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Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Scientific DisciplinesFrom Discovery to Delivery
Cathy NortonDeputy Director BHLBIOONEApril 18, 2008
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
“The launch of the Encyclopedia of Life will have a profound and creative effect in science… this effort will lay out new directions for research in Every branch of biology”– E.O. Wilson
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Collaborative Tree of Life distributed semantic Biodiversity Heritage Library ever evolving TED all information Synthesis Center Oh wow! SpeciesBase ClassificationBank Education and Outreach ANTS index MacArthur Foundation taxonomic intelligence modular software communal ownership user defined AvenueA | Razorfish OBIS MBL free visualization images WorkBench sounds phylogeny web 2.0 names-based infrastructure Atlas of Living Australia February 2008 Google Marine Biological Laboratory all species Smithsonian FISHBASE Harvard Field Museum Tree of Life E. O. Wilson aggregation / mashup EDIT ScratchPad widgets MOBOT NHM AMNH NYBotancial Sloan Foundation GBIF llison l NameBank videos National Geographic any classification TDWG/BIS
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
EOL Hierarchy
• The EOL Steering Committee is comprised of senior authorities from
Harvard University, Smithsonian Institution, the Field Museum of
Chicago, the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, the
Biodiversity Heritage Library consortium, Missouri Botanical Garden,
and the Macarthur and Sloan Foundations.
• The EOL Institutional Council contains more than 25 institutions from
around the world and provides EOL with global perspectives and
outreach capabilities. The Distinguished Advisory Board consists of
13 global leaders from the scientific and policy communities.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Con’t
• The Species Sites Group works with contributors and data providers and IP issues
• Biodiversity Informatics Group is responsible for the software development of tools and open access delivery of species information through a single portal
• Education and Outreach Group works to insure widespread awareness of the EOL
• Biodiversity Synthesis Group will facilitate cross disciplinary involvement and will explore integrative topics, including taxonomy, evolution, biogeography, phylogenetics and biodiversity informatics.
• Scanning and Digitization Group led by the Biodiversity Heritage Library, is a consortium of 10 natural history, botanical and research libraries that will scan for the public commons out of copyright and permissioned works.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Con’t
• FishBase (www.fishbase.org), a global information system with data on practically every fish species known to science. FishBase is serving information on more than 30,000 fish species through the EOL.
• The Catalogue of Life Partnership (CoLp) (www.catalogueoflife.org), an informal partnership dedicated to creating an index of the world’s organisms.. They contain substantial contributions of taxonomic expertise from more than fifty organizations around the world, integrated into a single work by the ongoing work of the CoLp partners. The EOL currently uses CoLp as its taxonomic backbone.
• Tree of Life web project (ToL) (www.tolweb.org), a collaborative effort of biologists from around the world. On more than 9,000 Web pages, the project provides information about the diversity of organisms on Earth, their evolutionary history (phylogeny), and characteristics. ToL project illustrates the genetic connections between all living things.
• The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (www.gbif.org), the world’s premiere source for information on biological specimen and observational data, providing on-line access to more than 135 million data records from around the world. GBIF is providing range maps for the EOL species pages.
• AmphibiaWeb (http://amphibiaweb.org), an online system enabling anyone with a Web browser to search and retrieve information relating to amphibian biology and conservation.
• The Solanaceae Source Web site (www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/solanaceaesource), The aim of the project is to produce a worldwide taxonomic monograph of the species occurring within the plant genus Solanum (the potato and tomato family), with principal investigators from four research institutions in England and the United States.
Data Partners
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
“It is exciting to anticipate the scientific chords we might hear once 1.8
million notes are brought together through this instrument. Potential
EOL users are professional and citizen scientists, teachers, students,
media, environmental managers, families and artists. The site will link
the public and scientific community in a collaborative way that’s
without precedent in scale.”
• Jim Edwards, Executive Director, EOL
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Encyclopedia of Life• Major project to create a single Web page for every
known species (1.8 million!)• Total funding will reach at least $50M• EOL needs the literature underpinning in the BHL
project• BHL now key partner in EOL project• Launched on 9th May, 2007
– First 30,000 pages launched at TED Feb 27th, 2008
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Data Sharing
Plant Names
Specimens
Plant Names
Plant NamesSpecimensDescriptionsPlant Names
Plant Names
Citations
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© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Data Sharing• Standards • Services
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Cache
A data point is a collection of Data sources
EOL Treehttp://www.eol.org
auto-updatesClientapplication
Update
ontologies can be used to describe and relate the contents
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Using ontologies, unique identifiers, an editable views by semantic lenses
An Enterprise Semantic Information Fabric
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Serine Molecule
BiodiversityHeritage Library
Synthesis CenterField Museum
InformaticsMarine BiologicalLaboratory & MOBOT
Education & OutreachSmithsonian/Harvard
SecretariatSmithsonian
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
This library serves the MBL, WHOI, USGS, NMFS, SEA, WHRC,
and other scientific groups in the area.
Facing a new dynamic phase
NMFS - 1871
MBL - 1888
WHOI - 1930
USGS - 1960
SEA - 1971
WHRC - 1985
Woods Hole Scientific Community
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
•Museums–Field Museum–Natural History Museum (London)–Smithsonian Institution–American Museum of Natural History
•Botanical Gardens–Missouri Botanical Garden–New York Botanical Garden–Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
•University Libraries–Botany Libraries, Harvard University–Ernst Meyer Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University•Research Institute Library
–Marine Biological Laboratory / Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBL/WHOI)
All signed MOU’s
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Mission:Provide Open Access to Biodiversity Literature
Goals:Digitize the core published literature on biodiversity and put on the Web
Agree on approaches with the global taxonomic community, rights holders and others
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
How big is the Biodiversity domain?
• Over 5.4 million books dating back to 1469
• 800,000 monographs
• 40,000 journal titles (12,5000 current)
• 50% pre-1923
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Why now?• Cost low – 10-19 cents a page• Other projects funded recently – BL/Microsoft
/Google big ten• Tractable, well-defined scientific domain• Taxonomic information has exceptionally
longevity • Supports GBIF and other international initiatives
– including CBD, ABS, Darwin Declaration
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• Taxonomists and other scientists will have access to biodiversity literature - globally
• Will provide the developing world with access to the historical literature
• Scientists working in many biological domains – and other areas like meteorology, geology, ecology, genomics, etc – will get access
• Advance objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity
Benefits
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© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• Less space needed for Library collections In Lillie – space freed for other uses
• % material can be stored off-site in ‘dark storage. FTP
• Our scientists will get access at their desk or in the field
• Library focus will shift to informatics• Virtual web library will increase public
access• Library staff will change –
Benefits to the MBLWHOI Library
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• Key partner of Encyclopedia of Life• Working Groups have agreed technical
plan, metadata standards and image standards
• Internet Archive to be technical partner – scanning and hosting
• ‘Scribe’ scanners now installed in NHM NYC and in Boston
• 2.5 million pages already available
Where are we now?
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• Legal issues - BHL organisational structure, content licensing, contracts being developed by EFF
• BHL will take responsibility for long-term sustainability of the scanned material
• Blackwells Publishing/Wiley back-files possibly available through the BHL
• Zoological Record will provide their index as route to BHL articles
• OCR and name recognition tools identified and linked to project - Taxonomic Intelligence
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• BHL is US/UK focused. • Plans to engage European partners – through projects such
as EDIT and SYNTHESYS – in a similar attempt to capture the non-English language publications
• G8+5 Environment Ministers identified need for ‘Global Species Information System’ – first EU meeting to address response endorsed the BHL as the way forward
• Positive discussions have already taken place with the Chinese Academy of Sciences
• Australian Government likely to fund scanning as part of Atlas of Australian Life
Where are we now? Europe, Rest of the World
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Classes of texts
Public Domain – pre-1923Non-profit society journalsPost-1923 monographs
some with copyright renewalssome without copyright renewals
Commercial journals
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
BHL Seeks Permissions
BHL will digitize learned society backfiles and mount them through the BHL Portal at no cost.
Will provide a set of files to the learned society for reuse as they see fit.
Will index the issues using Taxonomic Intelligence increasing their usability.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Benefits
Use of the articles will increase as evidenced by citation upsurge.
Long-term management of the digital assets is provided by the BHL at no cost so it’s contributors
Content will be integrated into EOL project through TI nomenclatural linking.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Levinus Vincent, Elenchus tabularum, pinacothecarum, 1719
The cited half-life of publications intaxonomy is longer than in any other scientific discipline.
The decay rate is longer than in most scientific disciplines.
-Macro-economic case for open accessTom Moritz
Current taxonomic literature often relies on texts and specimens >100 years old.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de BuffonHistoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808
Convention on Biological Diversity: Article 17
Institutions that are creating the BHL exist to persist through time.
–The future is uncertain, the technology landscape changes, people pass on. So create consortial structures that are low-overhead, flexible, and can respond quickly. –Interoperability is the key.. Repository islands will sink
The Long NOW Strategy
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Biologia Centrali-American
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
US & Canada Europe Mexico & C.America
SouthAmerica
Physical Distribution…
Now… you can
Parse data, harvest out data, Wealth of information locked on the pages are now liberated!
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Henry Walter BatesThe Naturalist on the River Amazons, 1863
Most literature is in the developed worldthe Northern Hemisphere
Most Biodiversity is in the developing worldthe Southern Hemisphere
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Progne subis- Purple Martin Illustrations of the nest and eggs of birds of Ohio, 1879-1886
Library and Laboratory: the Marriage of Research, Data and Taxonomic LiteratureLondon, February 2005Eighty participants from 22 countries gathered to discuss the status and future of access to the taxonomic literature and to propose an agenda for actions that would improve the research environment for taxonomy. The participants were taxonomists; librarians; publishers; representatives of learned and professional societies, private foundations and government agencies; and specialists in information and communications technology.
Scalable Mass ScanningContractsFirewallsSecurityLoading DocksTrucks180 mile round trip!
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Ernest Ingersoll Hand-book to the National Museum … Smithsonian Institution, 1886
Mass Scanning WorkflowBid ListsPick ListsPacking ListsSerials ManagementMonographic ManagementStickers for Media and cartsRare Books-vaults
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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It began and begat
Reptilia and Batrachia. (1885-1902) by Albert C.L.G. Günther
Open Access: all content can be reused, repurposed, reformatted, sliced, diced, scraped, harvested, integrated.
2003 Telluride . Encyclopedia of Life Meeting2005 London. Library and laboratory: the
Marriage of Research, Data, and Taxonomic Literature.June 2006 Washington. Organization and Technical MeetingOctober 2006 St Louis/San Francisco Technical Meeting
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Reptilia and Batrachia. (1885-1902) by Albert C.L.G. Günther
February 2007 MCZ Harvard Organizational MeetingMay 2007 Encyclopedia of Life Launch. Washington DCSept 2007 Missouri Botanical Garden Technical MeetingMarch 2008 MCZ Harvard Organizational Technical Meeting
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Collaborators
Sanborn TenneyNatural History of Animals . . .1868. Internet Archive
Set up scanning centers in London, New York, Washington, Boston, etc.High-quality, non-destructiveScanning.Image files and text derived from OCR.
Internet ArchiveInternational Commission on
Zoological NomenclatureOpen Content AllianceEuropean Distributed Institute
of TaxonomyGlobal Biodiversity Information
Facility (GBIF)Many more under negotiation
Sanborn TenneyNatural History of Animals . . .1868.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Jacob Christian SchäfferElementa entomologica . . . 1766.
BHL Portalhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Serve image and test files: create volume, Part, piece, metadata; ingest page level Metadata at scanning level; apply GloballyUnique Identifiers (GUIDs) for linking to Other taxonomic services.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Internet Archive Scribe: Boston
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Biodiversity Heritage LibraryCollaborators: Internet Archive
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Biodiversity Heritage Library
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Biodiversity Informatics
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Period of explosive growth• NCL Centre for Biodiversity Informatics (India)--2000• Speciation event: Biodiversity Informatics--2004• Ocean Biodiversity Informatics conferences--2004, 2007• Species-bases sites: FishBase, AntWeb, AmphibiaWeb, North American
Mammals, Swedish ArtDatabanken, Atlas of Living Australia, Netherlands species compendium …
• Specimen-based networks: HerpNet, MANIS, ORNIS, • Regional networks: IABIN, OBIS, …• Biogeomancer--2005• IdentifyLife--2005• JRS Biodiversity Foundation--2005• European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT)--2006• BDI curricula
– University of Illinois Master of Science in Biological Informatics--2006• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)--2007
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
An example: The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
• An online encyclopedia composed of 1.8 million web sites – One for each known species
• EOL is developing two aspects of the original GBIF work programme– SpeciesBank--assemblage of all kinds of
information about species– Digital library of biodiversity literature
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Web 2.0 components of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
• Each site consists of several components– Species page for the general public
• Draft pages assembled via mashup technology• Drafts authenticated by experts (“curators”) using controlled
wikis• Information protected from being changed by anyone except
the curators– But anyone can comment on the information and or suggest things
to add– Curators will examine these suggestions and may move some of
the information to the protected part
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• Each site consists of several components– Species page for the general public– Community-assembled spaces
• E.g. taxonomists, molecular biologists, horticulturists, birdwatchers, pollinator biologists, etc., etc.
• Each links in different databases and information• Can also be the focus of social networks
– Spider freaks, leech aficionados, polar bear lovers, gingko groupies, microbe mavens, whatever …
• Each group/network controls the information on its space
Web 2.0 components of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Example of a science-based community-assembled space on the EOL
• Scientists working on ageing wanted access to longevity information on the EOL
• Proposed to organize their community to find this information and put it on the EOL species pages
• Will set up their own portal into this information and manage the changing of the information
• Received USD 2 million from private foundation to fund this activity
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Example of an education-based community-assembled space on the EOL
• A school wishes to catalogue the biodiversity of a site near their schoolyard
• EOL and GBIF supply a bioblitz tool for them to use– Use GPS-enabled phones to take pictures of organisms found on the
site– Assembly software combines these into a community inventory
• Students identify the organisms using EOL species pages• Prepare inventory of the site• Serve that information back to the EOL web pages (and
potentially even to GBIF)
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Web 2.0 components of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
• Each site consists of several components– Species page for the general public– Community-assembled spaces
• Digitized biodiversity literature– Biodiversity Heritage Library--consortium of 10 of the largest
natural history libraries– Scanning and marking up of 320,000,000 pages of literature
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
“All accumulated information of a species is tied to a scientific name, a name that serves as a link between what has been learned in the past and what we today add to the body of knowledge.”
~ Grimaldi & Engel, 2005, Evolution of the Insects
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Who knowth not the name, knoweth not the subjectLinnaeus, 1737, Critica Botanica n 210.
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• Information about named groups (taxa) of organisms (taxon-related information)
• Extends back at least 1000 years
• Books, journals, surveys• Museum specimens,
herbaria• In many languages and is
distributed
From T.E. Glover, The Fishes of Southwestern Japan, c.1870
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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The challenge for contemporary DIGITAL libraries
Goal:
Use one name to find the content for all names
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© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Names – the only universal metadata for Biology
Names offer a logical way to search for and index content
•Names annotate data objects•All names annotate all data objects•A compilation of all names ever used is the foundation of a universal index for biology or for a semantic web for biology
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
LibrariesPublishers
MuseumsFederal Agencies
Who is affected by these problems?
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Serious challenges in federated environments
One organism
4 scientific names
4 maps
We want one map
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Reconciliation – linking alternative names for the same organism
A query initiated with any name, can be expanded to all names and will unify data associated with each
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Reuse, don’t rebuild
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Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
• All names & all Classifications ClassificationBank • Alternative names reconciled
• Similar names disambiguated
• Exploit hierarchies to browse and search, build a comprehensive classification
• Improve performance with federated systems
• Read documents, web sites, databases and taxonomically indexing the content
• Create a unified portal to information about organisms on the internet
Taxonomic intelligence is the inclusion of taxonomic practices, skills and knowledge within informatics services to manage information about organisms
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• data from various sources may be merged
• red dots on the maplink back to the website thatprovided the geographical co-ordinates
Specimen distribution data from remote sources
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Biodiversity Heritage Library
BHL Taxonomic Intelligence Tool
Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de BuffonHistoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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uBio
• 10.7 Million+ Name Strings• Reconciliation Groups• http://www.ubio.org
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FindIT - uBio’s Scientific Name Recognition Algorithm
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Training and Improving the Algorithm
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uBioRSS Taxonomically Intelligent RSS Feed Aggregator
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uBioRSS Taxonomically Intelligent RSS Feed Aggregator
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MBL WHOI Library – Woods Hole authors’ publications
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MBL WHOI Library – Woods Hole species publications
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Taxonomically intelligent scientific text parsing
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Biodiversity Heritage Library
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• Search• Browse
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Taxonomic Intelligence• Lexicon of Scientific Names• Reconciliation and Disambiguation• Hierarchical Inclusion• Integration into Information
Retrieval• Linkage to Other Data Types
(e.g., Molecular, Morphological, Phenotype)
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BEYOND
AND
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EMF Biology of Aging
Ellison Medical Foundation (EMF)“Enable the Study of Aging Across
the Spectrum of Life”Officially Began January 2008
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FEDORA Commons
EMF Biology of AgingConditions
Locations
Organisms
Genes
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EMF/EOL Key Resources
• Medline, BHL (Literature)• GenBank (Molecular)• EOL (Habitat & Location)
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• All organisms are affected by aging• Not all aging is associated with disease
• The flip side: Understanding aging might give insights to regeneration
A constant
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Biomedical Focus
• Expand the scope of organisms beyond the “classic” models:
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Goals of EMF (years one & two)• What genes are associated with aging conditions?• What are the conditions associated with these
genes?• What organisms are associated with the aging genes
and conditions?• What other organisms might also have aging genes?• Where do the identified organisms live, and in what
types of habitats?• What are the demographic patterns associated with
organisms across the spectrum of life?• What are common phenotypes associated with
organisms that share common aging genes?
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Status Update: Statistics 3,047 titles completed 7,669 volumes 2,945,143 pages in portal ~5.5 million pages scanned Three 10 station scribes
centers (Boston, WashingtonNew York)
Two 1-2 scribe stations(SI, Urbana, London)
Biodiversity Heritage Library
© 2008 Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org
1) Proven the concept of mass scanning of general collections2) Proven concept of automated structured markup done in
collaboration with Penn State and the Internet Archive3) Built proof of concept portal on proprietary ( .Net) environment.4) High levels of OCR accuracy in late 19th and 20th century printing5) Applied taxonomic intelligence (species name finding) across million
of pages against nearly 11 million names in Name Bank.6) Data mining BHL for other bioinformatics projects (EOL)7) Obtained buy-in from a diverse group of learned societies for the
BHL opt-in copyright model8) Support and encouragement from our traditional bibliophile, and
scientific audiences9) Collaboration with an international group of competitive organizations
Status today
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1) Get equal cost efficiencies and speed for special collections2) Nail down automated structural markup to a high level of accuracy3) Port the portal from .Net to Fedora4) Improve OCR for publications in other languages with little human
intervention5) Broaden the use of taxonomic intelligence algorithm6) Data mining BHL for other bioinformatics projects (?????)7) Work with commercial publishers for fair and equitable use of their
publications8) Expand audiences through social networking and repurposing
content for new audiences9) Expand the consortium to bring in more partners, and more
partners in Europe, Asia, and the developing world
Status Tomorrow
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www.eol.org
www.ubio.org
www.biodiversitylibrary.org
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AcknowledgmentsPatrick LearyDavid Remsen
Diane RielingerDavid Patterson
Neil Sarkar
A.W. Mellon FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation
John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur FoundationInternet Archive
Jim Edwards
Christopher FreelandTom Garnett
Martin KalfatovicGraham HigleyBHL & EOL Teams
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Gesner, 1576
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