
Method: The powder is first mixed with small quantity of water to prepare a uniform suspension. Then the required quantity of water is added and thoroughly mixed before spray.
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Laboratory assays were done to evaluate the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis, neem seed kernel extract (Azadirachta indica), Vitex negundo leaf extract, & applied separately or together, on nutritional indices of the rice leaf-folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
Bt biopesticide & other 2 botanical pesticide suppressed feeding and larval growth and low concentrations affected the larval performance
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Division of Agricultural Chemicals(Nathan et al. ,2005)
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The combined effect of these resulted in a considerable decrease in nutritional indices indicating strong deterrence
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• Bt is considered to be “practically nontoxic” to humans and other vertebrates
• It can cause a “very slight irritation” if inhaled & can cause eye irritation
• Bt is not carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic
• Bt does not persist in the brains, lungs, or digestive systems of animals, including humans
• Bt has been found in fecal samples of exposed greenhouse workers, no gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with its presence
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Human Health & Safety
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• Bt appears to be a normal component in the feces of vegetable-consuming animals, where it apparently causes no problem
• Like the active bacterial ingredient, the inert ingredients in Bt formulations have also been studied and modified for safety
• Granular and microcapsule formulations reduce the inhalation hazard
• Volatile agents associated with some Bt formulations do not appear to constitute a significant health hazard.
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Human Health & Safety…
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Environmental Impacts• No danger has been found to aquatic communities accidentally exposed to Bt or to non-target organisms including beneficial insects, amphibians, fish, and mammals
• Few reports of Bt lethality upon non-target organisms, such as leaf-feeding caterpillars
• Clay soils may bind the bacterial toxin, increasing its environmental persistence and possible toxicity to non-target species
• Newer formulations employ preservatives, like sorbitol, that are safer than the xylene used decades ago
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Phytonematode management through bacteria
Bacteria Genus/species Target nematode Mode of action References
Parasitic bacteria
Pasteuria penetrans, P. thornei
Phytonematodes Parasitism Bekal et al.(2001), Bird et al. (2003)
Opportunistic bacteria
Brevibacillus laterosporus, Bacillus nematocida
Free living & Phytonematodes
Parasitism Niu et al. (2006),Tian et al. (2007)
Rhizobacteria Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp.
Meloidogyne sp., Heterodera sp.
Interfering with recognition, production of toxin, nutrient competition, plant growth promotion
Marleny et al. (2008), Meyer (2003)
Crystal forming bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis (Cry 5,6,12,13,14,21)
Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Caenorhabditis elegans
Cry proteins cause damage to the intestines of nematodes
Kotze et al.(2005), Wei et al. (2003)
Endophytic bacteria
Root knot nematode,Cyst nematode
Rhizo-bacterial & endophytic bacterial mode of action
Sturz et al. (2004), Compant et al. (2005)
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Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)A) NPV (Helicoverpa): It is highly effective on H. armigera, pest of
cotton,gram, pea, pigeon pea, tomato, cabbage, ground nut, millets, oilseeds & roses
B) NPV (Spodoptera): It is highly effective against S. litura caterpillar, pest of cotton, gram, pigeon pea, cabbage, tomato, chillies & oilseeds
Treatments: Dose: 250 – 500 LE/ha
Method: i) Shake the bottle properly and prepare a solution @ 1 ml/litre of waterii) Spray the solution 2-3 times at 10-15 days intervaliii) Spray preferably in the evening and on young larval stages or on sighting of egg laying
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Enhancing food security by the local production of microbial bio-pesticides against insect crop pests:
African armyworms as a case study
2 types of application studiedA) Aerial spray of SpexNPVB) Ground spray of SpexNPV & OP pesticide Diazinon
separately
(Wilson et al., 2008)
SpexNPV = Spodoptera exempta Nucleo polyhedrovirus
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Division of Agricultural Chemicals 42(Wilson et al., 2008)1/10/2011
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Commercial bio-pesticides for the control of plant pathogens
Microorganisms Trade Name Pathogens/ Diseases
Bacteriophages of Xanthomonas sp. and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato
Agriphage™ Bacterial spot in pepper & tomatoes & bacterial speck in tomatoes
Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC 10
Bio-Save® 10LP3 Ice inducing bacteria & biological decay
Pantoea agglomerans strain E325
Bloomtime, Biological™ 3
Fire blight( Erwinia amylovora)
Bactericides
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Microorganisms Trade Name Pathogens/ DiseasesStreptomyces lydicus WYEC 108
Actinovate®AG, Actinovate®SP
Soiborne pathogens: Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Phytophthora sp., Fusarium sp.Foliar pathogens: Alternaria sp., Peronospora sp.
Bacillus subtilis GB03
Kodiak® Concentrate Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus /Phoma. root rot, damping off, crown rot
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2
T-22™HC, Plant Shield®, T-22™. Planter Box, Serenade® MAX™
Fusarium, Pythium & Rhizoctonia/ Root rot, powdery mildew
Bacillus pumilus QST 2808
Ballad® Plus Cercospora sp./ Rust, powdery mildew,, and brown spot
Fungicides
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Types of bio-control agents
Names of bio-control agents
Target species
PARASITOIDS Trichogramma chilonis Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, shoot borers of cotton, sugarcane, rice
T. brasiliensis and T. pretiosum (egg parasitoids)
tomato fruit borer
PREDATORS Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Austrtralian ladybird beetle)
several species of mealy bugs and soft scales
Chrysoparla sp. (green lacewing bug)
aphids, white flies
Parasitoids & Predators
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Few examples of bio-controlMuscodor albus strain QST 20799 acts as bio-fumigant & controls bacteria and soil borne pest by releasing volatile toxin
Aspergillus flavus strain AF36 can act as bio-fungicide for cotton. Unlike other strains it will not produce carcinogenic ‘Aflatoxin’
Pasteuria sp. acts as bio-nematicide & controls microscopic worms & other nematodes that feed on plant roots
Cydia pomonella granulosis virus acts as bio-insecticide & controls codling moth in fruits like apples & pears
Phytophthora palmivora acts as bio-herbicide & controls milkweed (Asclepias sp.) in citrus orchards
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Path AheadMore studies needed to determine the environmental effects on the fate of bio-agents
New technologies such as micro encapsulation of bio-control agents may be of high priority in enhancing their potential
Integration of bio-pesticides with botanical pesticides has a lot of potential in pest management
Integration of bio-pesticides with chemical pesticides as part of Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management (BIPM)
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ConclusionMicrobials such as bacteria, fungi, viruses are the major bio-pesticides being studied mostly to develop alternatives to chemicals
The no. & growth rate of bio-pesticide showing an increasing marketing trend in past few decades
Bio-pesticides are host specific & bio-degradable resulting in least persistency of residual toxicity
Bio-pesticides саn mаkе vital contributions tο IPM & can greatly reduce conventional pesticides, while crop yield remains high
Bio-pesticides having lesser health hazard provides an important alternative in the search for an environmentally sound and equitable solution to the problem of food security
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“Life is not living, but being in health.”
- Latin poet Martial
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