This manual was created by students in partnership with the USU College of Education, USU Center for Civic Engagement and Service Learning, USU STARS! GEAR UP, and the Space Dynamics Laboratory.

Version 2.0Updated February 2014

INTERNATIONAL PLANT GROWTH EXPERIMENT A Guide for Teachers and Students

i

TABLE OF CONTENTSBackground 1Overview 1Selecting A Growth Chamber 2Planting and Setup 2 Building the Planters 2 Labeling the Planters 2 Planting 2

Required Planting Materials 3 Baseline Parameters 3 Planting the Radish Seeds 3 Setting Up the Growth Chamber 4Plant Maintenance 4 Plant Care 4 Thinning the Plants 4Recording and Reporting Findings 5 Reporting Templates and Tools 5 Required Measurements 5 Recording Hypotheses 5 Recording Plant Thinning 5

Reporting Findings to SDL 5Appendix 6 Building a Plant Growth Chamber 6 Growth Chamber Option A. Rocket Design 7 · Materials Needed 7 · Building the Rocket Chamber 7 Growth Chamber Option B. Rectangular Box Design 10 · Materials Needed 10 · Building the Rectangle Box Chamber 10 Radish Harvest Protocol 12 Daily Data Report 13

1

BACKGROUNDCongratulations! You and your students are about to participate in a plant growth research project along with the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL), Utah State University (USU), and teachers and students throughout the United States, Russia, and Japan.

In 2013, the US and Japan had the opportunity to place seeds aboard the Russian Bion-M1 spacecraft to study the radiation effects that space �ight has on the seeds.

This is similar to the plant growth research partnership between the US, Russia, and Japan on the International Space Station (ISS). On the ISS, long term experiments test the effects of low gravity and space radiation on plant growth and seed re-germination. The Bion experiments are launched into orbit in pressurized satellites similar to the Russian Soyuz capsule. The pressurized satellites orbit the Earth for 30 to 45 days before returning to the Earth. When a capsule returns to Earth, the experiments are collected for analysis. The space-exposed seeds for these experiments �ew on the Bion-M1 mission in May 2013. For this project, students will be comparing the growth of seeds exposed to space radiation (space-based) to seeds not exposed to space radiation (land-based).

OVERVIEWEach site will receive two groups of radish seeds: 1) seeds �own on Bion-M1 and 2) seeds that were not �own in space. Teams will follow the procedures in this manual for planting and measurement. This will allow comparison across schools and provide the information necessary to answer student hypotheses.

Participating in the experiment is easy and fun! Simply follow the steps outlined in this guide, which are:1. Select a growth chamber; if constructing one, choose a design and follow the instructions in the Appendix2. Plant the seeds and �nalize the growth chamber setup3. Care for plants 4. Record and report your �ndings

Students will work in teams to record the results to share with SDL and USU STARS! GEAR UP. Each school will send data and reports to the SDL. All school results will be posted on the SDL website at http://www.sdl.usu.edu/bion to enable comparison across schools. Throughout the project, radish-growing teams will receive updates from the latest Bion mission. Students may also have the opportunity to Skype other schools in the US, Russia, and Japan to compare results. Please contact SDL with any questions at outreach@sdl.usu.edu.

To participate in this experiment, you will need a good team, the materials identi�ed in this guide, a growing location, a data tracking plan, thoughtful hypotheses, and a sense of adventure.

An adult experiment leader and students gathered in a science class, school club (before, during, or after school), etc. The experiment leader can be a teacher, volunteer, or other adult willing to commit to guiding students for the duration of the project.

Some materials will be provided by SDL and others will need to be obtained by the experiment leader who can use existing or newly purchased items. SDL-provided Materials: Seeds, medium, fertilizer, planters, and a growth chamber. (Note: If not using an SDL-provided growth chamber, the team can build their own growth chamber (see Appendix) Team-provided Materials: Measuring devices, water, lights, electric timer for the lights, and data recording tools.

A safe space where the plants can grow for 25 to 45 days without being disturbed. The location must include electricity for a growth light that will operate on a 24-hour timer. Common locations include a classroom or library space.

Plants should sprout within 2-4 days after planting and will grow very quickly for a few weeks. The data tracking plan should include who is responsible for recording data every day and should indicate that each student is trained to use the materials properly. It might help to have a back-up plan if a student recorder is absent.

By creating hypotheses before the experiment and checking them after the experiment, you can improve student learning. Comparing hypotheses and data logs across schools also shows whether participation in plant growing experiments in�uence student learning. As an additional option, your team may participate in a survey regarding student and educator learning. Please contact the USU STARS! GEAR UP team if you are interested in this opportunity krista.gurko@usu.edu.

Remember that this is an experiment conducted at multiple schools to compare the range of results. Each school will likely have a varying inputs for watering and temperature and a range of outcomes in terms of plant growth and harvest. Recording the data consistently and recording �ndings will help determine possible reasons for differences and similarities. Photos and student drawings will be valuable to log the growth progress.

Team:

Materials:

Location:

Data Tracking Plan:

Hypotheses:

Sense of Adventure:

A1

3

2

Land-basedLB-A

B1

3

2

Land-basedLB-B

C1

3

2

Land-basedLB-C

A1

3

2

SB-ASpace-based

B1

3

2

Space-basedSB-A

C1

3

2

Space-basedSB-C

Land Based Space Based

2

SELECTING A GROWTH CHAMBERThere are three possible growth chamber options for this experiment: A) Rocket design; team constructed, B) Rectangular box design; team constructed, and C) MicroLada chamber; SDL-provided.

MicroLADA Kit(Provided when available)

Rocket Design(See pages 7 - 9)

Box Design(See pages 10 -11 )

PLANTING AND SETUPOnce you have your growth chamber, it is time to label your planters and plant the radish seeds.

Obtaining a Watering PanPurchase or �nd a 23 X 23 cm (9 x 9 in) foil pan or similar to use as the watering pan.

Building the PlantersTo build the planters:1. Cut 6 small 0.5 l (16 oz) soda or water bottles in half, approximately 20 cm (4 in) from the bottom.

The bottom half will be used as our plant containers. 2. Drill four small holes, 0.32 cm (0.125 in) diameter each, in the bottom of each container.

Labeling the PlantersBefore planting, you need to label your planters. This can be done with anything that will stay in place, such as a permanent marker or paper with tape or glue. 1. Gather the planters and all the materials you need for labeling.2. Examine your 6 planting planters and ensure that everything is the same to eliminate variables that

could affect the growth (example: shape, width, height, or diameter of planters).3. Label the front of each of the 6 planters. Use three planters for space-based seeds and three

planters for land-based seeds. Each planter should be labeled to show the type of seed and which planter. Follow this format: for space-based use: “SB-A”, “SB-B”, “SB-C” and for land-based use: “LB-A”, “LB-B”, and “LB-C.” These labels need to be permanently on the planter (using permanent marker, tape, or glue). Consistent placement in the growth chamber increases accuracy and makes data collection easier.

4. On a separate piece of paper, draw a diagram of each of the planters. You will use this in the next step, to plan where the seeds will be planted. This diagram will also be used throughout the data collection process.

Select which chamber design option your team will be using, then, based on your selection, follow the appropriate instructions below: • If you selected a growth chamber that requires construction, please follow the construction instructions for your selected option (A or B)

located in the Appendix. Once you have constructed your growth chamber and collected other key components (light, planting containers, watering pan, etc.), proceed to the next section.

• If you are using an SDL-provided MicroLada growth chamber kit, then proceed to the next section.

Appendix

A B C

3

Planting Before you begin planting, read through the Required Planting Materials and Baseline Parameters sections below to ensure that you have what you need. When you have all the materials, gather students who are ready to plant, involving them in the process either as planters or observers of the process. It is a good idea to take pictures of your progress and log the dates.

Required Planting Materials Before you begin planting, ensure you have the following materials:• Planting environment: Growth chamber (MicroLada or a team constructed chamber), watering pan, planting containers (6 soda/water 0.5 liter bottles or equivalent)• Lighting: LED ~15W (75W equivalent) daylight �oodlight bulb, a power source, a method of placing the light above the growth chamber (light �xture without a shade or re�ector, etc.), and a 24 hour timer• Medium (soil): A mixture of equal parts peat moss and vermiculite • Fertilizer: 1 g of fertilizer for every 75 g of medium. NOTE: SDL uses the brand Osmocote 14-14-14 or Nutricote. You may use something similar, as long as it has fast growing

release (~100 days). If using a different fertilizer, note the name and growing release information in your data log before you begin monitoring.

• Seeds: 19 radish seeds NOTE: You will receive 10 space-based seeds that were �own on Bion-M1 and 9 land-based seeds. You will have one extra

space-based seed in case you lose one. • Water: Potable water• Additional tools: Measuring cup, thermometer, ruler, electric timer for lightingNOTE: All sites will receive seeds from SDL. If using MicroLada, you will also receive the growth chamber, planters,

watering pan, medium, and fertilizer. If you are building your own growth chamber, you may request the medium and fertilizer from SDL.

Baseline ParametersTo establish a baseline some of the experimental parameters must be kept constant. The constants will include:• Medium (soil) depth: approximately 10 cm (4 in)• Seed depth: 0.64 cm (0.25 in) • Number of seeds in each planter: 3• Temperature: Ideal growing temp 22-28º C (71.6-82.4 º F)• Light duration: ~16 hrs of lighting each day

In addition to the above constants, teams can investigate different variables. However, it would be best to change only one or two extra variables in a growth cycle to compare results. It is important to keep detailed records of the variable you choose. It is also important to keep everything (watering, lighting, temperature, etc.) consistent throughout a growth cycle.

Planting the Radish SeedsTo plant the radish seeds: 1. Uniformly mix the medium and the fertilizer together to create your soil. The medium is composed

of equal parts peat moss and vermiculite. To add the fertilizer, add 1 g of fertilizer for every 75 g of medium.

2. Fill each planter with approximately 10 cm (4 in) of soil mixture.3. Using the “SB-_” and “LB-_” label locations as a guide, plant three seeds in each planter placing

the spaced-based seeds in the planters labeled SB and the land-based seeds in planters labeled LB. Plant the seeds 0.64 cm (0.25 in) deep in each planter in a triangle formation; where there is one seed by the label and two other seeds equidistant from that seed. On the planting diagram, label these plants as 1, 2, and 3. Consistent notation will be important to log growth and deciding which two plants in each planter will be chosen to be removed midway through the growing cycle.

4. As each planter is planted and diagramed, place in the watering pan, with the label facing forward, in the same order as indicated in your diagram.

Fill the Pan

15 - 20 cm

4

PLANT MAINTENANCE

Plant CareTo maintain the health of your plants:1. Water: After the initial watering after planting, as the water in the watering pan decreases of about 0.64

cm (0.25 in), re�ll the pan. The watering requirements will vary depending on the region in which you live; so adjust accordingly. If the level of wetness at the top of the seed area is soggy you can allow the watering pan to remain dry for a day to allow the media to dry a little.

2. Light: Ensure the plants have 16 hours of light every day of the experiment. Rotate the plants within the watering pan in a clockwise rotation so that each plant receives a few days of illumination in each position in the chamber. This needs to be performed every in 3-4 days to ensure that the plants get equal distribution of the light gradient. Track this movement in your log.

Thinning the Plants1. When the plants are 2.5- 5.08 cm (1-2 in) tall (should be about 15-17 days after planting), it is time to thin the plants. This means that each team will

evaluate the 3 plants in each planter and identify the largest and the smallest plants. Gently remove the smallest and largest plants from both the land-based and space-based planters. Take care to disturb the remaining plant as little as possible. The remaining single plant in each planter will continue growing until the end of the experiment. When you thin the plants, you must follow the instructions for recording plant thinning that appear later in the guide. Mark on your diagram whether plant 1, 2, or 3 will continue to grow in each planter.

Setting up the Growth ChamberNow that you have your radishes planted, you can set up your growth chamber. To set up the chamber:1. Place the chamber in the desired location.2. Place the watering pan with the planters inside in the growth chamber with the labels facing

forward. 3. Set up the lighting according to your selected growth chamber: a. For MicroLada chambers: Use a LED ~15W (75W equivalent) daylight �oodlight bulb and

keep the light 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) above the case. Ensure the light beam shines from above the chamber, directly through the plants. The LED vents heat around the outside of the bulb and should not have a light shade or any type of lamp housing around the bulb.

b. For student-built growth chambers: Use a LED ~15W (75W equivalent) daylight �oodlight bulb. The light should be far enough above the case to provide uniform light intensity across the full growing area and centered to the growing area. The LED light vents heat around the outside of the bulb and should NOT have a light re�ector or any type of lamp housing around the bulb. Ensure that the bulb does NOT touch the sides of the cardboard case, as the bulb generates heat.

4. Set the electric timer to have the lights on 16 hours a day, every day of the experiment. This will keep the lighting consistent for the start and stop time each day, including weekends.

5. Water the plants immediately after setting up by gently adding water to the top of the planter to saturate the media around the seeds. Be careful in this step to not wash the media away or expose the seeds. Next, �ll the watering pan to near the top of the pan. The medium will absorb the water from the bottom. Initially, the soil medium will absorb more water. The goal is to have the water soak into the medium for the radish seeds to begin growth. So, during the next 24 hours, continue to add water to keep the medium wet and damp to the touch. Measure the water so you know how much you initially used and record it in your data log.

NOTE: If the pan goes dry for a day over the weekend, there is suf�cient moisture in the plant support media that it will not affect the plant growth.

5

RECORDING AND REPORTING FINDINGSEducators need to guide students to record the results using the provided data log and send a data report to SDL.

Reporting Templates and ToolsAfter planting the seeds according to directions, student teams will observe the plants and log information every other day (at least 3 times weekly) using the data sheet located in the Appendix.

Required MeasurementsFor SDL to be able to effectively compare the land and space seed groups, each team must record the required measurements listed below. These measurements should be taken at least three times a week and recorded in your plant log using the Metric system. Record data and keep simple health notes for each seed. If there are adjustments that need to be made due to temperature or watering, record the reasons for those decisions in the notes. Skipping data collection for weekends is acceptable, just make a note of that decision and check and water needs before leaving and upon returning from the weekend.

Record the following data at least three times a week:1. How many days from planting until the �rst sprout appears?2. What is the growth measured in centimeters? Record the dates measured. (Because seeds grow rapidly in the �rst couple weeks, taking pictures and

measuring every day or every other day is rewarding.)3. How many leaves are on each plant?4. What is the color of the leaves? (Indicate whether dark green, light green, yellow green, yellow, red, brown, or other. The color of the leaves indicates

plant health.)

During Harvest, also record the following: (see Radish Harvest Protocol, on page 12, for more information)1. What is the size of the radishes at harvest in centimeters? (Note if radishes grow or not)2. What is the weight of the radishes at harvest? (Note if radishes grow or not)3. What is the texture of the radish? (Color, hardness, etc.)4. Note any other parameters of interest.

Students can form hypotheses and create experiments to test other aspects of plant growth beyond those listed above. If you add variables, add them to the standardized variables included on the spreadsheet.

Recording HypothesesIt is encouraged, but not required, to have students keep a science notebook with individual student hypotheses and observational comments and drawings. Before, during, or soon after planting is a good time to ask students to log their hypotheses about the similarities and differences of growth outcomes for the space vs. land seeds. Possible prompt questions include: 1) which plant will have the �rst sprout 2) Will one type of plant grow faster than the other and why, and 3) How will the harvested radishes compare with each other in terms of (number, size, and presence of radishes)? This information should be recorded in the data logs.

Recording Plant Thinning1. After 15 to17 days (when most plants are 2.5- 5.08 cm), you need to thin the plants. 2. As you thin the plants, place an “X” on the data log sheet in the column for the largest and smallest plants on the day after thinning (for example,

if the team thinned/removed two plants on Day 17, mark an “X” in day 18 for each of those plants and do not continue collecting data). Continue recording data for the remaining plants until the end of the experiment.

Reporting Findings to SDL1. At the end of the experiment, write down your �nal notes. 2. Enter the data from all of your reporting sheets into an electronic spreadsheet, such as Microsoft Excel. The spreadsheet templates are available

electronically and can be obtained by emailing krista.gurko@usu.edu.3. Submit your �nalized spreadsheets to SDL at outreach@sdl.usu.edu.

We appreciate you sharing your �ndings with SDL and USU STARS! GEAR UP.

6

APPENDIXBUILDING A PLANT GROWTH CHAMBERDesigning and building the Plant Growth Chamber will provide experiential learning and critical thinking opportunities for the students involved. Educators leading these experiments should guide students to consider all aspects of the design before beginning construction on their Plant Growth Chamber including: requirements of the experiment, classroom environment, durability, cost, materials, and possibly visual appeal. As students design and build their chamber, they will be able to creatively apply their abilities in math, geometry, and art.

Two growth chamber designs are included here as examples: Option A, the Rocket Design, is more complex and Option B, the Rectangular Box, is very simple. Previous teams have had success with both designs. Each team should choose Option A or Option B according to the goals of the educator and student team, and the time available to build a growth chamber before the planting date. Option A presents students with a variety of engineering and math challenges beyond Option B. Both designs are functional as plant growth chambers. Both chambers were built at the least possible cost.

7

NOSE CONE (A)

BASE (B)

FUEL TANK (C)

GROWTH CHAMBER OPTION A. ROCKET DESIGN

Materials Needed:Gather the following materials before beginning:1. Enough cardboard for the selected design2. Aluminum foil3. Six 0.5 l (16 oz) plastic soda or water bottles (or similar, for planters)4. Glue 5. Duct tape6. Cutting knife7. Ruler with centimeter (cm) measurement8. Paint and brushes for decoration (optional)

Building the Rocket Chamber1. Using the instructions provided, measure and draw the pattern on cardboard.2. Cut the pattern out of the cardboard. This includes all of the pieces for the base, fuel tank, and nose

cone.3. Line the inside of the cardboard with foil (shiny side out) using glue or tape to hold it into place.4. Fold the cardboard into shape, tape and/or hot glue the pieces together as required for each of the

following parts. A - Nose cone B - Base C - Fuel Tank5. Cut two 1.5 cm x 5 cm (1 in x 2 in) holes on the sides of the base and on the top of the nose cone for

ventilation.

Obtaining a Watering PanPurchase or �nd a 23 x 23 cm (9 x 9 in) foil pan or similar to use as the watering pan.

Building the PlantersTo build the planters:1. Cut six small 0.5 l (16 oz) soda or water bottles in half, approximately 20 cm (4 in) from the bottom. The

bottom half will be used as our plant containers. 2. Drill four small holes, 0.32 cm (0.125 in) diameter each, in the bottom of each container.

Inside the rocket growth chamber looking at the fuel tank. For our tests, we used 2 soda bottle containers for the plants with a tin tray for watering.

Ventilation holes on top of rocket and bottom sides

27.9 cm(11 in)

Nose Cone - Sides (A2)Qty - 8

11.4 cm(4.5 in)

Nose Cone - Light Baf�e (A)Qty - 1

11.4 cm(4.5 in)

A

11.43 cm(4.5 in)

15.2 cm(6 in)

25.4 cm(10 in)

y A2

15.8 cm(6.25 in)

38.1 cm(15 in)

15.8 cm(6.25 in)

15.8 cm(6.25 in)

38.1 cm(15 in)

33 cm (13 in)

30.4 cm(12 in)

13.3 cm(5.25 in)

Base - Sides (B2)Qty - 8

Base (B)Qty - 1

Base - Top Ring (B3)Qty - 1

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A2

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B2

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8

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BASE (B)NOSE CONE (A)

87.6 cm(34.5 in)

25.4 cm(10 in)

Fuel tank - Top (C)Qty - 1

Fuel tank - Side (C2)The plants rest on top of this.Qty - 1

C

C2

27.9 cm (11 in)

TOP

TOP

9

OPTION A - ROCKET DESIGN (continued)Cut List

FUEL TANK (C)

Cutting out the cardboard.

All the parts - Ready to assemble.

Gluing and painting

10

GROWTH CHAMBER OPTION B. RECTANGULAR BOX DESIGNThis chamber design uses a cardboard box and aluminum foil. Cover the inside of the box with foil using glue or tape. Luminosity, the amount of light that is re�ected off the foil, is particularly important to ensure that the plants are healthy enough to produce radishes.

Materials Needed:Gather the following materials before beginning:1. Enough cardboard for the selected design2. Aluminum foil3. Six 0.5 l (16 oz) plastic soda or water bottles (or similar, for planters)4. Glue 5. Duct tape6. Cutting knife7. Ruler with centimeter (cm) measurement8. Paint and brushes for decoration (optional)9. A container to use as a watering pan that will hold water and six ½ liter soda bottles

Building the Rectangle Box Chamber1. Using the designs provided, measure and draw the pattern on the cardboard.2. Cut the pattern out of the cardboard. 3. Line the inside of the cardboard with foil (shiny side out) using glue or tape to hold it into place.4. Fold the cardboard into shape and glue and/or tape the pieces together as required.5. Attach the door using duct tape as a hinge.6. Cut two 1.5 cm x 5 cm (1 in x 2 in) holes on the sides of the base for ventilation.

Obtaining a Watering PanPurchase or �nd a 23 x 23 cm (9 x 6.25 in) foil pan or similar to use as the watering pan.

Building the PlantersTo build the planters:1. Cut 6 small 0.25 l (16 oz) soda or water bottles in half: approximately 20 cm (4 in) from the bottom.

The bottom portion will be used as our, “planters.”2. Drill four small holes, 0.32 cm (0.125 in) diameter each, in the bottom of each container.

Cut two 1.5 cm x 5 cm (1 in x 2 in) ventilation holes above the height of the watering tray

24.1 cm(9.5 in)

24.1 cm(9.5 in)

24.1 cm(9.5 in.)

24.1 cm(9.5 in)

11.3 cm(4.5 in)

38.1 cm(15 in.)

Sides (Includes Door)Qty - 4

Top - Light Baf�e & VentilationQty - 1

BaseQty - 1

11

OPTION B. RECTANGULAR BOX DESIGN (continued)

12

RADISH HARVEST PROTOCOLBe sure to always have land and space specimens separated. Follow each step for both land- and space-based planters.

1. Measure the height of the tallest plants (space-based and land-based) and note the heights on your data log and diagram.

PHYSICAL REMOVAL2. Gently remove plants from medium, keeping track of which plants

are SB-A, SB-B, or SB-C, or LB-A, LB-B, or LB-C. Your data log and diagram will show where each plant was in its planter.

3. Gently rinse excess soil from bulb and roots, avoiding damage to the roots.

DOCUMENTATION4. Keeping space-based and land-based samples separate, take 3

photos, labeling each group as follows: A) Group of space-based radishes (SB) B) Group of land-based radishes (LB) C) Space- and land-based radishes together (SB and LB)

5. Record the number of radishes in each group.6. Measure sample lengths from tallest leaf to the tip of the tap roots.7. Weigh unmodi�ed samples. A) Weigh each individual radish B) Weigh and record total for group8. Cut the tops (greenery) from the bottoms (radish). A) Weigh and record the total greenery B) Weigh and record individual radishes C) The total weight of all radishes in each of the three groups (SB

only; LB only; both SB and LB)9. Enter additional notes about the radishes in terms of hardness, color,

shape, etc.(Bonus!)10. Set an oven to 60º C (140º F); dehydrate greenery groups and radish

bodies for a minimum of 24 hours. Be careful not to burn them. A) Weigh the three groups (SB only; LB only; both SB and LB) to

compare with each other and with the weights of the fresh (non-dried) radishes and greens

Along with data logs, please share pictures of plants and diagrams with SDL to provide a complete story of the experience and to help ensure similar terms across sites.

Thank you for all your work with this project! We hoped you enjoyed the experience and learned a lot. Please remember to share your �ndings so we can continue working together and learning from each other.

http://www.sdl.usu.edu/bion/

9. Notes

(BONUS) 10A. Dried Weight

Land Based (LB) Space Based (SB)

A 1234

A

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B

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1. Height of Tallest Plant

6. Size - Leaf to Tap root

7A. Weight (Unmodified)

8B. Weight (Cut Radishes)

8C. Total Weight (Cut Radishes)

7B. Total Weight (Unmodified)

8A. Weight (Greenery/Leaves)

B B

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C 1234

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Cosmonaut Maxim Suraev showing his affection for the Mizua and Wheat crop grown on International Space Station in the fall of 2009. This photo was taken in December 2009 just prior to the �nal harvest.Image courtesy of NASA - image # iss022e015823

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